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1、研究方法與論文寫作,授課老師: 游政谷 文化大學大氣科學系,授課內容,1.研究基本概念與論文寫作注意事項(2週) 2.學術論文結構與其內容(23週) 畢業學位論文 期刊論文 3.英文期刊常用字詞及用法(5週) 4.英文論文寫作練習(34週),要學好英文需要一些工具書:,1.英漢字典 2.漢英字典 3.萬用字典 4.同義字典 5.反義字典 6.字詞用法相關書籍(較英漢字典的例句多) 7.Paper review,參考資料： 1. The Craft of Research, 2nd. W. C. Booth, G. G. Colomb, and J. M. Williams, 1995. 2.
2、AMS Authors Guide (4th)- 美國氣象學會網站可download 何謂SCI：Science Citation Index 在台灣地球科學相關期刊中,TAO(地球科學期刊)已被納入SCI 成績計算方式： 課堂參與與討論: 50% 期末考試: 50%,甚麼是研究? (分享時間),什麼是研究? (1)發現“問題“(科學問題) (from data,phenomena) 由文獻資料(paper)可知科學問題現階段的了解狀況 (2)研究方法： a.觀測分析 b.數值模擬 c.理論研究(少數) (3)成果or新發現：對研究的問題作進一步的探討 (4)Writing (i.e., co
3、mmunication with others),寫一篇好的論文應該注意哪些事項： (according to guidelines for MWR reviews) 1.Is the study an original contribution in its field? (1)思想的原創性：(研究) ex:縱然分析資料相同,但研究的主題不同或結果不同 (2)分析的資料：,2.Dose the author make errors in inference, interpretation, or mathematical analysis? 是否引用不適當(inappropriate),引用
4、的paper須有代表性. 其觀念須相符合.須正確詮釋其研究結果. 碩士論文一定要正確、適當的“描述“ (描述為一般的說明，而詮釋則含有主觀的意思), 在學術界：名利 ex：居禮夫人 文章投稿的審稿問題： Q:審稿者如何找? A: Chief Editor(12位) Associate Editor(25位) Editor(數10位) “ Science“ Journal,3.Does the material lend itself to application in its field? 要讓讀者知道文章的價值為何?說明文章的應用性(在前言提及),4.Is the authors prese
5、ntation clear, concise (brief and compact), and well-organized? 將文章講清楚、簡明的呈現出來,避免含混, 建議:寫論文前先組織其內容架構,通常論文圖表順 序確定後,內容順序大概即可呈現 ex:第一章 研究動機第七章 結論與未來 工作 presentation 口頭 書面:包含文(text)和圖(figure) illustration與presentation意思不同、前言著 重在圖 ex: Figure 3 illustrates (figure 放句首須大寫,若放句中可縮寫 Fig.3) ex: The surface ana
6、lysis, as shown in Fig.3, indicates,5.Is the abstract informative, giving the essence of the research in clear terms? 摘要應包含主要的研究成果或研究方法 摘要是決定他人是否要讀此篇文章的關鍵 看文章先看摘要和結論,其次再看前言、 Title 很重要 英文的Title是以名詞來取,不允許有動詞存在,但有例外: Is Buoyancy relative Quantity?,6.Dose the paper follow the AMS policy on the use of SI
7、 units (International System of Units) as stated in the 1992 Authors Guide? 標準單位寫法： 例：m/s 寫成 m s-1 ， 而ms-1不標準 e 中文寫“相當位溫“ 英文寫“Equivalent Potential Temperature“ J 焦耳 W 作功的單位：瓦,Components of a scientific article (科學性文章的內容組織),1 Abstract(摘要乃全文重點之處) 需包含主要的結論,還有使用的方法 摘要盡量簡短扼要.AMS要求摘要長度不得超過250個字 不得有數學的表示式
8、不得在摘要裡引用他人論文(no citation),且不能有註腳 ex:負渦度1平流顯示 1.2. (註腳),不能出現第一人稱(如 I myour) ex:1.our observations showed vertical flux (改成Radar, Mesoscale) of energy is very important. 2.We think that 中文改成根據觀測. 改成 It is suggested that(認為此事7080%) It is proposed that (認為此事7080%) It is believed that(認為此事百分之百一定是) It is
9、possible that(有可能) It is unlikely that(不可能) It is impossible that(一定不可能),ex3: “I (or We) measured the rainfall rates using” 可改成 “the rainfall rates were measured using”,2 Text(本文主體)有以下準則: 須分為幾個章節(sections) Text Section1 1.Introduction heading(標頭): Section2 賦予標頭實際的意義 Section3,Section與subsection應根據下面的
