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1、Chen Xinren 025-51983822,An Introduction to English Linguistics,精品课程“英语语言学” http:/www. 天空教室,Course objectives:,- mastery of some linguistic concepts and theories in order to understand how language is constructed, how language operates, how language is used to do things, how language is acquired o
2、r learnt, how language varies according to the user or the situation, etc.;,- improvement of English proficiency in general and enhancement of the awareness of patterns and regularities in the English language;,- preparation for further study and research about language.,Textbook and reference books
3、,陈新仁，英语语言学实用教程，苏州大学出版社，2007。 戴炜栋、何兆熊、华钧，新编简明英语语言学教程（修订本），上海外语教育出版社，2002。 丁言仁，郝克，英语语言学纲要，上海外语教育出版社，2001。 胡壮麟主编，语言学教程，北京大学出版社，2001。 Yule, G. The Study of Language 语言研究. 外语教学与研究出版社，2000.,Course outline,Lecture 1: Introduction to the course Lecture 2: Some preliminaries about language Lecture 3: The sou
4、nds of English Lecture 4: The units of English (1) Lecture 5: The structures of English (1) Lecture 6: The structures of English (2) Lecture 7: The meaning of English (1) Lecture 8: The meaning of English (2),Lecture 9: The use of English (1) Lecture 10: The use of English (2) Lecture 11: The variet
5、ies of English (1) Lecture 12: The varieties of English (2) Lecture 13: The acquisition of English Lecture 14: Empirical research of English Lecture 15-18 Research practice,Course components,Lectures Discussions Presentation Assignments Research,Course assessment:,attendance (10%) participation in c
6、lassroom discussion (20%) presentation (10%) assignments (20%) term paper (40%),Term paper,A-4 /1.5 space/Times New Roman/ 10.5 font size/5 pages (including 5-10 references) First-hand data + analysis,Lecture 2 Some preliminaries about language,2.1 The definition of language 2.2 The functions of lan
7、guage 2.3 The origin of language 2.4 The defining features of language 2.5 The acquisition of language,2.1 The definition of language,The question “what is language?” is comparable with and, some would say, hardly less profound than “what is life?” -John Lyons,How do you define language?,列宁(论民族自治)：L
8、anguage is the most important tool for human communication. Chomsky(1957): a set of (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. Sapir(1921): Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desir
9、es by means of voluntarily produced symbols.,Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. - 胡壮麟,“language” used in various contexts (pp.10-11, No. 1),Chinese is a language Linguistics is the systematic study of language. Both Jane and John like Shakespeares language.
10、 the language of bees,Language contributes to the success of our everyday life and the survival of human beings. Discussion: What functions does language serve for our life and survival?,2.2 The functions of language,Humans are said to be language animals. But what if we humans lived without languag
11、e? There are some 6,800 known languages spoken in the 200 countries of the world. In 2003, the total number of languages in the world was estimated to be 6,809, of which 2,261 have writing systems (the others are only spoken). What if there were only one language the world over? (P. 11 No. 2),Some c
12、ommon functions of language,phatic: Hello! directive: Get out of my way! informative: The earth revolves around the sun. interrogative: Do you know his hobby? expressive: I hate her. evocative: How do you like Jack? performative: I hereby declare the meeting open. interpersonal: Tommy, Dear Friend r
13、ecreational: humor; rhyming; puns metalinguistic: what I mean is; in other words,Discussion: PP. 16-17 No.5,PP. 12-13 No. 6,2.3 The origin of language,2.4 The defining features of language,Also called design features (C. F.Hockett, A Course in Modern Linguistics, 1958) a. creativity “creativity”, so
14、metimes also “productivity”, means the property which makes possible the construction and interpretation of new symbols, i.e. of signals that have not been previously encountered. Of course, the property of creativity is rule-governed according to Chomsky. Thus, the creativity in linguistics is diff
15、erent from that in art, which means breaking rules.,b. arbitrariness The term “arbitrary” here means something inexplicable in terms of some more general principles. It is impossible to predict the meaning from the form, or vice versa. word form meaning Discuss: P. 12 No. 5,Question:,By this propert
16、y do we mean that a person can use the language as freely as we like? How about argot? How about onomatopeic words? PP. 11-12 No. 4 How about words like flow, float, flood, fluent, etc.? P. 17 No.6 Other examples: J-: joy, jovial, jubilate, joyous, joyful, jubilant Gl-: glow, glisten, gleam, glare,
