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1、Affirmative vs. Negative 正反译法,Definition 1). An Affirmative structure (English and Chinese) refers to a sentence which is positive in its structure or form, i.e. it does not have any negative element in it, as is manifest in the following: He is free with money. etc. 肯定句汉语或英语中不含有否定词或否定意义词语以及带有否定词缀的词
2、的句子。,2). A Negative structure refers to a sentence (clause) which contains one or more than one negative element (negative words: not, never, words with negative affixes: impolite, amoral,etc) in its structures, as is evident in sentences as follows: Americans are well known for their informality. N
3、othing is impossible to a willing mind. This is an insecure house. 否定句汉语中带有否定词，如“无”、“不”、“莫”、“勿”等的句子，和英语中带有否定词或有否定意义的词，如“hardly” 、“but for” 、“fail”等以及带否定词缀的词的句子。,1. Negation in E-C Translation Due to differences between Chinese and English in the way of thinking and in the mode of speaking, what is a
4、ffirmative in form in one language may often mean something negative in another or vice versa. 1). He knew that he was mortally ill. 2). We cant sign the contract in his absence. 3). We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust. 4). The two teams tied.,5). Law is no respecte
5、r of persons. 6). The idea that he should become an assistant to his boss has never deserted him. 7).Our cause has no lack of successors 8). Keep hands off the articles at the exhibition. 9). Closed to public 10). Wet paint 11). Let me alone, please. 12). Dont wake the sleeping dog.,A. English negat
6、ive words and expressions: a). Full negatives: no, never, none, nothing, not, nobody, nowhere, nor No trickery can fool us. b). Semi negatives: hardly, scarcely, seldom, barely, few, little Few students went to the party. c). Partial negatives: not every, not all, not both, not much, not many, not a
7、lways Both proposals are not acceptable.,d). Words with negative implication: a) (verb): fail, miss, lack, ignore, refuse, withhold, refrain (from), neglect, deny, overlook, exclude; b). (noun): absence, failure, refusal, ignorance, neglect, exclusion; c) (adj.): few, little, free from, far from, sa
8、fe from, short of; d). (adv): little, otherwise, tooto; e). (conj.): unless, before, until, (rather) than, or; f). (pre): without, above, except, beyond, instead of, in place of, out of, etc. (a). He was denied the opportunity to speak at the meeting. (b). He is engrossed in his studies to the negle
9、ct of other affairs. (c). The room is free of dust. e). Affixes with negative implication: a-, dis-, un, ab-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, non-, -less, etc.,B. Chinese negative words and expressions: 汉语常用的否定词：“不、无、非、没、未、勿、莫、否、别、毋”等 A. Full negatives (完全否定意义） “不、没有、绝不、毫无、否则” B. Partial negatives (部分否定意义） “并非都
10、、不总是、未必全部” C. Double negatives (双重否定） 非.不（莫）、不没有,2. Ways to Deal with Negatives in E-C Translation A. Affirmative in English, but Negative in Chinese A). Verbs 1). Such a chance was denied (to) me. 我没有得到这样一个机会。 2). The weather will hold a couple days. 天气在两三天内会保持不变。 3). The first bombs missed the tar
11、get. 第一批炸弹没有击中目标。,Drills: 1). If he had kept his temper, the negotiation would probably have been a success. 假如他不发脾气，谈判可能已经成功了。 2). The ache that had persisted in his chest had turned to severe pain. 他胸部老不消失的疼痛现在疼得更厉害了。 3). Her husband hates to see her stony face. 她丈夫不想（不乐意）看见/到她那张毫无表情的脸。,B). Adverb
12、s 1). Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use it worst. 时间是我们最缺少的，但可叹之至，偏偏许多人 最不善于 利用。 2). We may safely say so. 我们这样说万无一失。 3). The subversion attempts proved predictably futile. 不出所料，颠覆活动证明毫无效果。 Drills: 1). He said idly, “Well, what does it matter?” 他漫不经心地说：“哼，这有什么关系？” 2). They resumed
13、their seats moodily. 他们不愉快地又坐了下来。,C). Adjectives 1). It would be most disastrous if even a rumor of it were given out. 甚至只要有一点点风声漏出去，结果就不堪设想。 2). The explanation is pretty thin. 这个解释是相当不充实的。 Drills: 1). We are watching the fluid situation with concern. 我们关切注视着动荡不安的局面。,2). Her face had a strange, los
14、t look. 她的脸上有一种奇异的、不知所措的神情。 3). Appearances are deceptive. 外表是靠不住的。 4）I have read your article. I expected to meet an older man. 5). The rocket traveling in space is independent of the earths gravity.,D). Prepositions 1). It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 他无权签订这种合同。 2). This problem i
