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1、English and American Literature An Outline of English Literature lI. Old English, or AngloSaxon, Era (450- 1066) lII. Middle English Period (1066-1485) lIII. The Renaissance Period (1485-early 17th century) lIV. The 17th Century lV. The 18th Century. lVI. The Romantic Age(1789-1837) lVII. English Li
2、terature of Victorian Age (1837-1901) lVIII. 20th Century Literature I. Old English, or AngloSaxon, Era (450 -1066) This period extended from about 450- 1066, the year of the Norman-French conquest of England. The Germanic tribes from Europe who overrun England in the 5th century, after the Roman wi
3、thdraw, brought with the Old English, or Anglo-Saxon language, which is the basis of modern English. They bought also a specific poetic tradition, the formal character of which remained surprisingly constant until the termination of their rule by the Norman- French invaders 6 century later. Achievem
4、ents lPoetry l Much of old English poetry was probably intended to be chanted, with harp (a kind of instrument in Chinese means 竖 琴) accompaniment, by Anglo-Saxon scop (poet in Chinese means 吟游诗人), often bold and strong, but also mournful and elegiac (sad) in sprit. lMajor achievement: Beowulf II. M
5、iddle English Period (1066-1485) lExtending from 1066 to 1485, this period is noted for the extensive influence of French literature on native English forms and themes. Achievements Literary Trends: Arthurian Legends and Tales of Chivalry and Adventure: Geoffrey ChaucerGeoffrey Chaucer: : The Canter
6、bury The Canterbury TalesTales III. The Renaissance Period (1485-early 17th century) Literary Trends: Renaissance and Humanism The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. This period is characterized by the influence of the classics (in literature, language, and philoso
7、phy), as well as an optimistic forward-thinking approach to the potential of humans (known as Renaissance humanism). Writers and Works: Thomas More: Utopia 乌托邦 Edmund Spenser: Faerie Queene 仙后 Francis Bacon: Essays 论说文集 William Shakespeare lWorks: l154 sonnets, 37 plays, 2 long poems Comedy: A Midsu
8、mmer Nights Dream, Twelfth Night, As You Like It, Merchant of Venice lTragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet lHistory Plays: Henry IV The earlier seventeenth century, and especially the period of the English Revolution (164060), was a time of intense ferment in all areas of
9、 life religion, science, politics, domestic relations, culture. IV. The 17th Century Writers and works: lJohn Milton: Paradise Lost 失乐园 lJohn Buyan: The Pilgrims Progress 天 路历程 l(Metaphysical poet) John Donne: Songs and Sonnets 歌与十四行诗 IV. The 17th Century lLiterary Traits Enlightenment and Neoclassi
10、sm , the early age of Romanticism lThe Enlightenment movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept the whole western Europe at the time . lThe enlightenmenters celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They called for a reference to order, reason
11、 and rule. V. The 18th Century lIn the field of literature, enlightenmenters believed that the artistic should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy . seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expression, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings. lNeoclassici
12、sm. A revival in literature in the late 17th and 18th centuries, characterized by a regard for the classical ideals of reason, form, and restraint. V. The 18th Century lPoetry: lAlexander Pope: The Rape of the Rock 劫发 记 lProse: lJonathan Swift: Guillivers Travels 格列佛游 记 lThe Rise of the Realistic No
13、vel lDaniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流 记 VI. The Romantic Age (1789-1837) nThe literary views: Romanticism constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. It tends to see the individual as the very center of all lif
14、e and all experience. It also places the individual at the center of art. A: Poetry: lWilliam Wordsworth And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or natures changing course untrimmd;未经修剪 的 But thy eternal summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; Nor shall Death
15、 brag thou wanderst in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou growest: So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this and this gives life to thee. evenly-tempered; not overcome by passion. the natural changes age brings. that beauty you possess. the beauty of everything beauti
16、ful will fade the sun a b a c d d f e e f g g b c f 白话译本： 我能否将你比作夏天？ 你比夏天更美丽温婉。 狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残， 夏日的勾留何其短暂。 休恋那丽日当空， 转眼会云雾迷蒙。 休叹那百花飘零， 催折于无常的天命。 唯有你永恒的夏日常新， 你的美貌亦毫发无损。 死神也无缘将你幽禁， 你在我永恒的诗中长存。 只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇， 这诗就将不朽，永葆你的芳颜。 Sonnet 18 is the best known and most well-loved of all 154 sonnets. It is also one o
