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1、,中国古代科技发明,Science and Technology in Ancient China,中国古代科学技术 Science and Technology in Ancient China,中国作为世界四大文明古国之一，曾创造了光辉灿烂的古代科技和文化。本展览以四大发明为中心，择取古代天文、数学、医药学、机械、青铜冶铸、陶瓷、纺织刺绣、建 筑等十二项学科内容，展示了中国古代的科学技术成就。本片的内容不足以代表中国古代科学技术的全貌，仅以此激励后人继往开来，重创辉煌。,China, as one of the worlds four countries of great ancient
2、civilizations, is famous for its scientific discoveries in ancient times. This exhibition selects 12 disciplines, including astronomy, mathematics, medical science, machinery, bronze metallurgy, pottery and porcelain, textile embroidery and architecture to display the scientific and technological ac
3、hievements in ancient China. This exhibition does not present the whole picture of science and technology in ancient China, but shows enough to encourage later generations to inherit the past achievements and look forward to the future to create more.,http:/ astronomy,简仪模型 Model of Abridged Armilla,
4、元代科学家郭守敬于1276年创制的简仪，是当时世界上最先进的天文观测仪器。,The abridged armilla made by Guo Shoujing of the Yuan Dynasty in 1276. It was the most advanced astronomical observation instrument in the world at that time. to display the scientific and technological achievements in ancient China. This exhibition does not pre
5、sent the whole picture of science and technology in ancient China, but shows enough to encourage later generations to inherit the past achievements and look forward to the future to create more.,浑仪模型 Model of Armillary Sphere 浑仪是中国古代测定天体位置的仪器，发明于战国时期（公元前475-公元前221年），唐宋时期趋于完善。,The armillary sphere wa
6、s an instrument used to measure the location of celestial bodies in ancient China. It was first invented in the Warring States Period(475 - 221 B.C.), and was improved.,水运仪象台 Model of Water-Driven Astronomical Clock Tower,北宋科学家苏颂于公元1088年研制水运仪象台。以水为动力，集浑仪、浑象、报时装置于一体，是世界上最早的天文钟。,Su Song, a scientist o
7、f the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127), directed the research and manufacture of the water-driven astronomical clock tower. Using water power and having all the functions of the armillary sphere,it was the first astronomical clock in the world.,赤道式日晷 Equatorial Sundial,风行于南宋（公元1127-1279年）时期赤道日晷是一种古老
8、的天文仪器，利用日照时指针投影的位置表示时间。,The sundial shows the time by indicating the movement of the sun as the shadow of the pointer moves. The equatorial sundial became popular in the Southern Song Dynasty(1127-1279) .,登封测景台 Model of Dengfeng Astronomical Observatory,元代天文学家郭守敬于公元1279年设计建造的中国现存最早的天文台。 This observa
9、tory was located in Dengfeng County, Henan Province, and（1279） was built by Guo Shoujing of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). It is the oldest astronomical observatory still extant.,侯风地动仪 Model of Zhang Hengs Seismograph,公元132年张衡发明制造侯风地动仪是世界上第一台感知地震的仪器。地动仪利用惯性原理、以摆和杠杆机械为主的结构模式，测定地震和方向。 This seismograph