15、s above me. 这问题我不懂(不能理解)。 Drills: 1).The lecturer spoke above the heads of his audience. 演讲者讲得太深奥，观众听不明白。 2). His answer is beside the mark. 他的回答文不对题。 3). Never mind, we can manage without help.,E). Connectives 1). They would fight to death before they surrender. 他们宁愿战死，决不投降。 2). They would rather h
16、ave the blue one than the green one. 他们宁愿要那个蓝色的，不愿要绿色的。 3). The stranger had already gone before he hurried to the hotel. 还没有等他赶到旅馆，那个陌生人早已走了。,F). Nouns 1). They feel great anxiety about his sickness. 他们对他的病情感到焦虑不安。 2). Within minutes the men came racing in with the two jeeps. They were all excited,
17、 so now I had to put on the calm act to prevent my worry from spreading. 几分钟后，那些人乘着吉普车回来了。他们都很激动，所以这时我得故做镇静以免我的不安心情影响他们。 Drills: 1). Tom was a fool for danger.,2). Her abstraction was not because of the tea party. 她那种心不在焉的神气，并不是因为那个茶话会的缘故。 3). Silence reigned all over the meeting room for a while. 一
18、时全场寂静无声。 4). She was politely acquiescent in what was evidently Greek to her. 她有礼貌地默认了她显然不懂得的事情。,G). Phrases 1). I am at my wits end to keep the child quiet. 我实在是 毫无办法 让这孩子安静下来。 2). Both sides thought that the peace proposal was the one they could accept with dignity. 双方认为，那和平建议是一个他们可以不失体面地接受的建议。 Dr
19、ills: 1). We should abstain from any exaggerations and void phrase-making. 我们不应吹牛皮，讲空话。,2). His explanation is far from being satisfactory. 3). The pioneers made light of difficulties and hardships. 拓荒者不避艰险。 4). Tom kept to his room all day long. 汤姆终日足不出户。 5). The news of his assassination spread li
20、ke wildfire. 他被刺的消息不胫而走。 6). You should seize the opportune moment to put in a good word for me. 你应不失时机为我说说情。 7). The system of water supply in the city leaves much to be desired.,H). Sentences 1). If it worked once, it can work twice. 一次得手，再次不愁。 2). He was 78, but he carried his years lightly. 他七十八
21、岁了，可是不显老。 3). The decision has to come. 还没有做出决定。 4). It had been six or seven hours since I had had anything to eat, drink or smoke. 我已经六、七个小时没有吃饭、喝水或抽烟了。 5). Haste makes waste.,6). Mr. Will was a short man with dark hair and gray eyes, and a smile that seemed to be frozen on his face and everybody
22、knew it was anything else but a genuine smile. 威尔先生是个身材矮小的人，灰脸黑发，脸上挂着一副似乎永远笑不出来的笑容，而谁都知道这是一副虚伪的笑脸。,B. Negative in English, but Affirmative in Chinese A). Verbs 1). The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanation. 虽经他一再解析，疑团依然存在。 2). Dont unstring your shoes. 把鞋带系上。 3). I rode around with
23、 him one day seeing how the ships unloaded. 一天我与他乘车转了一转，看看船如何卸货。,B). Adverbs 1). He carelessly glanced through the note and then left. 他 马马虎虎地 看了看那张便条就走了。 2). Many agreed that the manager had in effect resigned dishonorably. 许多人认为首相辞职实际上是很丢面子的。 C). Adjectives 1). He was an indecisive sort of person
24、and always capricious. 他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。 2). It was an unusual unit, set off by itself, flying an easily identifiable aircraft. 这是一支异乎寻常的部队，显得与众不同，乘的是容,易辨认的飞机。 3).All the articles in the museum are untouchable. 博物馆内的一切展品禁止触摸。 D). Nouns 1). He manifested a strong dislike for his fathers business. 他对
25、他父亲的行业表示出强烈的厌恶情绪。 2). It was said that someone had sown discord among them. 据说有人在他们中间挑拨离间。 3). Generally she accepted the family life in all its crowded inadequacy. 在通常的情况下，她还是能够忍受她那拥挤贫穷/寒怆的家庭生活的。,E). Phrases 1). Dont lose time in posting this letter. 赶快把这封信寄出去。 2). The examination left no doubt tha
26、t the patient had died of cancer. 调查结果清清楚楚说明病人死于癌症。 3). Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon. 今天下午学生统统要交书面作业。 5). He returned home with no hope on his face. 他满脸灰心绝望地回到了家。 6). The train coming from Beijing will arrive in no time.,7). In the street they were not goin
27、g to lose sight of her. 在街上他们一直在监视她的行踪。 F). Sentences 1). Such flight couldnt long escape notice. 这类飞行迟早总会被发觉的。 2). The significance of these incidents wasnt lost on us. 这些事引起了我们的重视。,C. Same English Words, with Either Affirmative or Negative Equivalents in Chinese 1). I am new to the work. 这工作我是生手。（
28、这工作我不熟悉） 2). He is free with his money. 3). He realized that he was in trouble. 他意识到遇到麻烦了(他感到自己的处境不妙)。 4). The station is no distance at all. 车站 咫尺 (车站一点儿也不远)。,5). It is no less than a fraud. 这简直是一场骗局（这无异于一场骗局） 6). The works of art were left intact, the money gone. 艺术品还在，钱却不翼而飞。(艺术品 原封不动，钱却不翼而飞。) D.