17、f the most straightforward in language and intent. In the sonnet, the poet compares his beloved to the summer season, and argues that his beloved is better. The poet also states that his beloved will live on forever through the words of the poem. Romanticism Romanticism is a complex artistic, litera
18、ry, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution. It was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rati
19、onalization of nature embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but can be detected even in changed attitudes towards children and education. Major Romantic Poets William Blake 1757-1827 Songs of Innocence William Wordsworth 1770-1850 Lyrical Ballads, I wander Lonely as a Clo
20、ud S.T. Coleridge 1772-1834 Lyrical Ballads, Kubla Khan George Gordon Byron 1788-1824 Don Juan Percy Bysshe Shelly 1792-1822 Ode to the West Wind John Keats 1795 1821 Ode to a Nightingale 1798年华兹华斯与柯尔律治共同发表的抒情歌谣集宣告了浪 漫主义新诗的诞生。华兹华斯在1800年抒情歌谣集第二版的 序言中详细阐述了浪漫主义新诗的理论，主张以平民的语言抒写平 民的事物、思想与感情，被誉为浪漫主义诗歌的宣言(
21、manifesto) 。 Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems is a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, first published in 1798 and generally considered to have marked the beginning of the English Romantic movement in literature. It became and remains a landmark, changing th
22、e course of English literature and poetry. Romanticism is characterized by the 5 “I”s: Imagination Intuition Idealism the concept that we can make the world a better place. Inspiration The Romantic artist, musician, or writer, is an “inspired creator” rather than a “technical master.” Individuality
23、Romantics celebrated the individual. emphasized over “reason” William Wordsworth(1770-1850) William Wordsworths poems have two major subjects. One is about nature. The other is about common life of ordinary people. Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshipper of nature.“ Works: I Wandered Lonely as a Clo
24、ud Also known as Daffodils Ode: Intimations of Immortality The Solitary Reaper 华兹华斯的诗以描写自然风光、田园景色、 及乡民村姑、少男少女等普通人的生活闻名于 世。 文笔朴素清新，自然流畅，一反新古典主义 平板、典雅的风格，开创了新鲜活泼的浪漫主 义诗风。 华兹华斯: 英国诗人，与柯尔律治、索塞同被 称为“湖畔派”诗人。 Percy Bysshe Shelley 珀西比希雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley，1792年8月4日1822 年7月8日），一般译作雪莱，是 英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗 人之一，
25、更被誉为诗人中的诗人 。其一生见识广泛，不仅是柏拉 图主义者，更是个伟大的理想主 义者。 创作的诗歌节奏明快， 积极向上。 One of the major English Romantic poets Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792 - 1822) most famous for poems such as “Ode to the West Wind”, 西风颂 “To a Skylark”, 致云雀 for his association with John Keats and Lord Byron; for his untimely death at a young
26、 age, like them One of the major English Romantic poets Ode to the west wind Shelley Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is: What if my leaves are falling like its own! The tumult of thy mighty harmonies Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone, Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, spirit fierce, My
27、spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one! Drive my dead thoughts over the universe Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth! And by the incantation of this verse. Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind! Be through my lips to unawakened earth. The trumpet of a
28、prophecy! O Wind, If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 最后一节 像你以森林演奏，请也以我为琴， 哪怕我的叶片也像森林的一样凋谢! 你那非凡和谐的慷慨激越之情， 定能从森林和我同奏出深沉的秋乐， 悲怆却又甘洌。但愿你勇猛的精灵 竟是我的魂魄，我能成为剽悍的你! 请把我枯萎的思绪向全宇宙播送， 就像你驱遣落叶催促新的生命， 请凭借我这单调有如符咒的韵文， 就像从未灭的余烬飏出炉灰和火星， 把我的话语传遍天地间万户千家， 通过我的嘴唇，向沉睡未醒的人境， 让预言的号角奏鸣!哦，风啊， 如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗? Ode to th
29、e West Wind In this poem, the poet praises the west wind as a powerful phenomenon of nature that is both destroyer and preserver, that enjoys boundless freedom and that has the power to spread messages far and wide. It is a great lyric on nature, but it has underlying significance: the old world mus
30、t go, and a new world must come with the spring, laden with fresh sweet promises for suffering humanity. It is a mixture of death and rebirth. John Keats (1795-1821) Keats wrote 150 poems, but those upon which his reputation rests were written in the span of nine months, from January to September 18
31、19. This intense flowering of talent remains unparalleled in literary history. English Ode An ode is typically a lyrical verse written in praise of, or dedicated to someone or something which captures the poets interest or serves as an inspiration for the ode. It is generally regarded that Keatss mo
32、st important and mature poems are in the form of ode. perhaps the greatest odes of the 19th century were Keatss Five Great Odes of 1819 which included Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to Psyche, and Ode to Autumn. English novel Jane Austen (16 December 1775 18 July
