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1、涉江采芙蓉,汉代无名作家的作品合称,五言诗成熟期的代表作 被誉为“五言之冠冕”,以平浅质朴的文字展深情,南朝萧统合收于文选中,4,1,2,3,古诗十九首,涉江采芙蓉 古诗十九首 涉江采芙蓉， 兰泽多芳草。 采之欲遗谁？ 所思在远道。 还顾望旧乡， 长路漫浩浩。 同心而离居， 忧伤以终老。,诗歌鉴赏品味,中国人民很早对于自然就有很深的爱好，对自然的爱与对人的爱往往紧密地联系在一起。古代人送给最亲爱的人的礼物往往不是什么金银珠宝，而是一株花或是一棵芳草，送别时总是折一枝柳条送给远行的人，远行的人为了表示对好朋友的思念，逢到驿使就托带一枝梅花给他。这种生活情调是简朴的，也是美好的。正如王维的相思所写
2、：“红豆生南国，春来发几枝。愿君多采撷，此物最相思。”采花折柳，这正是古人传情达意的方式，一方面是传达了对亲朋的关怀、思念等感情，另一方面又寄托了对亲朋的美好祝愿。,1、诗歌中的抒情主人公表达感情的方式是什么？ 其目的是什么？,（提示：方式是试图采摘芙蓉，目的是“遗”远方的“同心”者）,明确：这是环境描写，意在从侧面烘托主 人公形象的雅洁和所表达感情的纯洁和美好。,、三、四句一问一答，在诗歌中具有怎样的 表达作用？,、 诗歌描写“多芳草”的“兰泽”有什么 艺术作用？,明确： 诗歌讲究“起、承、转、合”，这两句在结构上是暗转过渡，为表现主人公的情绪由欢欣洋溢转变为下面的黯然销魂作铺垫。,4、诗人
3、真是看到芙蓉芳草才想到“所思在远道”的吗？如果不是，诗人为什么要这样写？,提示：“所思”是时时刻刻在他心头的，“涉江采芙蓉”也是为了她，如果诗首就开门见山地把她表出，诗就平淡无味了。这句话是全诗发展的顶点，顶点同时也是转折点，一方面替上文的发展暂时作一结束，一方面为下文的发展作一伏线，所以照例是要摆在中间的。,、五、六句的“还顾”、“漫浩浩”具有怎样的表达作用？,“还顾”一词，动作性和画面感很强，可以清晰地表现了主人公孤独、忧愁、怅惘的形象和心情。“漫浩浩”一词是写主人公与环顾所见“旧乡”的距离，给人以路途绵延无尽的感觉。这两个词含蓄地传达了主人公极度痛苦的心情，可是，这两句并没有直接点明主人
4、公的痛苦，这样就给读者留下了很大的想象空间，具有含蓄不尽的艺术效果。,、最后两句除了表达主人公黯然痛苦的心情，还能体会到什么？,还能让人深切地感受到两个彼此相爱的人的真挚笃厚的感情。因爱之深才思之深，因爱之长久才有“终老”之“忧伤”。,试对这首诗的艺术特点加以概括,一是意境高洁、清幽； 二是含蓄不尽，余味悠长。,问题探究,关于涉江采芙蓉，有人认为抒情主人公是男性，“涉江”者和“环顾”者都是男子，也有人认为抒情主人公是女性，“涉江”者是女子，“还顾”者则是“所思”的男子。你怎么看？,Speak of the devil and he will come. 说曹操曹操到,短 歌 行,曹 操,曹 操
5、,(155-220)沛,国谯郡人,是三国,时期杰出的政治家、,军事家和文学家，,建安文学的代表人物之一。,据考证,这首诗作于曹操晚年,大败赤壁之战后,当年曹操已经53岁了,年事渐高,面对战乱连年,统一中原的事业仍未完成的社会现实,因而忧愁幽思,苦闷煎熬.但他并不灰心 ,仍以统一天下为己任,决心广泛廷揽人才,招纳贤士致力于建功立业.,短歌行创作背景,你认为本诗的情感着眼点在哪一个字？,忧,设问开头，破空而来，表达诗人对人生的思考。 运用“朝露”为喻，表达年华易失的感慨。 以造酒的杜康代酒，形象突出，引人联想。,第一层 ：对酒当歌，人生几何？譬如朝露，去日苦多。慨当以慷，忧思难忘。何以解忧？唯有杜
6、康。,补充：不直接说某人或某事物的名称，借同它密切相关的名称去代替，这种辞格叫借代,也叫“换名”。它重在事物的相关性。作用：可以引人联想，使表达收到形象突出，特点鲜明，具体生动的效果。,第二层：青青子衿，悠悠我心。但为君故，沉吟至今。呦呦鹿鸣，食野之苹。我有嘉宾，鼓瑟吹笙。,运用典故: 语出诗经.郑风.子衿,原文为:“青青子衿，悠悠我心 ，纵我不往，子宁不嗣音？”这原是一首情诗,诗句的大意:情人青色的衣衿,令我情思悠长.纵然我没有去你那里,难道你就不能和我保持联系? “呦呦鹿鸣，食野之苹。我有嘉宾，鼓瑟吹笙。”原是周代宴请宾客的诗句。写求贤既得，故尽礼娱宾。这里用以表达对贤才的礼遇。,求贤不得
7、，故反复沉吟.,第三层：明明如月，何时可掇？忧从中来，不可断绝。越陌度阡，枉用相存。,比喻 将贤才喻为明月，恰如其分地表达渴望贤才来归的心意。 而在这还没有实现的情况下，才“忧从中来，不可断绝”。这四句诗仍是写“忧”，从情感上照应第一节。“越陌度阡”四句句意呼应第二节，仍是想象贤才归已时的欢快场面。,第四层：月明星稀，乌鹊南飞。绕树三匝，何枝可依？山不厌高，海不厌深。周公吐哺，天下归心。,以“乌鹊”无 枝可依类比在三国鼎立的局面下，有些人才犹豫不决，彷徨不知何去何从。表达出对人才的渴望。 后四句用典说明自己渴望多纳贤才 ，殷勤地接待贤才。表达作者胸怀大志，一统天下的愿望。,“山不厌高，海不厌深