17、glint, glimmer, glitter,c. duality of structure/double articulation b-o-o-k (meaningless segments: lower level, secondary) - Book (meaningful unit: higher level, primary),Question: Why is this property generally assumed as central to language? Does animal language have this property? How is this rel
18、ated to communicative power?,d. displacement This property give rise to the flexibility and versatility of language. Communication by means of language is constrained neither by time nor by space. Question: What advantages does this property of language yield? How about the other communication syste
19、ms?,e. cultural transmission Animal call systems are genetically transmitted. Language is passed on from one generation to another by teaching and learning, rather than by instinct. Question: Can we deny that human language has a genetic basis? What is the implication of the story about “wolf child”
20、? What about those patients with neurological lesions in areas like Broca area (named after a French scientist) and Wernicke area (named after a German scientist) aphasia ?,What all languages seem to share,P. 15 No. 12,What do we mean by “knowing a language”? * /bdek/ * enblack * He me laugh at. * T
21、he father of the orphan is in Beijing. A: Sorry I broke your glass. *B: Thank you.,2.5 The acquisition of language,L1 acquisition is said to have the following features: a. universally successful; b. without explicit instruction (teacher, textbook, school, syllabus, etc.); c. rapid (0-4 years old);
22、d. conditional (i. exposure; ii. critical period 1.5-4years old; iii. no mental deficiency).,L1 acquisition generally falls into some stages: a. babbling period: birth-around 6 months, produce some sounds; b. syllabic speech period: around 8 months, syllables replace babbled sounds, like mama; c. si
23、ngle-word stage: around 1 year old, first words, no grammar; carry out simple commands; d. onset of speech: 18 months, more words (3-50 words);,e. two-word utterances stage: 2 years old, can name most things around him; begin his own creation of two-word phrases (early stage of grammar), pivot words
24、 +open words, e.g. Mummy sock; f. full-understanding stage: 2.5 years old, e.g. daddy kick ball; g. near adult-speech: 3 years old; overgeneralization of inflections; h. adult speech: 4 years old.,Discuss PP. 13-14: No. 7, 8, 9,Assignments,1. Review the major points of this lecture. 2. For the vario
25、us functions of language discussed in class, use one example of your own to illustrate each. Submit your assignment to the e-class,Form “ study and research” groups (4-5 persons for 1 group). Each group draws a topic out of the following: a. Word formation in English Week 3 b. Interrogative sentence
26、s in English Week 4 c. Phatic communion in English and Chinese 寒暄 Week 5 d. The naming of people in English Week 6 e. Metonymy in English Week 7 f. Complimenting and responding to compliments in English Week 8 g. Strategies for doing face-threatening acts in English Week 9 h. Euphemisms in English W
27、eek 10 i. The change of English Week 11 j. Chinglish Week 12,The members of each group must work together when collecting materials, preparing the PPT, and presenting the report. Each presentation is to last about 20 minutes. Each PPT must be sent to the teacher for comments and advice ONE weak prio
28、r to the report.,Lecture 3 The sounds of English,Review What are the major defining features that natural languages possess?,Major contents,3.1 Linguistics and its branches 3.2 Vowels and consonants 3.3 Phones, phonemes, and allophones 3.4 Phonological rules 3.5 English syllables 3.6 Stress, tone, a
29、nd intonation,3.1 Linguistics and its branches,In 1916, Ferdinand de Saussures Course in General Linguistics was published, which marked the beginning of modern linguistics.,Summary,Traditional linguistics Modern linguistics parole langue written language spoken language diachronic synchronic prescr
30、iptive descriptive atomism structuralism particularity universality individuality,Branches of linguistics,Core branches: phonetics, phonology, semantics, syntax, (pragmatics) Peripheral branches (hyphenated ones) : socio-linguistics, psycho-linguistics, neuro-linguistics, etc. applied linguistics: l
31、anguage testing, stylistics, discourse analysis, text linguistics, computation linguistics, etc.,Phonetics vs. phonology,The study of sounds used in speech (i.e. speech sounds) falls under the scope of both phonetics and phonology. Phonetics deals mainly with the characteristics of human speech soun
32、ds and sound-making, provides methods for the description, classification, and transcription of the speech sounds. Phonology is concerned with the exploration of the patterns governing sound combinations.,Branches of phonetics,a. articulatory phonetics, which studies speech organs and how speech sou
33、nds are made (articulated) by the vocal organs. our major concern b. acoustic phonetics, which studies the physical properties of speech sounds. c. auditory phonetics, which studies the perception of speech sounds.,3.2 vowels and consonants,In pronouncing consonants, the airstream from the lungs thr
