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1、Part I Geography,Chapter I A Brief Introduction to Physical Geography,Basic information Different Names for Britain A. Geographical names: Great Britain , England, the British Isles. B. The official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. C. Sometimes people just call it Brit
2、ain, the United Kingdom or simply UK.,Chapter I,Full Name: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the U.K.),National Flag,St George is white with a red cross.,The white cross on a blue background of St Andrew,The red diagonal cross of St Patrick,2 The Union Jack (the National Flag
3、),Chapter I,Union Jackis the name of British national flag. The color blue is the background and its elementary color. The crosses refer to the unity of this nation by means of religion.,Wales is not represented in the Union Flag because when the first version of the flag appeared Wales was already
4、united with England, but the Welsh flag is in widespread use throughout that country.,The national flag of Wales,Chapter I,3. National Medal (Badge):,England,Scotland (unicorn),Ireland( harp),Center for a nuclear shield emblem design, the top left corner and lower on the shield for the red lion, the
5、 symbol of the three only England; For the first half of the top right corner gold stand, the symbol of the red lion Scotland; The bottom left corner of the golden harp, the symbol of Ireland. Shield emblem on each side of the head by a wear crowns, England lions and a representative of the Scotland
6、 unicorn a hold. Arms around written in French with a quote, meaning “evil for evil“; Hanging below the medal of fine lace, top write “day with god, I have the right“. Shield emblem on the top is the set with the gold silver jewelry helmet, and empire wear crowns and head of the crown lion.,Chapter
7、I,4. National Flower: rose 5. The National Day: Thursday of the second week in June. 6. Anthem: God Save the Queen,6. UK national song( Anthem) : God save the queen,God save our gracious Queen, Long live our noble Queen, God save the Queen, Send her victorious Happy and glorious Long to reign over u
8、s, God save the Queen. Thy choicest gifts in store, on her be pleased to pour. Long may she reign, may she defend our laws, and give us ever cause, to sing with heart and voice, God save the Queen.,Chapter I,II. Location: Northwestern Europe west of Netherlands & Denmark total area: 244 100 square k
9、ilometers In the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe the English channel in the south and the North Sea in the east north of France,Total Areas,III. Four political divisions :,England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland,1. England: southern portion of Britain the largest part ( 60%) most
10、important part in wealth, size, and population including London 2. Scotland: northern portion of Britain 1801, the Act of Union different Scottish legal procedure Gaelic is spoken in some Highlands. capital: Edinburgh 3. North Ireland: 6 Irish counties In 1921 other countries got autonomy. populatio
11、n: Protestant majority (English & Scottish origin) and Roman Catholic minority( Celtic origin) capital: Belfast 4. Wales: west part It joined Britain in the 14th century. Welsh is also Spoken. Capital: Cardiff,Chapter I,IV Topography,14 physiographic provinces The north and west - highlands. The eas
12、t and southeast - lowlands 1. Scotland: three natural zones A. Scottish Highlands: east to northeast, in the North, mountainous Ben Nevis- the highest mountain Clyde - the most important river Northern Ireland fertile, drumlin county (Belfast Lough and Lough Neagh) north: a broad plateau (Giants Cau
13、seway),Chapter I,B. Midland Valley: central lowlands, east to northeast, lower hills & rolling country C. Southern Uplands: broad rounded hills 2.Wales: mountainous north part: hills & moorland central part: plateau for sheep and cattle 3. Northern Ireland: fertile, drumlin (鼓丘) country and a broad
14、plateau in the North,Chapter I,4. England:,Pennines,The backbone of England,Lake District,low hills,uplands,plateau,cultivated plain,2.Climates,Features of climate Type: A maritime climate, moderate, milder than that of many places in the same latitude. winters are not too cold and summers are not t
15、oo hot. Temperatures: varies within a small range, rarely falling below -5 in winter or rising about 24 in summer Rainfall: a steady rainfall through the whole year. rain in every month. Annual rainfall ranges from 26inches(67cm) in the eastern and southeastern districts to more than 100 inches (254
16、cm) in some northeastern mountains areas. Surface runoff: considerable,Sunshine hours are fewer than in more southernly climates-averaging between 3 and 4 hours a day year-round and between 4.5 and 6 from June to August . The calamities :Fog, smog, frost and severe gales often cause great damage to
17、crops and peoples life. In 1952 the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London smog left 4000 people dead or dying. The unsteady and changeable weather provides an unchangeable topic of conversation,morning,midday,evening,The Reasons why it is mild? By the Atlantic Gulf Stream: which is a warm current,
18、passed the western coast of British isles and warm them. The Westerlies: which blow over the country all the year round and bring warm and wet air from the Atlantic Ocean. Seawaters: which can balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer.,Chapter I,V