10、was invented by Zhang Heng in A.D.132,as the worlds first instrument to sense earthquakes.It used the principle of inertia, using pendulum and lever mechanics.,铜壶滴漏 Copper Kettle Clepsydra,漏刻是一种古老的计时仪器。通过漏壶水面的高低，由箭刻标示时间。本件为元代1316年所制浮箭式漏壶复制件。 The clepsydra is an old instrument for calculation of time
11、, originating in the later part of the Neolithic Age. The water level marked by an arrow in the kettle indicates the change of time. The water clock displayed here is a replicate of an arrow-marked water clock made in 1316 in the Yuan Dynasty.,指南针COMPASS,缕悬法指南示意模型 Conceptual Model of Suspended Compa
12、ss,沈括于公元十一世纪著梦溪笔谈记载四种指南法，其中缕悬法指南“取新纩中独茧缕，以芥子许蜡缀于针腰，无风处悬之”。 The “Sketchbook of Dream Brook“ by Shen Kuo has the following entry: “Take a single silk thread from new cocoon, wax it and tie it around the middle of a needle. Suspend the needle in a place sheltered from the wind.“ The needle would act as
13、 a compass.,火药GUNPOWDER,万户飞天模型 Model of Wang Hus Rocket,十四世纪中国人万户利用火箭的反冲力和风筝上升的力量做升空实验，被誉为人类航天史上第一“飞人”。 In the 14th century, Wang Hu experimented with gunpowder-propelled rockets, making him a pioneer of aeronautics.,造纸术 paper making,造纸表演 Chinese Paper-Making Technique Spreads Worldwide,自汉代以后，中国造纸术不
14、断改进，明代宋应星于公元1637年著天工开物，书中对古代造纸工艺进行总结。图为仿四川夹江造纸工序中“抄纸”的表演。 Since the Han Dynasty, the technology of paper making has been improving continuously, Song Yingxin of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) summarized the technology of paper-making in his book “Exploitation of the Works of Nature“. The picture here
15、is a demonstration of “dipping paper“ as used in Jiajiang County, Sichuan Province.,青铜冶铸 bronze casting,铜绿山古矿井 Cross-Sectional View of the Ancient Copper Mine of Tonglu Mountain,湖北大冶铜绿山古矿井遗址是迄今已发掘的生产时间最长、规模最大的古铜矿。它的开采年代最晚始于西周(约公元前1066前771年)，经春秋战国一直延续到汉代（公元前206公元220年），累计产铜不少于八万吨。 The now-defunct Tong
16、lu Mountain Copper Mine in Hubei Province was first exploited in the Western Zhou Dynasty (c.1066-771 BC), and mining there continued up until the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD). Its total copper production would have been about 80,000 tons.,重金测量法示意模型 Conceptual Model of Heavy-Mineral Measuring Technol
17、ogy,铜绿山古矿井采用重砂测量的方法确定采掘方向。 The Ancient Tonglu Mountain Copper Mining adopted heavy-mineral measuring technology to determine the direction of digging.,井巷支护技术 Conceptual Model of Mine Support Technology,铜绿山古矿井采用符合力学原理的木框架支护技术，框外用木棍、木板作护壁，组成完整安全的井筒。 The Tonglu Mountain Copper Mine used an elaborate sy
18、stem of timbering to support the working areas.,分段提升法 Conceptual Model of Sub-Level Lifting Technology,铜绿山古矿井采用分段提升的方法，利用辘轳等简单的机械，将井下50余米深处的矿石提出地面。 The Tonglu Mountain Copper Mine used the sub-level lifting technology and simple well-pulley mechanical methods to convey the ore from depths of up to 5
19、0 meters.,铜车马 Replicas of Copper Chariots and Horses,1980年秦陵出土大型彩绘铜车马，是继兵马俑之后的又一次震动世界的考古发现。二号铜车马由3462个零件组成；工艺上采用铸造、焊接、嵌接、插接等方法，堪称金属工艺史上的奇迹。 The copper chariots and horses unearthed in 1980 from the mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shihuang, near Xian, Shaanxi Province, show the advanced level of metalwork i