10、樣式 英文部分: 1. Primary heading 加粗.正體 a. Secondary heading 斜體 1) Tertiary heading 正體 () Quaternary heading 用羅馬的.斜體(少見) 中文部分: 一.標題 (一)副標題 1.副副標題 (1)副副副標題 2. (二) 二.,3 Acknowledgments (誌謝) 由誌謝可知該研究與哪些人有關, 亦可提高文章的可讀性與價值 ex:感謝who提供資料或誰幫助過我 期刊論文不須感謝指導老師(因為指導老師通常是作者之一),但學位論文須感謝指導老師 盡可能簡短提及主要且需感謝的人 對研究有直接幫助(寫作或
11、研究) 致謝金主和在哪個單位或研究室進行研究,4 Appendixes(附錄) 此內容不是主要的研究主題 如繁複的數學分析若對讀者有幫助,可放於附錄 若超過1個附錄,則須分為“附錄(一) “附錄(二) “ 或“appendixA“appendixB“(通常很少超過 2個附錄) PS. 期刊論文無目錄,學位論文有目錄,5 References(參考文獻)-有一定的寫法,準則如下: 編排依姓別 (last name)字母先後順序來排,不可給 定編號(如1.2.3.4.5) paper的寫法順序:Author(s), publication year: Article title. Journal
12、name, Volume, page range. ex: Carbone(姓-last name), R(名-用第一個字母代 表)., 1982: A severe frontal rainband. part: Stormwide hydrodynamic structure. J. Atmos. Sci.(斜體.簡寫), 39(冊.粗體), 258-279.,外國姓名寫法:名 姓 ex: 姓(last name,or family name): Yuter first name : Sandy middle name: E.(通常是一個字母) 若為第一作者,寫法: Yuter, S. E
13、., 若為第二作者,寫法: S. E. Yuter, 若為兩個作者,寫法: Carbone , R., and S. E. Yuter, (第三作者寫法同第二作者寫法),期刊全名與簡寫: ex: 全名: Journal of Atmosphere Sciences 簡寫: J. Atmos. Sci. 全名: Monthly Weather Review 簡寫: Mon. Wea. Rev. 若為台灣人的姓名寫法: ex: Cheng-Ku Yu Yu, C.-K., ChengKu Yu Yu, C., 二個作者: Yu , C.- K., and C.- Y. Hsu, 書在參考文獻的寫法
14、與paper不同,寫法如下: Author(s), publication year: Book Title. Publisher, total pages,斜體,6 Figure Captions(圖說) 每張圖須有圖說,讓讀者不須讀本文內容即可了解圖的意思 圖的編排順序依本文內容提及先後來排 編圖技巧:先把圖挑出來分別給圖名字,之後等paper寫完後再給圖編號 ex: Fig. Surface Fig. precipitation 碩士論文的圖和本文可分開,不硬性規定要放一起,但博士論文須在一起;而paper初稿其圖文多分開,定稿後才耗時處理圖與文的編排,7 Tables(表) 每一張表須
15、照號碼編排,並給予表說 表說置於表的上方;圖說置於圖的下方 8 Footnotes(註解) 註解須置於該頁頁尾 註解須順序編號 減低註解的使用量,在可能的範圍內, 盡量將註解內容安插於本文內,n(名詞),1. 特性.特徵 ex: observed characteristics / aspects 觀測特徵 observational aspects modeling aspects characteristics(內在特徵特性) 內在動力方面 feature(外在特徵) 外在外觀 environmental characteristics 環境特徵 (不可用environmental fea
16、ture),2. 周圍,區域,位置 ex: dust storms in the vicinity of mountains Environmental condition is unstable along the front and its vicinity 沿著鋒面及其附近的環境條件不穩定 region area 強調地理位置,地方副詞,所有格. 形容鋒面的附近,western region,eastern region, district區 frontal position(鋒面位置),市,區,南北為 Ave. (Avenue),street,3.目的 ex: The scientif
17、ic objective(s) of this study is(are) to purpose 較口語話,目的較小 goal 理想,目標更大更遠 One of the major objectives of this study is to. This study is aimed at = This study aims at = It is aimed that,4. 平衡 ex: The mass and wind fields are in balance. I am not in a position to tell you the final result. The mass f
18、ield balance(s) the wind field. Thermodynamic Equilibrium,be,介系詞,名詞,*介系詞+名詞=形容詞,employment,5. 擾動,變化 ex: perturbation: (mean) + (perturbation) fluctuation Thermal bubbles can exist in a variety of form. 熱胞存在很多種形式 Vt與Vi的差別: Vt + O Vi,(check看看需要加a嗎?),6. 方向 ex: 這鋒面是東西走向:The front is oriented (approximat
19、ely) east-west. =Orientation of this front is roughly east-west. 這鋒面往東在移動: This front moved eastward =This front moved toward east. =This front had an eastward movement.,7. 檢視 ex: Future detailed investigation is required to (further) improve our understanding on this scientific topic. 8. 論點 9. 部分 s