8、。”借用管子.形势解之语，诗意比喻执政者能宽宏大量，广纳贤才。 这里暗喻曹操自己像山一样不厌其多容纳土壤，像水一样不厌其大而容纳众水，表明要宽宏大量，广纳人才。,合作探究，感受诗句,四节诗歌的主要内容： 第一层：时光易逝 人生苦短 第二层：渴望贤才 礼遇嘉宾 第三层：渴盼人才 忧思难解 第四层：虚心纳士 竭尽诚心,小结,全诗着眼点 全诗落脚点 作者从人生的感慨过渡到政治理想，心境由狭变阔，情绪由低沉到高昂，因此从全诗高度来看，这也是一种先抑后扬的写法。,忧(功业、人才),志(一统天下),探究综合，迁移评价,1也就是这建安十三年，曹操率大军南下，列阵长江，想一举消灭孙权和刘备的势力。赤壁大战前夕
9、，酒宴众文武，喝酒到半夜，忽然听到乌鸦声往南飞鸣而去，曹操感此景而持长槊唱 短歌行。 2在三国演义中的曹操是个奸雄的形象，如曹操借刀杀杨修等，曹操的名言就是“宁教我负天下人，天下人不可负我”。所以后人觉得曹操是“治世之能臣，乱世之奸雄”，京剧中曹操的白脸形象（在戏剧中白脸代表坏人），曹操是一个奸诈、阴险、嫉妒的人。 3面对这截然不同的评价，你是如何有什么看法？请以“曹公，我想对你说”为题写一段真情告白，字数100字左右，写得比较有激情。,参考： 曹公，人说你是治世之能臣也好，还是乱世之奸雄也罢，历史自有公论。你是一个才华横溢的诗人，你登高必赋，且多慷慨悲凉之句。景仰你，是因为你有一位英雄主义者
10、的豪情壮志；敬佩你，更是因为你是人生的斗士。“一万年太久，只争朝夕”，吟诵你的诗句，磨砺着我万千豪情。,归 园 田 居,陶 渊 明,了解几个问题,1、从何而归； 2、为何而归； 3、归向何处； 4、归去如何。,陶渊明,1、从何而归？,明确：官场。 诗人将官场说成“尘网”、“樊笼”。,对官场生活的厌恶。,2、为何而归？,（1）本性爱田园。 （2）由于官场的黑暗，无自由，无法实现抱负， 作者归隐田园为独善其身。,联系作者、背景,作者,陶渊明，东晋时期文学家。名潜，字元亮。陶渊明出身于没落的仕宦家庭。由于儒道思想的矛盾性，时官时隐，举棋不定。41岁以后，陶渊明因时局动荡，仕途险恶，以及官场政治腐败，
11、门阀制度森严，而对现实极端不满，毅然辞官归隐，与官场彻底决裂。,思考：如何理解“羁鸟恋旧林，池鱼思故渊。”？,明确：“羁鸟”是笼中的鸟；“池鱼”是池塘中的鱼。这二者的特点是失去自由，失去最适合它们生活的环境，只会觉得痛苦。也暗示作者在官场就如同“羁鸟”、“池鱼”一般，失去自由。说明作者身在海，宦而心系田园的心情，以唤起人们对自由的向往。,3、归向何处？,明确：园田。,4、找出描写田园生活情景的句子？用自己的话描述。,例如： “榆柳荫后檐，桃李罗堂前。暧暧远人村，依依墟里烟。狗吠深巷中，鸡鸣桑树颠。” （参考：屋后榆柳树影婆娑，浓阴覆地，习习清风平息心中焦虑。眼前桃李芬芳，弄姿堂前，唤起心中欢欣
12、。极目远眺，炊烟融入暮霭，侧耳谛听，依稀听得犬吠鸡鸣。）,4、归去如何？,明确：“户庭无尘杂，虚室有余闲。”有“无丝竹之乱耳，无案牍之劳神”之感。作者是在写自己宁静、闲适的生活状态，和那种轻松、平和、喜悦之情。,归,恋,厌,弃,田园：,土地 草屋 榆柳 桃李 村庄 烟 狗 鸡,官场： 尘网 樊笼,幽雅恬适,归 园 田 居,总结,诗人从自己的本性出发，写自己热爱田园，之后写到田园美，然后表达了自己愉快、舒畅的心情，对归返田园生活做了总结和赞美，同时也对官场做了否定。 由于文人的这种特殊情节，所以陶渊明在与官场决裂的时候定是做了很强的思想斗争，做出这样的选择也是不容易的。虽然他在田园中找到了一份宁
13、静和快乐，但其内心必有一丝酸涩。,讨论,陶渊明的归隐，是否可行？在当今时代是否可以提倡？,再见,Hot Tip,How do I incorporate my logo to a slide that will apply to all the other slides? On the View menu, point to Master, and then click Slide Master or Notes Master. Change images to the one you like, then it will apply to all the other slides., Ima
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