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1、Spinal Anesthesia and Severe Gestational Hypertension,Dr. Alison Macarthur Department of Anesthesia University of Toronto,Outline,Review of population / current obstetric practices Methods of anesthesia for cesarean delivery (past / present) Suggestions for future practice,Classification of PIH,Inci
2、dence of Complicated Gestational Hypertension,Incidence of GH: (U.S. 1979 - 86) 26 / 1000 live births contrast this with other nations: 20.3 / 1000 live births (Taiwan 1993-97) 103 / 1000 live births (Turkey 1986) Incidence of severe disease: 5.2 / 1000 live births (U.S. 1986) 7.8 / 1000 live births
3、 (Taiwan 1993-7),Incidence of Gestational Hypertension,Incidence of eclampsia: 0.56 / 1000 live births (U.S.) 19 / 1000 live births (Turkey) Mortality: (U.S. 1979 - 92) 1.5 / 100,000 live births,Spinal anesthesia - introduction into practice,Obstetric anesthesiologists started using spinal anesthesi
4、a for cesarean delivery (1990s) in mild - moderate disease change from 1st to 2nd ed. Chestnuts Obstetric Anesthesia: “Some anesthesiologists consider spinal anesthesia contraindicated in preeclampsia because of the risk of severe hypotension.”,Old Evidence,Hood - Hemodynamic results,Epidural,Spinal
5、,Wallace - Hemodynamic results,Karinen - Fetal Outcome (Pulsatility index),New Evidence,SOAP 2001; A34,Spinal Anesthesia for Eclamptics,No. of antepartum eclamptic parturients requiring immediate delivery: 1505 / 1846 (81.5%) No. of cesarean deliveries: 1185 / 1505 (78.7%),Spinal Anesthesia for Ecla
6、mptics,Method of anesthesia for cesarean delivery: 915 / 1185 spinal anesthesia (77.2%) 270 / 1185 general anesthesia (22.8%),Spinal Anesthesia for Eclamptics,No. of deaths amongst women requiring LSCS delivery: 58 / 1505 (3.9%) total deaths = 176 / 1846 (9.5%) ,Spinal Anesthesia for Eclamptics,No.
7、of deaths by method of anesthesia: spinal = 31 / 915 (3.4%) general = 27 / 270 (10%) Odds Ratio (general / spinal) 3.17 (95% C.I. 1.86, 5.41),Spinal Anesthesia for Eclamptics - Remaining Questions?,1. What factors determined type of anesthetic? 2. What were the causes of death in each group? 3. Wher
8、e there complications in each group? 4. Not all the women with antepartum eclampsia (1846) delivered (1505). What happened to these women?,New Evidence,Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2001; 26: 46-51,Ramanathan - Study Methods,Design: case series of 46 women, severe preeclampsia receiving CSE
9、for cesarean delivery Intervention: intrathecal bupivicaine 7.5 mg + fentanyl 25 mcg (+ epidural lidocaine 2%),Ramanathan - Study Methods,Outcomes: BP, Ephedrine doses, Apgar score, umb ABG Results: 8% epidural supplementation / 34% prior to closure median sensory level T4 (T2-T5) 52% reqd ephedrine
10、 use, nadir w/i 5 min of spinal,Ramanathan - Hemodynamic changes,SBP,DBP,MAP,Comments: Dr. Hood,Oral exam preparation: does the clinical scenario leave time for an epidural? Urgent clinical scenario: spinal anesthetic Residents taught to use spinal anesthesia 2/3 attendants 2000 OAA meeting use spin
11、al anesthetics,Personal Pearls,Choosing patient: consider airway, bleeding diathesis, neurological status, urgency Methods: hyperbaric bupivicaine 0.75% 11.25-13.5mg preservative-free morphine 0.1-0.2mg Consider intra-arterial monitor Pre-determine % change in MAP or systolic bp to respond with vaso
12、pressor,Conclusions,Future research: Await RCT however. 1. Changing obstetric practice: 327 / 444 (73.6%) labored 2. Lack of clinical equipoise: “.we could not do a randomised epidural versus spinal trial for severe pre-eclamptics.”,Future Studies,Sophisticated evaluation of fetal / neonatal wellbeing during course of regional anesthesia Continued reporting of observational data (specifically: morbidity),Conclusion, are not to convince that spinal anesthesia should replace epidural anesthesia instead. to convince you that spinal anesthesia should be an option instead of general anesthesia,