20、n ancient China. It was another world-shaking archeological discovery following the discovery of terra-cotta warriors and horses from the Qin Mausoleum.,擂鼓礅二号墓编钟复制件 Replica of a Set of Chimes from Leigudun No. 2 Tomb,1981年湖北擂鼓墩二号墓出土战国编钟一套，音律准确，音色优美，基本音阶结构与C大调七声音阶相同。其件数和规模仅次于曾侯乙编钟，总音域达5个8度以上，可自己转调，奏出
21、五声、六声、七声音阶构成的各种乐曲。须五人合作演出，众声齐发，交响叠鸣。无愧为古代音乐之绝响。 The set of chimes excavated in 1981 from the Leigudun No. 2 Tomb in Hubei Province has the same scale as the seven scales in C major. Its total volume range is over five octaves, and was played by a team of five persons.,透光宝镜 Replica of the “Precious T
22、ranslucent Mirror“,“透光镜”是西汉青铜工艺的精品。当光线照射在镜正面时，产生的反射图象与镜背面的纹饰一致，被称为“汉代魔镜”。 This is a masterpiece of Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-24AD) bronze craftsmanship. When light shines on the front side of the mirror, the reflected image is the same as decorative pattern on the back, thus known as “Magic Mirror
23、 of the Han Dynasty.“,马踏飞燕 Replica of the “Galloping Horse Treading on a Flying Swallow“,马踏飞燕铸于汉代晚期。以夸张的艺术手法塑造了奔马的艺术形态，意境带有浪漫主义色彩。 This gem of ancient art was cast in the late Han Dynasty. It portrays an artistic concept through the skill of hyperbole with a romantic flavor.,失腊法铸造 Conceptual Model o
24、f Lost Wax Casting Technique,失腊法出现于战国以前，是中国古代三大铸造技术之一。其特点是以可熔模料代替不可熔模料作模，造出复杂精致的器形。失腊法是现代精密铸造技术的渊源。 This lost-wax casting technique, appeared before the Warring States Period, was one of three major casting technologies in ancient China. It used soluble molding material to replace insoluble molding
25、material to make complicated and exquisite casts. Modern precision casting technique originates from the technique.,泥范法铸造 Conceptual Model of Mud-Casting Technique,商代早期已用泥范法铸造器物，浇出的铸件表面较光洁。在近代砂范铸造出现以前，泥范铸造是中国最主要的铸造方法。 This technique of mud-casting was known in China as early as in the Shang Dynasty
26、(c.1600-1100 BC). Before the invention of sand-casting in modern times, mud-casting was the leading casting technique in China.,喷水鱼洗 Sprinkling Washbasin,“鱼洗”大约出现于唐代，曾是皇宫盥洗用具。摩擦盆的两耳，由于振动，盆壁鱼嘴处喷起水花，宛如盆底的鱼在腾跃嬉戏，故有“鱼洗”之称。 This invention emerged in the Tang Dynasty (618-907). It was used as washing devi
27、ce in the imperial palace. By rubbing two ears of the basin, the vibration will cause water to spout from the mouth of the fish on the wall of the basin.,机械Mechanics,农业机械 Agricultural Mechanics,西汉（公元前206公元年）初年，农耕工具的发明促进了中国农业的发展。展出农具有：耕、犁、耧车、扇车、翻车等。 In early years of the Western Han Dynasty, agricult
28、ure was already well advanced. The farm tools displayed here are a hand plow, animal-drawn seed plow, winnower, waterwheel, etc.,记里鼓车 estoration of an Ancient Odometer,东汉（公元25-220年）出现记里鼓车。每行驶一里路，木人自动击鼓一次，因此而得名。车内装有一套具有减速作用的传动齿轮，是近代里程表和减速装置的先驱。This device appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220).