29、 Double Negative for Emphasis Double in English, as in Chinese, is used for emphasis. In this case we may either drop both the negative words or keep to the original, depending on which version is idiomatic in Chinese. Structures of double negation in English:,notwithout, no (never)without, nothingw
30、ithout, nono, notuntil/till/unless No money no talk. No fire without smoke. No in/pains, no out/gains 1). There is no rule that has no exception. 任何规则都有例外。 2). There is not any advantage without disadvantage. 3). It never rains but it pours. 不雨则已，雨必倾盆。 4). It is impossible but that a man will make s
31、ome mistakes. 5). Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized. 6). Never cross a bridge until/till/unless you come to it.,7). Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealing new depths of scientific illiteracy among the citizens of this country. 该国公民科学知识匮乏的现象日益严重，这种调查
32、报告几乎月月都有。 8). No sweet without sweat. 9). We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我们要永远对生活抱乐观态度。 10). He has never committed one act that was not in the interests of his people. 他所做的每件事都是为人民的利益着想的。,E. Roundabout Affirmative This is an indirect way of expressing a strong affirmative, an
33、d when put into Chinese, the emotion of the original should be properly kept. 1). He didnt half like the girl. 他非常喜欢那姑娘。 2). I couldnt feel better. 3). I couldnt agree with you more. 4). If it isnt what I want! 我所要的就是这个呀！,5). He cant see you quick enough. 6). We cant thank you enough. 7). Well, if t
34、his isnt disgraceful! 8). She didnt half support our plan. F. Some Traps in Negative Structures 1). Notbecause a). The engine didnt stop because the fuel was finished. b). Dont scamp your work, because you are pressed for time. 不要因为时间紧而敷衍塞责。 c). This version is not placed first because it is simple.
35、,2). Cannottoo/over (+v) a). The importance of this conference cannot be overestimated. 这次会议的重要性无论怎么强调也不过分。 b). You cannot be too careful in proofreading. c). I shall never be able to stress too much your kindness. 不管我怎么感激你，都不足以报恩于万一。 3). All/everynot (half negative) a). All cities did not look like
36、 they do today. 在过去，城市面貌并不都像今天这样千篇一律。 b). No, everything is not straightened out.,4). Bothnot (half negative) a). Both the instruments are not precision ones. b). Both read the same Bible, and pray to the same God; and each invokes His aid against the other. The prayers of both could not be answered
37、. 双方念的是同一本圣经，拜的是同一个上帝，但各方都恳求上帝帮助去打倒对方。所以，双方的祈求不可能都得到满足。 5). For all a). You may leave at once for all I care. b). He seemed as fresh as ever; for all that I never saw him drink or eat.,尽管我从未见到他喝点什么或吃点什么，他似乎依然精神饱满。 c). For all we knew, the files we were supposed to photograph were already on their wa
38、y. 说不定那些该由我们去拍摄的文件已在途中。 6). It be + adj. +n + that a). It is a good workman that never blunders. 智者千虑，必有一失。 b). It is a long lane that has no end. 路必有弯。 c). It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. d). Its a good horse that never stumbles. 好马也有失蹄时。,3 Negation in C-E Translation 1). Affirmative in C