20、egment:強調物理現象 較短的區段,10. 長命 11. 污穢 地面回波 ground clutter= contamination 12. 星號 補充: solid line dashed line long dashed line dotted line dashed-dotted line thick solid line thin solid line light shading dark shading,13. 繼起,隨後發生的事 subsequence (n.) consequencesequence subsequently (adv.) ex: ; subsequently
21、, ex: As a result, = As a consequence, ex: 有四張地圖,要說明時間序列可用下句 A sequence of surface analysis indicates,兩者不同,時間在前,時間在後,14. 儀器 instrument ex: 觀測儀器 observational instrument 設備 equipment 15. 一致 16. 障礙物 大氣中常指的障礙物barrier乃指山(mountain barrier) ex: barrier jet ex: mountainparallel wind maximum,即 barrier jet b
22、arrier 二維 obstacle 三維,17. 現象 單數 phenomenon 複數 phenomena ex: Barrier jet is an important phenomenon in Taiwan. Many weather phenomena in Taiwan are related to orographic effects.,18. decent 下降 updraft (上升) w:較大.尺度較小 ascent (上升) w:較小.尺度較大 downdraft (下降) decent (下降) 通常形容氣流慢慢上升或慢慢下降用 ascentdecent 通常做中小尺
23、度常用updraft, 大尺度多用ascent ascend (Vt.),19. 對流層 lower troposphere ( 高度 78km) low-to-middle troposphere (25km) mid-to-high troposphere (= 5km) 近地面 low levels (at low levels) 最低層 the lowest level near surface 20. scenario 描述整個事件的情況,一個事件的過程,Vt.(動詞),1. 預測 realize 與 visualize 之差異 2. 變寬 broaden = become wide
24、r ex: The frontal zone broadened in the next three hours. = The frontal zone became wider in the next three hours. ex: The frontal zone (which is) characterized by pronounced temperature gradient,3. 闡明 ex: We will elucidate this point (more detailedly) in section 4. interpret 詮釋(v.) interpretation (
25、n.) ex: Increase in temperature is interpreted as a result of warm advection. 溫度的增加可以詮釋為暖平流的結果,4. 強調 ex: We will emphasize this later. ex: We will emphasize the role of cloud physics in the formation/generation of this phenomenon. 我們將要強調雲物理的角色在這現象的產生 5. 執行 ex: execute a flight mission,不可用on,6. 認為 ex
26、: Coastal Range can be (reasonably) considered/regarded as a two-dimensional barrier. ex: In this study, Coastal Rang is assumed to be a two-dimensional barrier. 7. 推測 speculation (n.) ex: Too many speculation are found in your paper.(文章太多推測不好) = Your paper is filled with speculations. conjecture 和
27、speculate須以人為主詞,8. 允許 ex: Measurements from disdrometer allow us to study the (characteristic of) drop-size distributions. ex: Dual-Doppler synthesis permits a detailed examination of three dimensional wind fields. = Measurements from disdrometer permit the investigation of drop-size distribution. p
28、ermission (n.) 權限,允許 ex: You cannot enter my room without my permission.,* allow + o. + to,9. 顯示 句型: indicate that ex: Analysis from Fig.8 indicates that warm advection is very important in triggering convection. = Analysis from Fig.8 indicates/shows/reveals the importance/significance of warm advec
29、tion on triggering convection.,名詞子句,10. 促進 improve our understanding = explore our knowledge ex: The main objective of this study is to improve our understanding of dust storm. 11. 幫助 ex: This research is proceeded with the aid of a numerical model. paper 中通常以 helpful (adj.) 出現 ex: A convective unst
