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1、有机化学英文名汉文名Angular methyl group角甲基Alkylidene group亚烷基Allyl group烯丙基Allylic烯丙型的Phenyl group苯基Aryl group芳基Benzyl group苄基Benzylic苄型的Activating group活化基团Chromophore生色团Auxochrome助色团Magnetically anisotropic group磁各向异性基团Smally ring小环Common ring普通环Medium rimg中环Large ring大环Bridged-ring system桥环体系Spiro compoun
2、d螺环化合物Helical molecule螺旋型分子Octahedral compound八面体化合物Conjugation共轭Conjugated-system共轭体系Acyl cation酰基正离子Benzylic cation苄基正离子Arenirm ion芳基正离子Ketyl radical羰自由基Radical ion自由基离子Radical cation 自由基正离子Radical anion自由基负离子Isomerism异构现象Aci form酸式Fluxional structure循变结构Stereochemistry立体化学Optical activity光学活性Dext
3、ro isomer右旋异构体Laevo isomer左旋异构体Tetrahedral configuration四面体构型Stereoisomerism立体异构现象Asymmetric atom不对称原子Asymmetric carbon不对称碳Pseudoasymmetric carbon假不对称碳Phantom atom虚拟原子Homotopic等位的Heterotopic异位的Enantiotopic对映异位的Diastereotopic非对映异位的Configuration构型Absolute configuration绝对构型Chirality手性Chiral手性的Chiral ce
4、nter手性中心Chiral molecule手性分子Achiral非手性的Fischer projection费歇尔投影式Neoman projection纽曼投影式D-L system of nomenclatureD-L命名体系R-S syytem of nomenclatureR-S命名体系Cahn-Ingold-Prelon sequence顺序规则Symmetry factor对称因素Plane of symmetry 对称面Mirror symmetry镜面对称Enantiomer对映异构体Diastereomer非对映异构体Epimer差向异构体Anomer端基差向异构体Ery
5、thro configuration赤型构型Erythro isomer赤型异构体Threo configuration苏型构型Threo isomer 苏型异构体Trigonal carbon三角型碳Cis-trans isomerism顺反异构E isomerE异构体Z isomerZ异构体Endo isomer内型异构体Exo isomer外型异构体Prochirality前手性Pro-R group前R基团Pro-S proup前S基团Re faceRe面Si faceSi面Racemic mixture外消旋混合物Racemic compound 外消旋化合物Racemic soli
6、d solution外消旋固体溶液Meso compound内消旋化合物Quasi recemate准外消旋体Conformation构象Conformational构象分析Torsion angle扭转角Rotamer旋转异构体Anti conformation反式构象Bisecting conformation等分构象Anti periplanar conformation反叠构象Synperiplanar conformation顺叠构象Synclinal conformation反错构象Synclinal conformation顺错构象Eclipsed conformation重叠构
7、象Gauche conformation, skew con-formation邻位交叉构象Staggered conformation对位交叉构象Steric effect空间效应Steric hindrance位阻Atropismer阻转异构体Puckered ring折叠环Conformational inversion构象反转Chair conformation椅型构象Boat conformation船型构象Twist conformation扭型构象Skew boat conformation扭船型构象Half-chair conformation半椅型构象Pseudorotati
8、on假旋转Envelope conformation信封型构象Axial bond直立键Equatorial bond 平伏键Cisoid conformation顺向构象Transoid conformation反向构象Retention of configuration构型保持Regioselectivity区域选择性Regiospecificity区域专一性Stereocelectivity立体选择性Stereospecificty立体专一性Conformer构象异构体Conformational effect构象效应Crams rube克拉姆规则Prelogrule普雷洛格规则Ster
