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1、,UNIT Five Dumping and Antidumping,,Objectives,To get familiar with business report,To know something about dumping and anti-dumping,To learn new words and expressions,To master how to analyze difficult and long sentences,1. Background Information,2. Introduction to the Text,3. Business Terms,4. Wor
2、ds and Expressions,5. Notes to the Text,Text A Anti-dumping Actions,The use of anti-dumping and countervailing duties has increased around the globe, born from protectionist tendencies most countries have toward their home industries. In free-trade shorthand, dumping occurs when an imported good is
3、sold at less than the goods domestic fair market value. Anti-dumping is the legal framework countries use to place duties, or import surcharges, on products determined to be dumped. Anti-dumpings twin brother-countervailing duties is slapped on imports whose prices are deemed artificially low becaus
4、e of government subsidies.,1. Background Information,Theme of the Text ： Text A mainly explains how countries should take anti-dumping actions according to WTO agreement. Anti-dumping measures can only be applied if the dumping is hurting the importing country. So, the purpose of anti-dumping action
5、s is to defend its domestic industries. Some other regulations in the Anti-Dumping Agreement are also specified at the same time.,2. Introduction to the Text,本商务语篇为说明文体，具体为商务报道 。,文中涉及的国际法语言准确、确凿、严谨，趋于高度的专业化。其中言简意赅的缩略语，可避免冗长的解释，简化交易过程，提高工作效率，符合人们商务英语使用过程中希望节省时间提高效率的要求，如“WTO”和“GATT”。,文中在表述世贸组织协议具有规定意义
6、的规则时使用了大量的情态动词以及限定性动词，以表达各国贸易商在国际贸易实践中共同执行，以免由于各自不同的解释而导致误解、争议、诉讼的语义。这样的词语带有明显的法律、法规英语的特征。如 “can only be”、“must”、“can” 、“allows” 等，这些词语表达了协议约束成员国依照国际贸易法履行法律义务的无条件性和必须性。,文体特征分析,2. Introduction to the Text,The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with th
7、e rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the worlds trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. World Trade Organization is
8、an international organization based in Geneva that monitors and enforces rules governing global trade.,WTO 世界贸易组织,3. Business Terms,This agreement does two things: it disciplines the use of subsidies, and it regulates the actions countries can take to counter the effects of subsidies. It says a coun
9、try can use the WTOs dispute settlement procedure to seek the withdrawal of the subsidy or the removal of its adverse effects. Or the country can launch its own investigation and ultimately charge extra duty (known as “countervailing duty”) on subsidized imports that are found to be hurting domestic
10、 producers.,Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement 补贴以及反补贴措施协议,3. Business Terms,GATT 关税与贸易总协定,The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is treaty organization affiliated with the United Nations whose purpose was to facilitate international trade. The primary actions of the organiza
11、tion were to freeze and reduce tariff levels on various commodities.,3. Business Terms, subsidy / sbsidi/ n.,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expressions,Example,a grant paid by a government to an enterprise that benefits the public,May we have a subsidy for sales promotion? 可以给我们促销活动一些补助金吗？,(2) countervail
12、ing /.kauntveili / adj.,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expressions,Example,acting with equal force but opposite effect,The purpose of the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures is to regulate Members subsidy policies and make a fair trading environment. 世贸组织的补贴与反补贴措施协议旨在有效地规范 成员国的各种补贴政策，从而
13、营造一个公平的贸易环境。,(3) tariff / trif / n.,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expressions,Example,a government tax on imports or exports,As a WTO member, China is supposed to greatly reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers. 作为世贸组织的成员，中国应该大幅度降低关税和非关税壁垒。,(4) expire / ikspai / vi.,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expressions,Exa
14、mple,to lose validity,Employment contracts are divided into fixed - term employment contracts, open-ended employment contracts and employment contracts to expire upon completion of a certain job. 劳动合同分为固定期限劳动合同、无固定期限劳动 合同和以完成一定工作任务为期限的劳动合同。,(5) negligible /nelidbl/ adj.,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expr
15、essions,Example,so small as to be meaningless; insignificant,即使小额信贷的短期效果微不足道，不过只要银行愿意冒险，把钱借给那些想要创业从商但除了借钱就别无他法的那些人，长期下来，小额信贷仍然可以帮助更多的人脱离贫穷。,By being willing to take a risk on entrepreneurial sorts who lack any other way to start a business, microcredit may help reduce poverty in the long run, even i
16、f its short-run effects are negligible.,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expressions,Example,to do things with the intention of gaining a desired result,She urged the government to take action to correct the phenomenon to prevent over reliance on the mainland market. 她力劝政府采取行动来纠正那种现象，以防止对大陆市场的过分依赖。,(6) take
17、 action,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expressions,Example,to limit the range of; restrict,It is estimated that the central bank will cut interest rates in the near future in order to narrow down the banking and insurance industry profits space. 据估计中国央行将于近期降息，从而缩小银行、保险等行业的盈利空间。,(7) narrow down,ere,Meaning