30、able environment is helpful/favorable for the development of deep convection.,= can help,12. 展示圖示 displayillustrate 圖示 illustrate 亦可用在意念的展示 demonstrate 通常用於意念的展示證明 ex: This study has demonstrated that 但不可用 This study has displayed that,13. 建議提出記載報告 suggest 的主詞可為人或物,但propose主詞須為人 propose有建議提出的意思 ex:
31、Cheng-Ku presents on interesting concept. statenotereport表較不重視的表明 ex: Tun-cheng notes/states this information in his book. present (adj.) 存在的 ex: The code advection was present in the lowest 1 km.,14. 詳述 detailedly (adv.) in detail = detailedly 15. 代表 ex: Light (dark) shading represents the regions
32、of upward (downward) motions. 16. 描述 ex: Fig.10 is described/depicted to explain the role of static stability.,17. 檢視 investigate study ex: This study will document the structure and evolution of a squall line occurring in Taiwan. 數值模式的論文用investigate 觀測模式的論文用document documentation (n.) 18.獲得 ex: Dua
33、l-Doppler synthesis can allow us to obtain three dimensional wind information.,19. 建立 觀念上的建立用establish ; build 和construct 用 於實體的建立 ex: The concept of air parcel had been established before 1960. 20. 推導反求 ex: The moisture information used in this study is retrieved from satellite data. drivededuceinf
34、er 後接介系詞from thermodynamical retrieval (熱力反演法),21. 減小 ex: The error is reduced/mitigated by using detailed observations. to mitigate the problem.(只能減輕不能移除掉),( remove ),22. 限制 ex: The layer of instability was confined to the lowest 2 km. restrictlimit常用於思想上的侷限 ex: Our understanding on this scientific
35、 topic is very limited because of the lack of observation. ex: The layer of instability was present between 850 mb and 700 mb. ex: The instability was confined to a shallow layer between 700 mb and 750 mb.,通常用於空間上的侷限,23. 產生 cause (vt. n.) ex: The cause of formation is still questional. ex: Warm adve
36、ction is possibly to generate/produce/create large-scale vertical motions. originatefrom/in(來源) ex: Strong winds and low mountains can yield a large Froude Number (Fr). = Strong winds and low mountains can yield a Fr of 3.,24. 評估 ex: (主動)This study will evaluate relative importance terms in thermody
37、namic equation. = This study will evaluate relative magnitudes of terms in thermodynamic equation. = (被動)Relative importance of terms in thermodynamic equation will be evaluated in this study.(在前言用will be),若此句用在結論須將will be改成has bee,25. 需要需求 26. 經營 27. 改變 ex: The convective heating alters the distrib
38、ution of winds. = The distribution of winds has been/was/is altered by the convective heating. = The distribution of winds is altered due to convective heating.,因為由於,28. 加強 訊號加強放大或過程加強可用amplify ex: Precipitation was enhanced over mountain slopes due to upslope forcing.(降水在斜坡被 加強由於上坡風影響) 某東西隨時間加強用int