9、eochemical orientation立体化学取向Conformational transmission构象传递Homolog同系物Ipso position本位Ortho position邻位Meta position间位Para position对位Amphi position 远位Peri position近位Trigonal hybridization三角杂化Molecular orbiral method分子轨道法Valence bond method价键法Delocalezed bond离域键Cross conjugation交叉共轭Vinylog插烯物Mesomeric e
10、ffect中介效应Resonance共振Resonance effect共振效应Hyperconjugation超共轭Isovalent hyperconjugation等价超共轭No-bond resonance无键共振Aromaticity芳香性Aromatic sexter芳香六隅Huckelrule休克尔规则Paramagnetic ring current顺磁环电流Diamagnetic ring cruuent抗磁环电流Homoaromaticity同芳香性Antiaromaticity反芳香性Alternant hydrocarbon交替烃Non-alternant hydroc
11、arbon非交替烷Pericyclic reaction周环反应Electrocyclic rearrangement电环化重排Conrotatory顺旋Disroatatory对旋Cycloaddition环加成Symmetry forbidden-reaction对称禁阻反应Synfacial reaction同面反应Antarafacial reaction异面反应Mobius system默比乌斯体系Leois structure路易斯结构Coordinate-covalent bond配位共价键Banana bond香蕉键Pauling electronegativity scale
12、鲍林电负性标度Polarizability可极化性Inductive effect诱导效应Field effect场效应Electrical effect电场效应tautomerism互变异构Tautomerization互变异构化Keto-enol tautomerism酮-烯醇互变异构Phenol-keto tautomerism酚-酮互变异构Imine-enamine atutomerism亚胺-烯胺互变异构Ring-chain tautomerism环-链互变异构Valence tautomerism价互变异构Ambident两可的Solvent effect溶剂效应Acid-base
13、 catalyxed reaction酸性溶剂Basic solvent碱性溶剂Dielectric constant介电常数Solvated electron溶剂化电子Acid-base catalyzed reaction酸碱催化反应Conjugate base共轭酸Conjugate base 共轭碱Therm odynamic acidity热力学酸度Kinetic acidity动力学酸度Electron donof-acceptor complex,EDAcomplex电子给体受体络合物Host主体Guest客体Primary isotope effect一级同位素效应Second
14、ary isotope effect二级同位数效应Inverse isotope effect逆同位素效应Kinetic control 动力学控制Thermodynamic control热力学控制Substrate底物Intermediate 中间体Reactive intermediate 活泼中间体Microscopic reversibility微观可逆性Hammond postulate哈蒙德假说Linear free energy线性自由能Non-bonded interaction非键相互作用Torsional effect扭转效应Pitzer strain皮策张力Restri
15、cted rotation阻碍旋转Eclipsing effect 重叠效应Eclipsing strain重叠张力Small-angle strain小角张力Large angle strain大角张力Transannular interaction跨环相互作用Transannular strain跨环张力I strain内张力F strain前张力B strain后张力Anomeric effect端基异构效应Walden inversion瓦尔登反转Racemization外消旋化Isoinversion等反转Isoracemization等消旋Homochiral纯手性的Mechani
16、sm机理Unimolecular nucleophilic单分子亲核取代Bimolecular nucleophilic sub-stitution双分子亲核取代Bimolecular nucleophilic substi-tution(with allylic rearrange-ment)双分子亲核取代（含烯丙型重排）Internal nucleophilic substiru-tion分子内亲核取代Aromatic nucleophilic substitu-tion芳香亲核取代Unimolecular electrophilic sub-stitution单分子亲电取代Bimolec
