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1、非谓语动词,在英语中，动词按其在句子中的作用，可分为：谓语动词和非谓语动词。 谓语动词就是可以单独直接在句子中做谓语的动词。 非谓语动词就是不能单独在句子中做谓语的动词。,一、什么叫做非谓语动词,非谓语使用条件,一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下,She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat. She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.,二、非谓语动词的表现形式有：,不定式 （to do） 现在分词 （doing） 过去分词 （done） 动
2、名词 （doing）,三、非谓语动词的特征,1、动词特征：,A、时态： 一般式 完成式 to do to have done doing having done,进行式 完成进行式 to be doing to have been doing,I think it wise _ (ask)him for advice. They seem _ (finish) their work. _ (do)his homework, he went out for play. He sent me an e-mail, _ (hope) to get more advice.,to ask,to hav
3、e finished,Having done,hoping,B、语态： 主动语态 被动语态 to do to be done to have done to have been done doing being done having done having been done,He is asked _ (send)to work in the factory. He is said _ (send) to London already. This is the problem _ (discuss) at the meeting now. _ many times, he still co
4、uldnt understand it.,to be sent,to have been sent,being discussed,Having been told,注：非谓语动词的否定结构是：not +非谓语动词,The patient was warned not to eat oil food after the operation. Not knowing what to do, he phoned him again. Tony was unhappy for not having been invited to the party.,四、非谓语动词充当的成分,(一) 不定式与动名词
5、作主语,不定式作主语多表示具体的某次动作，尤其是指将来的动作。,动名词作主语多表示习惯性的、经常性的动作。,_ with fire is dangerous. A. Playing B. To play _ with fire will be dangerous. A. To play B. Playing,A,A,(二) 动名词与不定式作宾语,在一个句子中，用不定式，还是用动名词作宾语，往往是由句子谓语动词的用法来决定的。,非谓语动词作宾语有以下几种情况：,A. 以下动词常接不定式作宾语,wish, ask, promise, pretend, fail, decide, learn, ag
6、ree, manage, demand, plan, refuse, seem, expect, want, hope, arrange, attempt, choose, determine, happen, offer, prepare, appear, afford, intend, desire,B. 以下动词常接动名词作宾语,suggest, finish, enjoy, mind, avoid, miss, practise, excuse, consider, appreciate, imagine, escape, finish, keep, stand,look forwar
7、d to, devoteto, get down to, be/get used to, pay attention to, lead to, stick to, preferto, be busy,1. like、love、hate、prefer等词后接不定式时，表示具体的某次动作，尤其是将来的动作； 接动名词时， 表示习惯、经验、体会。,I prefer being alone. I prefer to stay at home today.,C. 既可接不定式 又可接动名词作宾语的动词,2. remember、forget、regret 等词后接不定式时，表示一未发生的动作；接动名词时，
8、表示一已经发生了的 动作。,I forgot telling him the news. I forgot to tell him the news. I dont remember having ever promised you that.,3. 跟不定式、动名词意义完全不同。,mean doing/to do, stop doing/to do, go on doing/to do, try doing/to do, can not help doing/to do,4. want、need、require、request等此后接不定式用被动式的形式；动名词用主动式的形式。句子的意思没有
9、差别。但句子的主语一般是一表物的名词或代词。,Your watch needs repairing to be repaired. The windows need painting again to be painted again.,5. 固定句型,Its no use/good/useless doing sth. Its kind/wise/clever of sb. to do sth. Its important/hard for sb. to do sth.,If I had remembered _ (close) the window, the thief would not
10、 have got in. 2. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ (rest) on a big rock by the side of the path . 3. This sentence needs _ (improve).,to close,to rest,improving或to be improved,4. Rather than _ on a crowded bus , he always prefers _ a bicycle . A . ride ; ride B . riding ; ride C . ride ;
11、 to ride D . to ride ; riding 5. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line . A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going,C,A,6. The squirrel was so lucky that it just missed _ . Acatching Bto be caught Cbeing caught Dto catch 7. There are lots of places of interest _ in
12、our city. A. needs repairing B. needing repaired C. needed repairing D. needing to be repaired,C,D,8. I can hardly imagine Peter _ (sail) across the Atlantic Ocean in 15 days.,sailing,(三) 非谓语动词作状语,1. 现在分词(v+ing)作状语表示主动的动作。 2.过去分词(v+ed)有两大特点，一是表被动的动作；二是表已完成的动作。,1. 时间状语：可改为时间状语从句，也可在分词前加上连词“when , whi
13、le , until”等，使其时间意义更明确。(多置于句首，也可置于句末) 2. 原因状语：可改为原因状语从句或并列结构。(多置于句首或句末，也可置于句中) 3. 条件状语：可加连词if , unless 等；也可换成条件状语从句。(多置于句首) 4. 让步状语：有时可加 although , though , even if , even though , whetheror 等连词，可转换成让步状语从句。(多置于句首) 5. 结果状语：可改为结果状语从句。（多置于句末） 6. 方式、伴随状语：可改成并列结构或从句。(多置于句末),A. 现在分词与过去分词作状语,When they hear
14、d the news, they all jumped with joy.,Hearing,When the baby saw its mother, it smiled.,Seeing,As they hoped to get our support, they sent us their statement.,Hoping,The snow lasted a week, so it resulted in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area.,resulting,When hearing,While he worked in the
15、factory, he was an advanced worker.,Working,While working,When seeing,When it is seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful . Dont speak until you are spoken to. Because he was greatly touched by his teachers words , the boy did a lot of things to help his classmates . If we were given more t
16、ime , we could do it much better . He was warned of the danger, but he still went skating on the ice.,Seen,Greatly touched,Given,spoken,Warned,he,If given,When seen,B. 不定式作状语,不定式作状语常用来表目的、结果或原因、程度、条件等。,She looked into the window, and wanted to see what was going on inside.,She looked into the window