39、ensify, 但不能用 enhance 29. 尋求 ex: To seek a possible cause, Eq8 is calculated.,30. 消散 31.減弱 weaken intensify ex: The intensity of the polar low was weakening. 減弱並非是消散,而減弱到某種程度才是消散 32. 拉長 ex: The elongated pressure trough lay 200km south of Taiwan.,反,過去分詞當adj.用,形容,同about,33. 維持 maintain ex: Stratiform
40、precipitation persisted 3 hr after frontal passage. 34. 具有存在 ex: The cold front exhibits strong temperature gradient.,35. 消去 appear disappear 在數學上可用disappear表消去 片語: It appears that.(有此事;對你而言是了 解的) = It seems that(似乎是) It seems to me that (對我而言似乎是) Its hard to tell.(這很難說) =Hard to tell. =Case by case
41、,反,36. 忽略 37. 發展 由小到大: grow development (n.),This issue is beyond the scope of the book. 這議題超出本書的範圍 You deserve it.你應得的 The possibility of formation = the formative possibility the possibility of development the possibility of creating positive PV I appreciate very much = I highly appreciate 我非常感激,s
42、trong winds 強風 = high winds = intense winds = severe winds,adj.(形容詞),1. 主要的 以majormainprimary最常用 2. 明顯的顯著的 ex: One of the most striking topographic effects is the upstream blocking. insignificant significant,反,3. 後來其後的 ex: ; subsequently subsequent development之後的發展 ex: Owing to the lack/absence of d
43、ata at later time, subsequent development of the front is unclear. 4. 合理的 5. 基本的,之前發生的,之後發生的,6. 個別的 respectively (adv.) ex: A and B is equal to C and D, respectively. 7. 決定性的 crucial = key ex: key issue 8. 全部的 單一的: sole sole all,反,9. 藏入的 ex: Embedded Convection within the MCS. 10. 經驗的 ex: empirical
44、equation 經驗方程式 但不可用experienced equation 11. 逼真的真實的 12. 類似的 句型: be + similar + to be + analogous +to,13. 特別的 14. 鄰近的 ex: My house is located adjacent to a mountain. 15. 現在的工作，目前的工作: current job current vita 履歷表 16. 前述的 17. 過去的研究: previous studies 18. 魅力的 intriguing 意同於 attractive 有吸引力的,19. 粗糙的 rough
45、強調實體 ex: Sea is rough. 20. 額外的 ex: A considerable additional work will be required to solve this problem. 21. 相同的 句型: be identical to be same as ,22. 實質上的 23. 兩個擇一的 24. 足夠的 adv. adequately、sufficiently 25. 不明確的、含混的 ambiguous clear 折錯風速 ambiguous velocity ambiguous idea,反,26. 包圍的 ambient = environmen
46、tal 27. 結構特徵 structural characteristics 28. 完全的、徹底的 complete incomplete 完整描述 complete description ex: When I complete this work, I will complete (v.) = finish 完成,反,29. 準確的 30. 關聯的 31. 原始方程組: primitive equations 32. 同時的 ex: A and B occurred at the same time. = A and B occurred simultaneously. 33. 暫時的
47、 tentative 暫時的行程 34. 永久的 35. 連續的,36. 有幫助的 37. 親密的 ex: a close relationship between A and B. = an intimate relationship between A and B. 38. 大略的 ex: a gross feature of the typhoon a detailed feature ,反,翻譯, About a half of century before 1990s, the studies of typhoons focus primary on axissymmetric dynamics. The current understanding of typhoon dynamic is base on a areat article by Ooyama In 1968. Under the consideration/scope of “axisymmetric dynamics “, he proposed six crucial scientific questions. These scientific questions and concepts still remain valuable currently and many of