19、I. Rivers 1. longest - the Severn River 2. second largest -the Thames River 3. Features The main rivers parting (河道分汊 )run from north to south, keeping to the west until the basin of the River Severn Westward flowing streams attain the Atlantic in relatively short reaches. The rivers draining east f
20、rom the main water parting are longer.,Some run generally across impermeable rocks, and their discharges increase rapidly after rain. The rivers flowing into English Channel are mainly short. Rivers in Britain do not freeze in winter. The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh (内伊湖) in Northern
21、Ireland.,Chapter I,River Severn,River Severn is the largest river in UK.(338km),The River Thames,Return,The second largest(336 km)(the largest is the Severn) and the most important river in Britain.It is favorable for transportation.,Topics for discussion,Why is the climate of Britain much milder th
22、an that of many places in the same latitude?,Exercise,1. Answer the following questions: (1)Where is the U.K.? And what is it made up of? Whats the total area? (2) What are the present features of the climate of Britain? 2. Explain the following terms. (1) The English Channel (2) the Act of Union of
23、 1801,Chapter II Natural Resources,Within its small areas, the U.K. is rich in coal, iron, tin, copper, lead, and silver. The proximity of these natural resources to water transportation enabled the country to play a central role in the Revolution. Water: abundant surface water; water supply; underg
24、round sources. Fuels: the great coalfields of the world; the discovery of oil in the North Sea. Metal Ores :Tin ore, lead ores, zinc ores, lead-zine. Useful Rocks: clays, limestone, hard rocks, sand and gravel.,Chapter III Economy,Britain is fortunate in having a stable political situation and well-
25、developed economy.,I. The Characteristics of the British Economy,The worlds most advanced manufacturing and trading nations. The first to have been fully industrialized Agriculture doesnt produce enough food to meet the countrys basic needs, vital foodstuffs has to be imported. Industry is operated
26、by many different types of firms. Labor force is remarkably homogeneous.,II. Industry,Before WWII, the industrial structure was based on export trade: cotton, wool, linen, ship building, iron and steel and chemicals. 1.Different industries Coal mining: In 1960s, fuel economy diversifiedcoal, oil, na
27、tural gas, atomic energy, and coal industry withered. Iron-ore mining: declined and iron and steel producers depend on imported ores for three fourths of their requirements. Textiles: encountered difficulties. Cotton industry undergone a severe contraction; Wool industry retains as a craft industry
28、and most production are in the hands of small, specialized firms.,d. Motor vehicles: major enterprise, since late 1940s became chief exporting industry, four large groups are accounted for 97% of the output. e. chemical: grow faster, one of the most capital-intensive, the value of output per man is
29、higher, production mostly from large firms f. Iron and steel: grew rapidly after war, first nationalized in 1974, then returned to private enterprises and nationalized again in 1967, now wholly state-owned g. Shipbuilding: no longer Britains major industry, remained craft industry with traditional m
30、ethods of construction after the late 1950s rapidly declined,III. Agriculture,10% Forestry,10% Urban,3% Mountains and Others,77% Agriculture,Land Use in U.K.,British agricultural industry is one of the most efficient in Europe; British farmers produce enough food to supply two thirds of the needs of
31、 a population.,28.8% Total Crops,9.1% Grassland Under 5 Years Old,4.1% All Other Land Including Bare Fallow,30.4% Grassland Over 5 Years Old,Total Agricultural Area,27.2% Rough Grazing,28.1% Barley,10% Other Crops,4.1% Peas and Beans,40% Wheat,Crops,8.9% Oilseed Rape,3.9% Sugar Beet,4% Horticulture,
32、Crop Production,Different branches A. Crops: 70% animal products; 30% crops for people a. Wheat: from exported to half imported for loaf b. Barley: Britains main cereal crop, main ingredient of animal feed and beer, export to the Continent,Livestock Commercial Production of meats and Poultry in Brit
33、ain has risen not only in absolute terms but also in proportion to rising domestic consumption . Cattle, sheep, pigs, and Poultry are the important industries.,IV Trade and Finance Foreign trade plays an important role in the British economy. Overseas commodity trade accounts for about one sixth of
34、the countrys national income. Trading links connect Britain with all major parts of the world and provide not only an access t the vital food-stuffs and raw material that Britain needs to survive but also the financial resources needed to buy them.,Trade Imports and Exports: British manufactured Exp
35、orts increase year by year, but its share of world manufactured exports fallen dramatically since the war. Imports have grown faster than exports Invisible Trade: has shown a substantial surplus. The inflow of interest, profits, and dividends has kept up best Services as a whole have declined Earnin
36、gs from financial services continue to be significant. Capital investment abroad increases.,Finance A. The Bank of England is the centre of British financial system. It was found in 1694 and nationalized in 1946. Role: to protect the gold and currency reserve and maintain the international value of
37、pound. Two financial policies : bank rate and fiscal policy B. Economic problems: adverse payment balance and inflation,Chapter IV The People,Mixed race Immigration Aging,Chapter V . The Main Cities,1.Cities in England England is a highly urbanized country.,London The Capital city, also the largest.
