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1、英语时态 The verb tense 一.概念 英语中表示不同的时间，以不同方式发生的动作或存在的状态，要用不同的动词形式来表示。这种不同的动词时态就称为动词时态。英语中共有16种时态，以ask 为例，将其各种时态的构成列表如下现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask / asksaskedwill askwould ask进行is / am / are askingwas / were askingwill be askingwould be asking完成have / has askedhad askedwill have askedwould have asked完成进行have /
2、has been askinghad been askingwill have been askingwould have been asking1一般现在时：1）一般现在时表示经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态及客观现实和普遍真理。一般现在时常以动词原形表示，但当主语是第三人称单数时，动词词尾加-s或-es。2）句型结构：主语.（包括be动词）宾语 She is an engineer. He has breakfast at 6:00 every day.a)一般现在时通常与always , often , usually , every day , sometimes , once a wee
3、k 等时间状语连用。 I always watch TV at 8:00 in the evening. They go home once a week. We usually do our homework at home.b)表客观现实或普遍真理。 The sun always rises in the east. The light travels faster than the sound.c)表永远性的动作或状态。 He lives in the country.4）第三人称单数变化形式。 a)一般情况动词在词尾加-s . come-comes speak-speaks work-
4、works live-lives b)以o, s, x, ch, sh结尾的单词在词后加-es. do-does go-goes finish-finishes brush-brushes fix-fixes pass-passes watch-watches c)以“辅音字母y”结尾的单词变y为i加-es. Study-studies carry-carries cry-cries d)以“元音字母y”结尾的单词直接加-s. play-plays stay-stays2一般过去时1）一般过去时表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态；还表示过去的习惯性动作。(纯粹的过去)只强调过去的事实，不表示和现
5、在的关系，和现在无关。通常与表示过去的时间状语yesterday, last night ,two days ago, in 1990,in the past, just now，等连用。I was a student 6 years ago.I went to Beijing last year.They saw a film last night .2）句型结构：主语.过去时宾语4）动词过去式变化规则。 a)一般情况下的词加-ed. work-worked call-called laugh-laughed Explain-explained finish-finished knock-k
6、nocked b)以不发音的字母e结尾的单词直接加-d . live-lived change-changed smoke-smoked die-died c)以“辅音字母y”结尾的单词，变y为i加-ed. study-studied carry-carried try-tried marry-married d)以“元音字母y”结尾的单词直接加-ed. play-played stay-stayed e)以“一个元音字母一个辅音字母”结尾的单词应先双写这个辅音字母然后再加-ed. stop-stopped plan-planned pat-patted3一般将来时1)表示将来发生的动作或存在
7、的状态，常与表将来的时间状语tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next Sunday, soon, in a few days等连用。2)句型结构：将来时用法例句1will + 动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态（事物固有的属性或必然趋势）My sister will be ten next year.2be going to +动词原形1. 口语中表示“打算、计划”做某事；2. 根据现在的迹象，对未来进行推断；3. 用于条件句中，表将来；而will 不行It is going to clear up.We are going to have a part
8、y tonight.If you are going to come to my house, youd better phone me first.3be + doing进行时表示将来go; come; start; begin; move; leave; arrive; stay 等词可用进行时表示按照计划或即将发生的动作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe?4be about to +动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell
9、rang.The meeting is about to close.5be to + 动词原形表示按照计划或安排要做的事We are to meet at the school gate at noon.6一般现在时表示将来一些起止的动词 come; go; leave; arrive; fly; return; start; begin; close; end; stop 等，用来表示时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情The meeting starts at five oclock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.4.现在完成时1)表示过去发生的
10、动作对现在造成的影响,或表示过去某时间已经开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。（即过去的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果）a）表示一个动作或状态开始于过去，持续到现在，（也许还将持续下去）。时间状语lately; recently; in the last / past few years, since then; up to now; so far 等b.) 一个发生在过去的事情对现在产生的影响。 时间状语：already; just; yet; never; before 等c.) 在条件、时间或让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已经完成的动作d.) 瞬间动词用完成时态不可以接一段时间的状语瞬间动词
11、有：come; go; get to / reach / arrive in / arrive at; leave; buy; sell; open; close; get up; join / take part in; begin / start; return; give; borrow; lend; become; turn; bring; take; die; finish / end; receive / hear form; marry; break; lose; jump2)基本结构 主语+ have/has + P.P(动词过去分词)Ive finished this wor
12、k.He has ever been to Australia.I have already read this book.3)过去分词的构成 （规则变化同过去式的构成）不规则变化如下 do did done go went gone eat ate eaten come came come5.过去完成时1)定义;a)表示动作发生在过去某一时间之前已经完成的动作或状态，一件事情发生在过去，而另外一件发生在它之前的动作用过去完成时。强调“过去的过去”。b). 从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到过去的另一时间的动作。 时间状语： by then; by that time; by the end of
13、 + 过去时间c). 表示过去未能实现的愿望和意图。如mean; expect; hope; intend; want; think; suppose I had intended to visit you yesterday, but I was too busy.2)常与 by the time, by the end of,before , until then 等引导时间的状语连用。3)基本结构 主语+ had + 动词过去分词 + When I got to the cinema yesterday the film had begun already.He had learned
14、English before he came here.He had taught this class for 3 years by the time I left the school.By the end of last term I had learned 2000 English words.6现在进行时1)现在进行时表示现在或现在这段时间正在进行的动作。通常与now, at present ,look, listen等时间状语连用。2)基本结构主语+be (am, is, are)+ v-ing + You are listening to me carefully now. Lo
15、ok! They are dancing. We are studying English at present .3）动词现在分词的构成:一般动词直接在词后加-ingdo doing read reading work working think thinking以不发音的字母e 结尾的动词，应先去掉 e 然后加 inglike liking take takingleave leaving live living以“一个元音字母 + 一个辅音字母”结尾的动词，应先双写这个辅音字母然后再加-ingstop stopping begin beginning dig digging swim s
16、wimming(注意：listen listening open opening eat eating rain raining 7 过去进行时1)表示过去某一时刻或某阶段时间正在进行的动作.2) 通常与 at 6:00 yesterday, at this/ that time yesterday, when 引导的时间状语等连用。3)基本结构 主语+be (was/were) +v- ing +It was raining at 7:00 the day before yesterday.They were building a house at this time last winter
17、.We were reading when the teacher came in.8.现在完成进行时1)表示动作发生在过去（现在以前这一段时间里）一直进行到现在。而且这一动作可能仍然在进行或者还要进行下去。（动作的延续）2)基本结构 主语+have/has been doing3)常用的时间状语all+时间段（morning，afternoon, evening, day等等），far+时间段，sinceIt has seen raining hard yesterday and it is still raining.He has been ringing me up all mornin
18、g.8.现在完成进行时1)表示动作发生在过去（现在以前这一段时间里）一直进行到现在。而且这一动作可能仍然在进行或者还要进行下去。（动作的延续）2)基本结构 主语+have/has been doing3)常用的时间状语all+时间段（morning，afternoon, evening, day等等），far+ 时间段，sinceIt has seen raining hard yesterday and it is still raining.He has been ringing me up all morning.9过去将来时1）过去将来时是立足于过去某时，从过去的观点看将要发生的动作或状态。主要用于宾语从句中。2）基本结构：主语+would/should was/were going to +V.原形+He said that he would have a meeting next week.They said we should leave school tomorrow.