18、,4. Words and Expressions,Example,to have connection with or influence on something,According to industry experts, the move to bring down tobacco production by a significant chunk would have a bearing on revenues of tobacco companies. 据业内专家称，此举措将使烟叶生产大大降低，对烟草公司的收入产生影响。,(8) have a bearing on,ere,Mean
19、ing,4. Words and Expressions,Example,to explain (facts, reasons, etc.) in order, esp. in writing,The Permit Holder and any person working on the Project shall comply with all conditions set out in this Permit. 许可证持有人及任何从事工程项目的人士必须完全遵从本许可证阐明的全部条件。,(9) set out,释义 If a company exports a product which i
20、s cheaper than the price which is normally asked on its own home market, it is called “dumping” the product.,解析 it normally charges on its own home market 是定语从句修饰price。其中to charge price 意为“to ask price索价，要价”。,1. If a company exports a product at a price lower than the price it normally charges on it
21、s own home market, it is said to be “dumping” the product. (Para. 1),5. Notes to the Text,解析 it本句是一个以but连接的并列句。在第二个分句中where there is genuine (“material”) injury to the competing domestic industry作状语从句。against是一个极为常见的介词，与一些特定的动词或表示动作的名词搭配使用具有引申的含义，如：act against 抵制、fight /act against 反抗、behave against
22、 the school rules 违背校规等。,2. The legal definitions are more precise, but broadly speaking the WTO agreement allows governments to act against dumping where there is genuine (“material”) injury to the competing domestic industry.（Para.2）,5. Notes to the Text,解析 句中that引导的定语从句修饰其前的a way；破折号后的内容进一步解释说明前面
23、act的方式。bind意为“cause to obey”。discriminate between意为“unfairly treat one person or group worse or better than others不公平地对待某人”，例如：You must not discriminate between people employed in the same firm. 你对待同一公司的人不可厚此薄彼。,3. They allow countries to act in a way that would normally break the GATT principles of
24、 binding a tariff and not discriminating between trading partners typically anti-dumping action means charging extra import duty on the particular product from the particular exporting country in order to bring its price closer to the “normal value” or to remove the injury to domestic industry in th
25、e importing country. （Para. 3）,5. Notes to the Text,解析 句中两个how引导的从句和the conditions并列作介词on的宾语；for ensuring作the conditions的后置定语；此外，that引导的从句作动名词ensuring的宾语从句。,4. Detailed procedures are set out on how anti-dumping cases are to be initiated, how the investigations are to be conducted, and the condition
26、s for ensuring that all interested parties are given an opportunity to present evidence. （Para. 6）,5. Notes to the Text,解析 it从句中unless相当于“if not”，引导条件状语从句。例如：I wont apologize unless she apologizes first. 除非她先道歉，否则我不道歉；Unless you take more care, youll have an accident. 除非你多加小心，否则你会出事的。,5. Anti-dumpin
27、g measures must expire five years after the date of imposition, unless an investigation shows that ending the measure would lead to injury. （Para. 6）,5. Notes to the Text,释义 The agreement states that member countries must thoroughly tell the Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices all the anti-dumping a
28、ctions they prepare to do and have finished at once.,解析 本句的主语是the agreement，谓语动词是says，其余部分作宾语从句；informabout为“tell someone something, or give information to someone告知某人某事”之意。,6. The agreement says member countries must inform the Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices about all preliminary and final ant
29、i-dumping actions, promptly and in detail. （Para. 8）,5. Notes to the Text,1. Background Information,2. Introduction to the Text,3. Business Terms,4. Words and Expressions,5. Notes to the Text,Text B Technical Information on Anti-dumping in the UR Agreement,On 1 January 1995, the most fundamental cha
30、nge occurred during the Uruguay Round, which regulated the rules of the new dispute settlement mechanism, named the Understanding on the Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (“Dispute Settlement Understanding” or “DSU”)。According to the regulation, associative parties of world t
31、rade organization can not only settle the dispute by negotiation among themselves, but also by dispute settlement body of world trade organization, if dispute arises among members of world trade organization.,1. Background Information,Theme of the Text ： Text B introduces a summary of the Final Act
32、of the 1986-1994 Uruguay Round of trade negotiations on anti-dumping: basic principles, Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices, dispute settlement as well as notifications.,2. Introduction to the Text,本商务语篇是以说明文体为主的商务报道 。,文中涉及的国际法语言清晰准确，行文简洁，用语礼貌正式的特点。其中外来词的运用意义比较稳定，有利于精确地表达概念，如文中源于拉丁语的术语 “ad hoc ”(特别的
33、，专门的)。,文体特征分析,2. Introduction to the Text,文章在语气方面分别使用了低值和高值情态动词，表达了在履行协议和解决争端时行文措辞的委婉礼貌的特征，以及要求成员国必须履行协议中所规定的各项义务的强硬态度。,On 1 January 1995, the most fundamental change occurred during the Uruguay Round, which regulated the rules of the new dispute settlement mechanism, named the Understanding on the