17、ular electrophilic substi-tution双分子亲电取代Nucleophile-assisted unimolecu-lar electrophilic substitution亲核体协助单分子亲电取代Unimolecular elimination单分子消除Bimolecular elimination双分子消除Unimolecular elimination through the conjugate base单分子共轭碱消除Bimolecular elimination through the conjugate base双分子共轭碱消除Bimolecular el
18、imination with for-mation of a carbonyl group双分子羰基形成消除Unimolecular acid-catalyzed acyl-oxygen cleavage单分子酸催化酰氧断裂Bimolecular base-catalyzed acyl-oxygen cleavage双分子碱催化酰氧断裂Unimolecular acid-catalyzed alkyl-oxygen cleavage单分子酸催化烷氧断裂Bimllecular base-catalyzed al- kyl-oxygen cleavage双分子碱催化烷氧断裂-allyl compl
19、ex mechanism烯丙型络合机理Borderline mechanism边理机理Homolysis均裂Heterolysis异裂Heterolytic michanism异裂机理Counrergegenion反荷离子Ion pair 离子对Carbocation碳正离子Nonclassical carbocation非经典碳正离子Carbanion碳负离子Masked carbanion掩蔽碳负离子Carbenoid卡宾体Carbene卡宾Nitrene氮宾Carbine碳炔Electrophilic addition亲电加成Electrophile亲电体Diaxial addition
20、双直键加成Markovnikovs rube马尔科夫尼科规则Anti-Markovnikov addition反马氏加成Michael addition迈克尔加成Substitution取代Electrophilic substitution亲电取代Addition-elimination mechanism加成消除机理Electrophilic aromatic substitu-tion亲电芳香取代Electron transfer电子转移Electron-donating group 给电子基团Electron-Withdrawing group 吸电子基团Deactivating gr
21、oup钝化基团Orinentation取向Ortho-para directing group邻对位定位基Meta directing group间位定位基Ortho effect邻位效应Partial rate factor分速度系数Nucleophilic reaction亲核反应Internal return内返Nucleophilicity亲核体Nucleophilicity亲核性-effect-效应Backside attack背面进攻Inversion反转Umbrella effect伞效应Push-pull effect推拉效应Leaving group离去基团Electrofu
22、ge离电体Nucleofuge离核体Phase-transfer catalysis相转移催化Neighboring group participation邻基基参与Neighboring proup assistance,anchimeric assistance邻助作用Neighboring group effect邻基效应Apofacial reaction反面反应Briddgehead displacement桥头取代Aryl action芳正离子Benzyne苯炔Zaitsev rule札依采夫规则Anti-Zaitsev orientation反札依采夫定向Hofmanns rul
23、e霍夫曼规则Bredt rule布雷特规则Initiation引发Anionic cleavage负离子裂解Partial bond fixation键的部分固定化023有机化学反应Alkylation烷基化C- alkylationC-烷基化O- alkylationO-烷基化N-alkylationN-烷基化Silylation硅烷基化Exhaustive methylation彻底甲基化Seco alkylation断裂烷基化Demethylation脱甲基化Ethylation乙基化Arylation芳基化Acylation酰化Formylation甲酰化Carbalkoxylatio
24、n烷氧羰基化Carboamidation氨羰基化Carboxylation羧基化Amination氨基化Bisamination双氨基化Cine substitution移位取代Transamination氨基交换Hydroxylation羟基化acyloxyation酰氧基化Decarboxylative nitration脱羧卤化Allylic halogenation烯丙型卤化Dehalogenation脱卤Nitration硝化Decarboxylative nitration脱羧硝化Nitrosation亚硝化Sulfonation磺化Chlorosulfonation氯磺酰化Des
25、ulfonation脱磺酸基Sulfenylation亚磺酰化Sulfonylation磺酰化Chlorosulfenation氯亚磺酰化Chlorocarbonylation氯羰基化Diazotization重氮化Diazo transfer重氮基转移Coupling reaction偶联反应Diazonium coupling重氮偶联Cross-coupling reaction交叉偶联反应1,4-addition1，4-加成Conjugate addition共轭加成Dimerization二聚Trimefization三聚Additive dimerization加成二聚sulfuri