17、 to see what was going on inside.,注：表目的的不定式还常与so as或in order连用，构成so as (not) to do和in order (not) to do 结构，其中so as (not) to do 不能用于句首。,To get there in time, we got up very early. = In order to get there in time, we got up very early. = We got up very early (in order/so as) to get there in time.,Tom
18、kept quiet about the accident so that he would not lose his job.,=so as not to lose his job.,动名词在句中不能单独作状语，但它可以和before, after ,on, by, in ,without 等介词构成介词短语，在句中作状语。例如：,C. 动名词作状语,Without saying a word, he went away. On arriving in Beijing, he telephoned me.,_(know) that he won the match, he threw the
19、 cap into the sky. 2. _(finish) the homework, the little girl doesnt dare to go to school. 3. _ (write)in simple English, the book is easy to read. 4. _ (become)a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree.,Having known,Not having finished,Written,To become,5. The vis
20、iting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here. A having added B. to add C. adding D. added 6. _ up at his father, he asked what was the matter with him. A. Having looked B. Looking C. To look D. Look 7. _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too
21、 late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered,C,B,A,不定式,现在分词与过去分词作补足语的区别: 不定式： 强调被补足的宾语或主语的动作的全 过程。 过去分词：强调被补足的宾语或主语所承受的 动作。过去分词作补足语时，这些 过去分词一般都来自及物动词，表 被动或完成之意。 现在分词：强调被补足的宾语或主语正在进行 的动作。,(四) 非谓语动词作补足语,1. 表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如 hear, watch, feel, find, give, listen to
22、, look at, notice, observe, see, smell, watch 等词的句子中。,2. 表示“致使”等意义的使役动词，如 catch, make, have, get, keep, leave, set 的句子中。,3. with 引导的结构中。,非谓语动词作宾语补足语最常见的是出现在使役动词、感觉动词的句型结构中。即：,have sb. do sth. have sb. doing sth. have sth. done have sth. doing,She was glad to see her child well _ (take) care of. 2. W
23、e are pleased to see the problem _ (settle) so quickly. 3. I could feel the wind _ (blow)on my face from an open window.,taken,settled,blowing,C,A,4. He found them _ at a table_. A. seating; playing chess B. sitting; to play chess C. seated; playing chess D. seat; play the chess 5. John rushed out i
24、n a hurry, _ the door_. A. leaving; unlocked B. leaving; unlocking C. left, unlocked D. to leave; unlocking,6. With a lot of work _, he didnt go to the film. A. to be done B. to do C. doing D. having done 7. He knocked against the table and sent the bowls _ in all directions before _. A. flying; sen
25、t to sleep B. flying; sending to sleep C. to fly; to be sent to sleep D. to fly; sending sleeping,B,A,1. This book is really _. A. to entertain B. entertained C. entertaining 2. He grew more _ and a little _ when he got to the mysterious cave. A. exciting; frightened B. exciting; frightening C. exci
26、ted; frightened D. excited; frightening 3. The main job of the ant queen is _ eggs. A. to lay B. laying C. lain D. laid,C,C,B,(五) 非谓语动词作表语,4. The boy was _, so I didnt believe him again. A. disappointing B. disappointed C. to disappoint 5. At the sight of the snake, the little girl got _. A. to be f
27、rightened B. frightening C. frightened,A,C,现在分词(V+ing)作定语：表示所修饰名词正在进行的,主动的动作 。 过去分词(V+ed)作定语：表示一个已经完成了的,被动的动作 。 不定式作定语：表示所修饰名词一个将来的动作。 动名词作定语：表示所修饰名词的用途。,(六) 非谓语动词作定语,A football fan is a person who has a strong interest in football. 2. I am looking for the train which will go to Shanghai. 3. It was
28、at the school which was named after a hero that he spent his childhood. 4. Who is the person that is standing at the gate of Beijing Tourism Tower? 5. The house which is being built belongs to my uncle.,having,to go to,named,standing,being built,非谓语动词做题步骤,一、分析句子结构, 辨别“谓与非谓”,1. _many times , but he s
29、till couldnt understand it .,2. _many times , he still couldnt understand it .,A. Having been told B. Told C. He had been told D. Though he had been told,C,_,A,二、找固定搭配,当非谓语动词充当宾语时，我们可以先看 谓语动词有无固定搭配。,They seem _ (finish) their work.,to have finished,非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。,三、找逻辑主语,Bei
30、ng unhappy, she phones her friend to chat. She is reading a book found on the way. His/He being late makes us angry. The birds singing, it is a nice day.,1. _no buses , we have to walk home,2. _Sunday, I shall have a quiet day at home .,There being B. It were C. There were D. It being,_,A,D,_,四、分析语态
31、,分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。,1. The dirty clothes _ , the girl hung them up outside .,2. _ the dirty clothes, the girl hung them up outside .,was washed washed C. were washed D. having washed,_,B,_,D,五、分析时态,1. The building _ now will be a restaurant .,2. The building _ next year will be a restaurant .,3. The building _ last year is a restaurant.,having been built to be built C. being built D. built,_,C,_,B,_,D,