29、 Every mile the carriage traveled, the wooden figure would beat the drum once. A set of gears connected the wheels of the carriage with the wooden drummer, on the same principle as that of the modern automobile odometer.,商代古战车 Model of an Ancient Chariot,屯溪磨房 Model of Tunxi Mill,明代（公元13681644年）初年，在安
30、徽屯溪出现的一组综合性谷物加工机械。以流水冲击转轮带动石碓、石磨工作。In the early Ming Dynasty(1368-1644), a highly-efficient water-powered device for milling grain was installed in Tunxi County, Anhui Province.,纺织 weaving,蚕房 Silkworm Raising,养蚕缫丝是中国古代的伟大发明之一，距今5000多年前，中国人已开始利用蚕丝织造丝织品。 The technique of reeling silk from silkworm coc
31、oons was one of the great inventions in ancient China. Five thousand years ago, Chinese people began to use silk filaments reeled from cocoons to produce silk items.,纺织 Textile Spinning and Weaving,中国机具纺织起源于五千年前新石器时期的纺轮和腰机。西周时期具有传统性能的简单机械缫车、纺车、织机相继出现，汉代广泛使用提花机、斜织机，唐以后中国纺织机械日趋完善，大大促进了纺织业的发展。 Textile
32、spinning and weaving using machinery in China originated from the spinning wheel in the Neolithic Age. In the Western Zhou period, the spinning wheel was further developed, and led to the invention of sophisticated spinning and weaving machines. In the Han Dynasty, the jacquard loom and cruise loom
33、were widely used. In the Tang Dynasty, textile spinning and weaving developed as a full-scale industry.,四大名绣 Four Famous Types of Embroidery,苏、湘、蜀、粤四大名绣。苏绣以绣工精细、针法活泼、图案秀丽、色彩典雅著称。Four main types of embroidery emerged - Su embroidery (produced in the City of Suzhou), Xiang embroidery (produced in Huna
34、n Province), Shu embroidery (produced in Sichuan Province), and Yue embroidery (produced in Guangdong Province). Su embroidery is famous for its fine workmanship, beautiful pictures and elegant colors, and is rated as the best of the four types.,蜀锦机 蜀锦机属提花机的一种，可织造多种图样花纹。 This machine was the forerun
35、ner of the jacquard loom。,织布 Cloth Weaving,春秋（公元前770476年）时期，中国已使用脚踏织机。 As early as in the Spring and Autumn Period（770-476 B.C.）, China had begun to use the pedal loom, which was driven by manpower.,金缕玉衣 Replica of Jade Burial Clothes,此金缕玉衣为公元前113年西汉中山靖王刘胜墓随葬品的复制品。玉衣由2498片小玉片组成，每片玉片都磨光钻孔，钻孔直径约1毫米，用镀
36、金丝连接而成，反映了当时设计水平和精湛加工技术。 The jade burial suit was excavated from the mausoleum of Liu Sheng, ruler of the State of Zhongshan. It is composed of 2,498 pieces of jade, sewn together with gold thread.,双面绣 Double-Sided Embroidery,双面绣是刺绣中的珍品，通过巧妙的构思、精湛的技术达到同工异面之效。 Double-sided embroidery is characterized
37、 by ingenious composition and exquisite craftsmanship.,建筑architecture,佛宫寺释加塔 Model of the Sakyamuni Pagoda at the Temple of the Buddhas Palace,此塔建于辽1056年，位于山西应县，俗称“应县木塔”。是我国现存唯一的木塔。其体形高大，结构复杂，轮廓优美，是中国古代木构建筑的代表作。 This pagoda was built in 1056, during the Liao Dynasty. It is located in Ying County, Sh
38、anxi Province. It is the tallest ancient wood pagoda in the world, and the only extant wooden pagoda in China.,清明上河图 Pure Brightness Festival on the River,北宋公元9601127年)体张择端绘画，图高24.8厘米，横528.7厘米，描绘了清明时节汴河一带的风光，再现了河南北宋都城汴梁（今开封）的城市街景和建筑形式。作者以手卷形式，推移视点取景，落笔兼工带写，着色典雅清淡，成为艺术上的珍品。 Zhang Zeduang of the North
39、ern Song Dynasty created this scroll picture. It is 24.8 cm high and 528.7 cm wide. It shows the scenes along the Bianhe River at Bianliang, capital of Northern Song, on the occasion of the annual Pure Brightness Festival.,木榫卯残木 Wooden Joggle and Mortise,浙江余姚河姆渡遗址出土，距今已有七千年历史。 This evidence of ancie