39、hinese, but Negative in English A. Negation according to Usage （表达习惯） a). 一直到写完作业，他才出现。 He didnt turn up until he finished his homework. b). 我很快就可回老家了。 It will not be long before I go back to my hometown. c). 一分耕耘，一分收获。 No pains, no gains.,B. Negation according to Mood (语气的需要） a). 同行是冤家。 Two of a tr
40、ade did not agree. b). 走远点。 You had better not bother me. c). 为了提高工作效率，他非常关注工人们的权利。 On no occasion has he neglected the rights of the workers for higher efficiency. d). 他们的成功简直是个奇迹。 Their successes are nothing short of miraculous.,C. Negation for Better Explicitness (使隐含之意更加明确） a). 我们劝他不要出门，他偏背着书包走了
41、。 We tried to dissuade him from going out, but he wouldnt listen and left home carrying his bag on his shoulder. b). 牛失去尾巴后才知道尾巴有用。 The cow knows not the worth of her tail till she loses it. c). 在困难面前，他总是勇往直前。 They ndever flinched from any difficulties. d). 与其他人相比，他是位非凡的教授。 As compared with others,
42、he is no ordinary professor.,D. Negation for Better Expression (利用英语某些词语特点，使译文更精当） a). 恐怕这些调查工作是白做了。 I am afraid that these investigations are done for nothing . b). 我也讨厌寒风和冰雪。 I also dislike cold winds, snow and ice. c). 过马路时，越小心越好。 You cant be too careful when you cross the street. d) 你肯定能找到那个地方。
43、You cant miss the place. e). 有问题就请直接提出来吧。 Dont hesitate to raise your questions.,2). Negative in Chinese, but Affirmative in English Chinese Negative Words without Negative Implication (汉语的否定词没有否定意义） a). 这块地里的麦子长得不大离儿。 The wheat on this field is pretty good . b). 这孩子有许多不三不四的朋友，跟他们在一起除了玩乐之外对什么都不在乎。 T
44、his boy has many frivolous friends and, with them, he cares for nothing but amusement.,B. Affirmative for Euphemism(使语气委婉而含蓄） a). 小姐，我劝你别管闲事。 Young lady, you had better mind your own business. b). 谁没有个三灾六难的。 There is a crook in the lot of every one. c). 天无绝人之路。 Every cloud has a silver lining. C. Af
45、firmative for Better Explicitness (使意思更明了） a). 我不是在测字算命，我只是觉得这么做后果不妙。 I am not a sooth sayer, but I only think the worst of the problem is behind us. b). 人们都骂它是丑石，它真丑得不能再丑的丑石了。 So everyone condemned the stone: an ugly stone, as ugly as it could be .,D. Affirmative according to Usage (in English采用英语中
46、简练而恰当的表达法) a). 人不可貌相。 Beauty is but skin deep. b). 请勿大声喧哗。 Please keep quiet. c). 这条可爱的老狗老态龙钟，又饱患病痛之苦，与其让它受苦下去，倒不如把它弄死要仁慈。 The dear dog was so old and ill that we thought it kinder to put him to sleep.,d). 这件事他确实是一无所知。 e). 我们给他忠告，但他不当一回事。 f). 勿庸置疑，中国的航天工业在过去的四十年中已取得了辉煌的成就。,4. Some Noteworthy Points
47、1). 英语中的“It is+形容词+名词+that+否定从句”常用来表达“再也会”的意义。 a). It is a wise man that never blunders. 智者千虑，必有一失。 b). It is a good horse that never stumbles. 马会失蹄，人会失手。 2).交通标志和公共告示等具有提醒和警示作用，其用语非常简洁醒目，措辞得体，往往让人过目难忘，并随之注意遵守这些标志和告示。在此类场合，正反说见常见，且中英文刚好相反。 a). 行人止步 No tresspassing,b). 请勿靠近车门。 Keep clear of door. c).
48、 （火车站台上）不准跨越红线。 Stand behind the red line. d). （旅游景点）山石松动，不得往前。 Unstable cliff, stay back. e). 手勿伸出窗外。 Keep arms in f). （收交通费处）不设找补。 Exact fare (payment) g). 不准改换行车路线。 Keep in line.,h). 游人止步 No admittance for tourists. i). 渡船未停稳前请勿站起。 Remain seated until the ferry is berthed. j). （野生动物园里）不准下车 Stay in your vehicle. 3). 有相当一些否定形式的汉语成语习语，宜用对应的英语的正说习语来表达，使之在正反转换中能传达原文的意义并保留习语的形式。,a). 无可争辩 beyond dispute b). 毋庸讳言 frankly speaking c). 始料未及 beyond expectation d). 不懈努力 painstaking efforts e). 不言而喻 self-evident, to take it for granted,