34、ough the mouth is totally or partially obstructed somewhere along the path. In pronouncing vowels, the airstream is not obstructed anywhere along the path.,a. Functionally, vowels are the basis of syllables. b. Physically, vowels are musical. c. Articulatorily, for vowels, airstream is not obstructe
35、d, and speech organs are tense.,Discuss: P. 38 No. 1,Classification of English vowels,Criteria i) the height of tongue raising(high, mid, low) ii) the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back) iii) the degree of lip-rounding (rounded, unrounded) iv) long or short v) tense or l
36、ax,P. 28 Figure 2.2,Vowel description,/i:/: high, front, unrounded, long, tense /i/: high, front, unrounded, short, lax /:/: low, back, unrounded, long, tense /c:/: mid, back, rounded, long, tense /: mid, central, unrounded, lax /:/: mid, central, unrounded, long, tense Practice: Describe the sound
37、/u:/and /.,/u:/ : high, back, rounded, tense, long /: low, front, unrounded, lax,Classifying English consonants,criteria i) manner of articulation(degree of obstruction: complete, partial or a mere narrowing) ii) place f articulation(the parts of vocal tongue involved in the production),P. 29 Table
38、2.2,3.3 Phones, phonemes, and allophones,Phonology is the study of sound patterns of language( i.e. how sounds are arranged to form meaningful units) and the function of each sound. It reveals what are the possible combinations of sounds in a language and explains why certain words take the form the
39、y do.,Phone 音素,phone: the smallest perceptible discrete segment of sound in a stream of speech i) phonetic unit ii) not distinctive of meaning iii) physical as heard or produced iv) marked with ,Phoneme 音位,the minimal unit in the sound system of a language. With phonemes, we establish the patterns o
40、f organization within the infinitely large number of sounds. Each language can be shown to operate with a relatively small number of phonemes (15-80). No two languages have the same phonemic system.,Phoneme 音位,i) phonological unit ii) distinctive of meaning iii) abstract, not physical iv) marked wit
41、h / /. Discuss: P. 33 No. 1,Three requirements for identifying minimal pairs: 1) different in meaning; 2) only one phoneme different; 3) the different phonemes occur in the same phonetic environment. Minimal set: pat, mat, bat, fat, cat, hat, etc.,Allophone 音位变体,allophone: phonic variants/realizatio
42、ns of a phoneme A phoneme is realized as allophone 1+allophone 2+. e.g. /p/= ph + p + p (unreleased) /l/ = l + ,Discuss,PP. 33-34 No. 2 No. 4,3.4 Phonological rules,Phonological patterning is rule-governed. blik and kilb, though not found in English, can be possible combinations, while kbil or lkib
43、cannot. Sequential rules are those that account for the combination of sounds in a particular language. They are language-specific, as in the following cases: * tlait iltrit,Sequential rule,If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should follow the orde
44、r/sequence below: a. The first phoneme must be /s/ b. The second phoneme must be /p/, /t/ or /k/ c. The third phoneme must be /l/, /r/, or /w/. spring, string, squirrel, split, screen,Consonant clusters in English at the initial position:,Question: What about the consonant cluster in the final posit
45、ion?,Assimilation rule,A sound may change by assimilating/copying a feature of a sequential/neighboring sound, e.g. impossible, irresistible, illegal in- PP. 34-35 No. 5 Question: What other examples? sink /since pan cake sun glasses five past seven has to,Deletion rule,A sound may be deleted even t
46、hough it may be orthographically represented. P. 35 No. 7,3.5 English Syllables,syllable onset rime nuclear coda consonant(s) vowel consonant(s),3.6 Stress, tone, and intonation,Segmental phonology Suprasegmental phonology Suprasegmental phonemes: stress, tone and intonation,Stress,Word stress/sente
47、nce stress Primary stress/secondary stress Stress of compounds: blackbird / black bird; greenhouse / green house Sentence stress Depending on the relative importance of the words; contrastive stress,Practice,Mark the stress pattern for the following two sentences: a. Jane is a good student that ever
48、ybody likes. b. You use “the”, not “a”, before the name of a musical instrument.,Tone (声调）,Different rates of vibration produce different frequencies, which are termed as different pitches. Pitch variations are distinctive of meaning. In some languages like Chinese, pitch variations are called tones. Languages using tones are tone languages.,Intonation,When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence, they combine to become known as intonation. Three major types of English intonation: a. falling tone/tune b. rising tone/tune c. fall-rise tone/tune,Practice,Read the foll