34、Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (“Dispute Settlement Understanding” or “DSU”)。According to the regulation, associative parties of world trade organization can not only settle the dispute by negotiation among themselves, but also by dispute settlement body of world trade org
35、anization, if dispute arises among members of world trade organization.,DSU 争端解决谅解,3. Business Terms, implementation /,implimentein/ n.,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expressions,Example,the act or process of carrying out a; plan or an agreement, etc.,May These effective measures for the implementation of
36、 the project to provide a strong organizational guarantee for the project have made gratifying achievements. 这些行之有效的措施，为项目的实施提供了强有力的组织保证，项目建设取得了可喜的成绩。,（2）consistency /knsistnsi/ n.,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expressions,Example,a harmonious uniformity or agreement among things or parts,They are urging
37、 the valuation industry to raise the transparency and consistency of their reports. 他们强烈要求评估行业提高评估报告的透明度和一致性。,（3） notification /,nutifikein / n.,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expressions,Example,informing by words,The Beneficiary should give notification of acceptance or rejection of amendments. 受益人应发出接受
38、修改或拒绝接受修改的通知。,（4）ad hoc /,dhk/ adj.,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expressions,Example,(Latin) made for a particular purpose,An ad hoc committee was set up to deal with the water shortage. 为了解决缺水问题成立了一个特别委员会。,补充词义adv. for a particular purpose only 特别地,（5）provision /prvin/ n.,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expre
39、ssions,Example,a condition in an agreement or law,According to the provisions of the agreement the interest on the loan must be paid monthly. 按照协议书的条款，贷款的利息要按月付。,补充词义n. the act of providing ; (U+ against, for) preparation against future risks or for future needs ; vi. (for) to provide with food and
40、supplies in large quantities for a long time,（6）compliance /kmplains/ n.,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expressions,Example,obedience to a rule, agreement, demand, etc.,In compliance with your wishes we have withdrawn our suggestion. 遵照你的要求我们已将建议撤销。,（7）deference / defrns/ n.,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expre
41、ssions,Example,regard for the wishes, opinions, etc. of another person, because of respect or love, or because of the other persons higher position or greater power,We treated her advice with due deference. 我们对她的劝告非常尊重。,（8）conformity /knf:miti / n.,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expressions,Example,agreem
42、ent with established rules, customs, etc.,We should act in conformity with the rules. 我们应该依照规定行事。,（9） format / f:mt / n.,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expressions,Example,agreement with established rules, customs, etc.,We should act in conformity with the rules. 我们应该依照规定行事。,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expre
43、ssions,Example,a product that is like,And its every performance is superior to like product on the market. 且其各项性能优于市场上同类产品。,(10) like product,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expressions,Example,legislative rule,Thus, their testimony will be shaped by the applicable substantive rule on the burden of proof.
44、因此，适用的有关举证责任的实体法规会影响他们的证词。,(11) substantive rule,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expressions,Example,to give an account of; state; describe,The president set forth his plans in a television talk. 总统在电视讲话中阐明了他的计划。 / In his preface the author sets forth his reasons for writing this book. 作者在前言中阐明了这本书的写作原因。,(
45、12) set forth,ere,Meaning,4. Words and Expressions,Example,(of a law, rule, etc.) to allow; make possible,The possibility of the book being translated is provided for in your contract. 在你们的合同中已规定有可能要翻译这本书。,(13) provide for,解析本句是带有条件状语从句的复合句。条件状语从句的主语是a determination，后面三个并列的that引导的同位语从句解释determinatio
46、n的内容。impose意为“establish (an additional payment) officially征(税)；加（负担）”，例如：to impose a tax on imports 征收进口税；to impose duties on wines and spirits征收酒类税。in accordance with意为“in a way that fulfils根据, 依照”，例如：in accordance with law 根据法律行事。,1. Under Article VI of GATT 1994, and the Anti-Dumping Agreement, W
47、TO Members can impose anti-dumping measures, if, after investigation in accordance with the Agreement, a determination is made (a) that dumping is occurring, (b) that the domestic industry producing the like product in the importing country is suffering material injury, and (c) that there is a causa
48、l link between the two. （Para. 2）,5. Notes to the Text,解析 本句是简单句。句首介词短语in addition to substantive rules governing the determination of dumping, injury, and causal link作状语，其它成分依次为主语the Agreement，谓语动词sets forth，宾语detailed procedural rules，其后由for引起的介词短语作宾语的后置定语。in addition to意为“as well as, besides除之外，另
49、外”，例如：In addition to French, he has to study Japanese. 除了法语外，他还得学日语。,2. In addition to substantive rules governing the determination of dumping, injury, and causal link, the Agreement sets forth detailed procedural rules for the initiation and conduct of investigations, the imposition of measures, and