40、nt architectural skill was excavated from the Hemudu Ruins in Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province, and dates back some 7,000 years.,斗拱 Model of a Bucket Arch,斗拱是中国传统建筑上的特有构件，从二千多年前就开始使用了。 The role of the bucket arch is to pass the weight of the roof to columns, and in the same time it has a certain esth
41、etic value.,明清琉璃构件 Imitation Colored Glaze,琉璃构件是中国古建筑中重要的装饰材料，琉璃工艺出现于战国（公元前475221年）时期。 Colored glaze was an important decoration material in traditional Chinese architecture. The art of making and applying colored glaze appeared in the Warring States Period(475-221 B.C.).,陶瓷ceramics,“中国原始瓷的诞生”展版 The
42、 Birth of Archetype Chinese Porcelain,商周(公元前16世纪前256年)时期，“原始瓷器”用高岭土为原料，烧成温度在1200以上，质地坚硬，吸水性弱，表面涂青绿色釉，已具备瓷器的基本特征。 In the Shang and Zhou dynasties,Chinas archetypal porcelain came into being.It used kaolin as the material,and its burning temperature was up to 1200 degrees C,giving it a hard quality an
43、d strong water absorption ability.The predominant surface color was blue.,景德镇制瓷作坊 Reproduction of a Jingdezhen Porcelain Kiln,景德镇以产瓷闻名于世，享有“瓷都”之称。元代以后，景德镇渐执全国瓷业之牛耳。图为仿清代景德镇制瓷作坊。 Jingdezhen ha been famou for its porcelain since the Yuan Dynasty, and enjoys the reputation of being the “porcelain capit
44、al“ of China. Here we can see a reproduction of a Jingdezhen porcelain kiln as it would have looked during the Qing Dynasty.,印坯Technological Process of Adobe Making,制坯工艺分为：拉坯、印坯、晾坯、利坯、画瓷、荡釉等几个环节。图为拉坯表演。 Workmanship of adobe making include several procedures, such as abode making, engraving, drying,
45、painting, and glazing etc. The picture presents adobe making.,清代“景德镇窑”局部模型 Partial Model of a Jingdezhen Kiln of the Qing Dynasty,明（公元13681644年）末清（公元16441911年）初，出现著名窑形“景德镇窑”，据其外形又称“蛋形窑”。它的出现将窑炉的构筑、烧炼技术推向新水平。 At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there appeared the famous
46、Jingdezhen kiln, which, from its external outline, was also called an “egg kiln“. It pushed the technology of kiln firing and smelting to a new level.,北宋馒头窑 Model of a Bun Kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty,宋代（公元9601279年），一种“全倒焰式馒头窑”，窑温可达1300。 In the Song Dynasty（960-1279）, a kind of bun-type kiln wi
47、th upside-down flames appeared. The kiln temperature could reach up to 1300 degrees C.,宋代龙窑 Model of a Dragon Kiln of the Song Dynasty,战国（公元前1475前221年）至秦汉，“龙窑”依山而建，多为长条斜坡形，犹如火龙自上而下，故而得名。 Dragon kilns were usually constructed against mountain slopes, looking like long dragons, hence the name. From th
48、e Spring and Autumn Period(1475-221 B.C.) to the Han Dynasty, dragon kilns made possible the birth of standard porcelains.,异彩纷呈的瓷器 Colorful Porcelains,宋代是中国瓷器发展的高峰期，名窑辈出，争奇斗艳。当时最著名的有定、汝、官、哥、钧五大名窑，产品各具特色，显示了宋代制瓷工艺的卓越成就。 The Song Dynasty was a golden age for Chinese porcelain development, and famous k
49、ilns appeared one after another. The most famous kilns at that time were the Ding kiln, Ru; kiln, Guan kiln, Ge kiln and Jun kiln. They all had their own characteristics, and contributed to the remarkable achievements made in porcelain production technology during the Song Dynasty.,红陶陶器 Display of Pottery,新石器时代早期，采用露天堆烧法或原始窑烧制的陶器在烧制过程中与大量空气接触，所以烧制成的陶器为红色，故称为红陶。 At the early Neolithic Age,potte