38、 In the south of the country, and is dominant in the United Kingdom in all sorts of ways. It is the political cultural and business center, headquarters of the vast majority of Britains big companies, It is the financial centers in UK, it is also one of the three major international financial center
39、s in the world. (the other two are Tokyo and New York),Scenic Spot and Historical Site Buckingham Palace No.10 downing street Westminster St. Pauls Cathedral The British Museum Trafalgar Square Big Ben The London Eye The Tower of London Royal Observatory Greenwich The London Eye Hyde Park,Popularly
40、known as “Buck House“, served as the monarchs permanent London residence only since the accession of Victoria.,Buckingham,白金汉宫背面,Changing of guard,monument of Queen Victoria,No. 10- the Prime Minister No. 11 Downing Street the Chancellor of the Exchequer,No.10 downing street,Westminster Abbey,Poets
41、Corner a regular place of worship and the setting of many Royal celebrations and grievances. Kings and other stately figures are buried here.,St Pauls Cathedral,Its most eye-catching features is this huge spectacular dome,St. Pauls Cathedral,also known as st.paul s church museum, located in London,
42、England, in London, Thames Street and the north shore Niugai Te angle at the New York money Kat Street, representative of Baroque architecture, with its known for the spectacular dome, is the worlds second largest dome of the church, which mimic Romes St. Peters Basilica, is the UK representative of
43、 classical architecture.,A comprehensive museum , the worlds largest and one of the most famous museum, founded in 1753. Main entrance on both sides, each with eight thick and high Romanesque columns. British Museum Egypt Museum, Greek and Roman Museum, Museum of Western Asia, Europe, the Middle Age
44、s Museum and the Museum of Oriental Art. Among them, the Egyptian Museum, Greco-Roman Museum and the collection of Oriental art heritage most compelling products. At present the museum has a collection of more than 600 million pieces. The sun never sets from around the world denounced the Empire sei
45、zed the treasure, now brought together here to show the world. Due to space limitations, there are still a large number of collections not on public display. During a visit to the museum, in addition to enjoy the exhibits, we can also enjoy the museums new design and unique.,The British Museum,Trafa
46、lgar Square,Its the square for the tallest Christmas tree in London,Big Ben,Big Ben is one of Londons best-known landmarks, and looks most spectacular at night when the clock faces are illuminated. You even know when parliament is in session, because a light shines above the clock face. The four dia
47、ls of the clock are 23 feet square, the minute hand is 14 feet long and the figures are 2 feet high. Minutely regulated with a stack of coins placed on the huge pendulum, Big Ben is an excellent timekeeper, which has rarely stopped. The name Big Ben actually refers not to the clock-tower itself, but
48、 to the thirteen ton bell hung within. The bell was named after the first commissioner of works, Sir Benjamin Hall.,The Tower, with Tower Bridge,Tower Bridge, London, UK Thames Estuary from the date of the first bridge (on the River Thames to build the bridge 15), is a symbol of London, the “London
49、main entrance,“ said. The bridge was built in 1886, June 30, 1894 open to the public, will connect the North London South as a whole.,Royal Observatory Greenwich,The London Eye,Next to County Hall One of the most modern Landmark. The worlds fourth biggest Ferris wheel Can carry 800 passengers at a time on a thirty-minute ride Promises view of up to 25 miles,HYDE PARK,One of the largest parks in central London, England and one of the Royal Parks of London, famous for its