33、1817) oher works of romantic fiction have earned her a place as one of the most widely read and most beloved writers in English literature oher realism and biting social commentary have cemented her historical importance as a writer. Jane Austen oPride and Prejudice 1796 (Pub. 1813) oSense and Sensi
34、bility 1797 (Pub. 1811) oNorthhanger Abbey 1798 (Pub. 1818) oMansfield Park (Pub. 1814) oEmma (Pub. 1815) oPersuasion (Pub. 1818) She first gave the novel its modern character through the treatment of everyday life. Pride and Prejudice, originally called First Impressions oThe novel described the cl
35、ash between Elisabeth Bennet, the daughter of a country gentleman and an intelligent young woman, and Fitzwilliam Darcy, a rich aristocratic landowner. Their relationship starts from dislike, but Darcy becomes intrigued by her mind and spirit. At last they fall in love and are happily united. oThrou
36、gh the character of Elizabeth, Jane Austen emphasizes the importance of independence and self-confidence for women. oIt is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这已经成 了一条举世公认的真理 oHowever little known the feelings
37、 or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. Appreciate the language Charles John Huffam Dickens 7 February 18129 June 1
38、870 open-name “Boz“ omost popular English novelist of the Victorian era othe greatest representative of English critical realism. owith the theme of social reform running throughout his work. oOliver Twist 1837-39 Old Curiosity Shop 1840-41 A Christmas Carol 1843 Dombey and Son 1846-48 David Copperf
39、ield 1849-50 Bleak House 1852-53 Hard Times 1854 Little Dorrit 1855-57 A Tale of Two Cities 1859 Great Expectations 1860-61 Major works oHis books are largely set in London, at the time the largest and richest city in the world, but struggling to cope with a rapidly growing population and a substant
40、ial number of desperately poor people. oDickens applied his unique power of observation to the city in which he spent most of his life. nDickens characters span all social classes and he wrote compassionately about the lives of the poor and campaigned for better conditions for them Tiny Tim in A Chr
41、istmas Carol Great Expectations othe story of the orphan Pip, writing about his life from his early childhood until adulthood and attempting to become a gentleman along the way. oThe novel can also be considered semi- autobiographical of Dickens, like much of his work, drawing on his experiences of
42、life and people. oThe main themes of Great Expectations are those of crime, social class and ambition. From an early age, Pip feels guilt; he is also afraid that someone will find out about his crime and arrest him. The theme of crime comes in even greater effect when Pip discovers that his benefact
43、or is in fact a convict. Pip has an internal struggle with his conscience throughout the book. A Brief Survey of American Literature I. Colonial Period (1607-1765) II. Enlightenment and Revolution Period (1765- end of 18th century) III. Romantic Period (1800- 1865) IV. Realistic Period (1865- 1918)
44、V. Modern Period (1918-1945) VI. Contemporary American Literature (1945- ) I. Colonial Period (1607-1765) lBackground: Puritanism features of Puritanism l Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred. l Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be pa
45、ssed down from generation to generation. l Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved. Influence lA group of good qualities hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. Types of Writing 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁： A、narratives 日记 B、journals 游记 2、清教徒的写作内容： their
46、 voyage to the new land adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops about dealing with Indians endless bounty, bold spirit Edward Taylor 爱德华泰勒 (1642-1729) la colonial American poet, physician, and pastor. lTaylors complete poems were not published until 1960. Taylor is the only known Americ
47、an poet who wrote in the metaphysical style. II. Enlightenment and Revolution Period (1765- end of 18th century) lBackground: The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic the United States of America. lType of Writing Prose (of Reasoning)，political wr
48、itings and orations Important Writers Benjamin Franklin 本杰明富兰克林 （1706-1790） lone of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath. lAs an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic lWorks: lPoor Richards Almanac 格言历书 lAutobiography 自传 （18世纪 美国唯一流传至今的自传 ） l
49、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯杰斐逊 Declaration of Independence 独立宣言 lThomas Paine 托马斯潘恩 Common Sense 常识 lWilliam Hill Brown 威廉希尔布朗 The Power of Sympathy 同情的力量（第一 部美国小说） lPhilip Freneau 菲利浦弗瑞诺 -“Father of American Poetry” The Wild Honey Suckle 野忍冬花 III. Romantic Period (1800- 1865) lBackground: Independence of British government Array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe Romanticism：moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a p