26、zation硫化Selenylation硒化Hydroboration硼氢化Oxyamination羟氨基化Insertion插入carbonylation羧基化Hydroformylation加氢甲酰基化Hydroacylation加氢酰化Oxo process羰基合成Decarbonylation脱羰Hydrocarboxylation氢羧基化Homologization同系化Cyanoethylation氰乙基化Decyanoethylation脱氰乙基Ring clsure环合Diene synthesis双烯合成Dienophile亲双烯体Endo addition内型加成Exo a
27、ddition外型加成Diels-Alder reaction第尔斯-尔德反应Retro Diels-Alder reaction逆第尔斯-阿尔德反应Ene synthesis单烯合成Anionic cycloaddition负离子环加成Dipolar addition偶极加成- elimination-消除- elimination-消除- elimination-消除-elimination-消除Dehydrohalogenation脱卤化氢Deamination脱氨基Pyrolytic elimination热解消除Elimination-addition消除-加成Decarboxyla
28、tion脱羧Decarboxamidation脱酰胺Decyanation脱氰基Alkylolysis,alkyl cleavage烷基裂解Acylolysis,acyl cleavage酰基裂解Flash pyrolysis闪热裂Fragmentation碎裂Chiletropic reaction螯键反应Chelation螯环化Esterification酯化Transesterification酯交换Saponification皂化Alcoholysis醇解Ethanolysis乙醇解Cyanomethylation氰甲基化Aminomethylation氨甲基化Hydroxymethy
29、lation羟甲基化Hydroxyalkylation羟烷基化Cholromethylation氯甲基化Haloalkylation卤烷基化Transacetalation缩醛交换Enolization烯醇化Haloform reaction卤仿反应Condensation缩合Aldol condensation羟醛缩合Cross aldol condensation交叉羟醛缩合Retrograde aldol condensation逆羟醛缩合Acyloin condensation偶姻缩合Cyclization环化Annulation,annelation增环反应Spiroannulati
30、on螺增环Autoxidation自氧化Allylic hydroperoxylation烯丙型氢过氧化Epoxidation环氧化Oxonolysis臭氧解Electrochemical oxidation电化学氧化Oxidative decarboxylation氧化脱羧Aromatization芳构化Catalytic hydrogenation催化氢化Heterogeneous hydrogenation多相氢化Homogeneous hydrogenation均相氢化Catalytic dehydrogenation催化脱氢Transfer hydrogenation转移氢化Hydr
31、ogenolysis氢解Dissolving metal reduction溶解金属还原Single electron transfer单电子转移Bimolecular reduction双分子还原Electrochemical reduction电化学还原Reductive alkylation还原烷基化Reductive acylation还原酰化Reductive dimerization还原二聚Deoxygenation脱氧Desulfurization脱硫Deselenization脱硒Mitallation金属化Lithiation锂化Hydrometallation氢金属化Mer
32、curation汞化Oxymercuration羟汞化Aminomercuration氨汞化Abstraction夺取反应Internal abstraction内夺取反应Rearrangement重排Prototropic rearrangement质了转移重排Double bond migration双键移位Allylic migration烯丙型重排Allylic migration烯丙型迁移Ring contraction环缩小反应Ring expansion,ring enlargement扩环反应-ketol rearrangement-酮醇重排Pinacol rearrangem
33、ent频哪醇重排Retropinacol rearrangement逆频哪醇重排Semipinacol rearrangement半频哪醇重排Benzilic rearrangement二苯乙醇酸重排Acyl rearrangement酰基重排Migratory aptitude迁移倾向Transannular insertion跨环插入Transannular rearrangement跨环重排Migration迁移Prototropy质子转移Cationotropic rearrangement正离子转移重排Anionotropy负离子转移Anionotropic rearrangemen
