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1、Unmoved mover in Metaphysics,Aristotle,What is Metaphysics?,The study of being as being. First philosophy The study of principles or causes of all things The study of substance(本体）,Different categaries of beings,Subtance, quality, quantity, location, relation, etc. Substance is the most important an
2、d prior to any other. Substance is independent to any other and other attributes are dependent on subtance.,Substance,Something must first exist to stand under the attributes predicated of it. What all things have in common insofar as they exist is that they are individual things or substances; to b
3、e is to be a substance.,Characters of Substances,all essential attribute of substance is unity, what is one is these things all.(inseperarable) each individual thing or substance is something individual.(numericallly one). be capable of receving differences and contrary.(discrete, 离存性）,Primacy subst
4、ance第一实体,In the truest and primary and most definite sense of the word, is that which is neither predicable of a subject nor present in a subject; for instance, the individual man or horse. The individual thing is a primary substance.,Secondary subtance第二实体,That which is predicable of a subject is i
5、ts higher classifications, the species and genera of a subject; these Aristotle calls secondary substance.,Socrates,Philosopher(species) Man(genus) Animal(genus),Three types of substances,sensible and perishable. sensible and eternal. immovable, non-sensible and eternal.,Four types of changes,What-b
6、ecome something else quality-alteration with respect to non-essential attributes quantity-increase and diminution place-motion, locomotion,Change-from contrary to contrary,nothing come into being from absolute non-being. There must be a third element in the change process-the matter(质料）. The matter
7、is the thing that undergoes change from contrary to contrary. be able of receving both contraries,Four Causes of Substances,matter(质料因） form（形式因） privation（动力因） efficient cause（目的因）,Being exists in two senses,existing potentially(potentiality)-matter, being comes into being from being as potential,
8、matter pre-exists its change. existing actually(actualization)-form, the purpose of change of matter, therefore must pre-exists its change.,Three meanings of the term“substance“,It can mean“matter“ in the sense that it is that which underlies the change. It can mean nature, in the sense of the form
9、or essence of the thing, the “positive state towards which movement takes place“. one could call the individual thing consisting of matter and form a substacnes, since it is a “this“.,Change will regress to infinity,There must be a stop!,A terminal point The logical starting point of the infinite change must be an unchanging substance, causing change but not being subject to change. cause motion but has no potentiality, therefore it has no matter, it must be an eternal, unmovable mover.,