34、t负离子转移重排Sigmatropic rearrangement-迁移重排Homosigmatropic rearrangement同迁移重排Electrophilic rearrangement亲电重排Photosensitization光敏化Forbidden transition禁阻跃迁photooxidation光氧化Photoisomerization光异构化Photochemical rearrangement光化学重排24 有机化合物类名Aliphatic compound脂肪族化合物Hpdrocarbon碳氢化合物Alkane烷Wax 蜡Paraffin wax石蜡Alken
35、e烯Alkyen炔Acetylide炔化物Active hydrogen compounds活泼氢化合物Carbon acid碳氢酸Super acid超酸Diene双烯Triene三烯Allene丙二烯Ccumulene累积多烯Enyne烯炔Diyne二炔Alkyl halide卤代烷Alcohol醇Homoallylic alcohol高烯丙醇Ether醚Epoxide环氧化物Cellosolve溶纤剂Crown ether冠醚Netro compound 硝基化合物Amine胺Quaternaryammonium com-pound季铵化合物Amine oxide氧化胺Diazoalka
36、ne重氮烷Mercaptan硫醇Sulfonic acid磺酸Sulfoxide亚砜Sulfone砜Aldehyde醛Detone酮Aldehyde hydrate醛水合物Ketone hydrate酮水合物Hemiacetal半缩醛Acetal缩醛Ketal缩酮Dithiane二噻烷Aminal缩醛胺imine亚胺Aldimine醛亚胺Oxime肟Aldimine醛肟Oxime亚硝基化合物aldoxime硝酮Hydrazone腙Azine嗪Semicarbazone缩氯基脲Cyanohydrin羟腈Pinacol频哪醇Enol烯醇Enol ether烯醇醚Enol ester烯醇酯Enami
37、ne烯胺Ynamine炔胺Mannich base曼尼希碱Carboxylic acid羧酸Ester酯orthoester原酸酯Acyl halide酰卤Acyl fluoride酰氟Acyl chloride酰氯Acyl rtomide酰溴Acyl iodide酰碘Carbobenzoxy chloride苄氧甲酰氯Acyl tosylate酰基对甲苯磺酸酐Ketene乙烯酮Peracid过酸Perester过酸酯Acyl peroxide酰基过氧化物Nitrile腈Nitrile oxide氧化腈Isonitrile 异腈Amide酰胺Imide二酰亚胺N-bromo compound
38、N-溴化物Hydrazide酰肼Acyl azide酰叠氮Amidine脒Keto ester酮酸酯Acyl cyanide酰腈Carbon suboxide二氧化三碳Glycidic acid 环氧丙酸Carbammic acid氨基甲酸Carbamate氨基甲酸酯Urea 脲Cyanamide氨腈Carbodiimide碳二亚胺Allophanate脲基甲酸酯Thioester硫代酸酯Thiol acid 硫羰酸Lactone内酯Lactol内半缩醛Macrolide大环内酯Amino acid氨基酸Zwitterions两性离子Inner salt内盐Betaine甜菜碱Lactam内酰
39、胺Hydantion乙内酰脲Peptide肽Glycol二醇Aldol羟醛Acyloin偶姻Carbohydrate碳水化合物Aldose醛糖Ketose酮糖Furanose呋喃糖Pyranose吡喃糖Glycoside糖苷Glucoside葡萄糖苷Aglycon苷元Saccharide糖类Oligosaccharide寡糖Polysaccharide多糖Alditol糖醇Osazone脎Alicyclic compound 脂环化合物Cycloalkene环烷Spirane环烯Cage compound 螺烷Propellane笼型化合物Rotazane螺桨烷Catenane轮烷Rused
40、ring索烃Aromatic compound稠环化合物Arene芳香化合物Alkylbenzene芳烃Bibenzyl烷基苯Aiaryl联苄Biphenyl 联芳Biphenyl联苯Indene茚Fluorene芴fulvene富烯cyclophane环芳Acene并苯Helicene螺旋烃Aryne芳炔Annulene烨烯Dewar benzene杜瓦苯Benzvalene盆苯Barrelene桶烯Azulene？Diazo compound重氮化合物diazonium salt重氮盐Diazohydroxide重氮氢氧化物Azo cimpound偶氮化物Hydrazo compound氢
41、化偶氮化物Azoxy compound氧化偶氮化合物Phenol酚Hydroquinone氢醌Quinhydrone醌Quinhydrone醌氢醌Semiquinone半醌Benzoin苯偶姻Benzil偶苯酰Heterocyclic compound杂环化合物Furan呋喃Pyrrole吡咯Thiophene噻吩Porphyrin卟啉Pyridene吡啶Piperidine哌啶Oxazole？唑Azlactone二氢？唑酮Pyrazole吡唑Imidazole咪唑Thiazole噻唑Oxazine？嗪Diazine二嗪Diketopiperazine哌嗪二酮Sydnone悉尼酮Triazole三唑Triazine三嗪Indole吲哚Quinoline