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1、for Industrial Engineering,Professional Enginlish,产品设计与开发管理,英文合同写作,英文经济合同的写作不是基础英语的写作，也不是简单的英文商务信函的写作，而是正式的法律文件的写作。,对外经济合同,The Appendix hereto shall, through the contract period, be deemed (被认为) to be construed (理解)as part of this Contract. 整个合同期间，本合同的附件应被视为合同的一部分予以解释。 The headings and marginal note
2、s in these conditions shall not be deemed part thereof or be taken into consideration in the interpretation or construction thereof or of the Contract. 本合同条件中的标题和旁注不应视为合同文本的一部分，在合同条件或合同本身的理解或解释中也不应考虑这些标题和旁注。 Construction 比 explanation 要正式。 The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consi
3、deration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price. 业主特此立约保证向承包人支付合同总价，以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。 Covenants是法律用词，意为签订有法律约束力的正式合同。,对外经济合同中英文的语言特点 使用正式的法律用词,对一些关键性的词采用同义词连用以克服由于英语词一词多意可能产生的语意不明、避免合同双方按各自的意图来理解合同条文。 This agreement is made and ente
4、red into by and between Party A and Party B. 本协议由甲方和乙方签订。 The Contractor shall, without limiting his or the Employees obligations and responsibilities under Clause 20, insure the Works, together with materials and plant for incorporation therein, to the full replacement cost. 在不限制第20条中规定的承包人和业主的义务和责
5、任的条件下，承包人应该以全部重置成本对工程、用于工程中的材料和工程配套设备进行保险。 Construction 比 explanation 要正式。,对外经济合同中英文的语言特点 同义词连用,The Engineer shall have authority to issue to the Contractor, from time to time, such supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the purpose of the proper and adequate execution and
6、 completion of the works and the remedying of any defects therein. 工程师有权随时向承包人发出为合理和恰当施工，竣工及修补工程中的缺陷所必须的补充图纸和指示。 “施工，竣工及修补工程中的缺陷”用了两个and (execution and completion of the works and the remedying of any defects )。 根据一般国际承包工程的做法以及国际工程承包法规（FIDIC合同条款）的规定，工程分为两个阶段完成： 第一个阶段为：设计、施工和竣工。完成后承包人获得业主签发的移交证书(Taki
7、ng-over Certificate)。 第二个阶段为修补工程中的缺陷。完成后承包人获得业主签发的缺陷责任证书(Defects Liability Certificate)。届时，承包人和业主双方的合同义务都已解除。 若用execution，completion of the works and the remedying of any defects ，则意味着两个阶段合并为一个阶段，使承包人该移交的工程不能交出去。,对外经济合同中英文的语言特点 外语与相关的专业知识和国际法知识相结合,产品设计与开发管理,措辞,进行对外经济合同文件写作时，在用词上不但要求准确，而且要求简洁。 英语中某些副
8、词如“here”和 “where”在法律文件中往往当作前缀，与另外一个词构成一个正式法律词汇中的副词，在法律文件中用这些词，可以避免重复，使行文准确、简洁。 对外经济合同文件是法律文件，为了维护法律的权威性，在进行此类文件的英文写作时，常常使用那些我们平时不常用的、法律文件中专用的正式词汇。,措词,Hereby: by means of ; by reason of this. 特此，因此，兹。 The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion
9、 of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 业主特立此约保证在合同规定的期限内，按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价，或合同规定的其它应支付的款项，以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。 We hereby certify to
10、 the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein（在声明中）, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request. 特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。,措词hereby,This contract is he
11、reby made and concluded by and betweenCo. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on(data), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation. 本合同双方，公司 (以下称甲方) 与公司(以下称乙方) 于(日期)在中国(地点), 本着平等互利和友好协商的原则特签订本合同。,措
12、词hereby,Hereof: of this, 关于此点，在本文中。 The terms, conditions and provisions hereof：本合同的条件和条款。 Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof （本法所称）, cover such legal entities and other organizations as are engaged in foreign trade dealings. 本法所称的对外贸易经营者是指
13、依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。 This decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares. 有限责任公司和股份有限公司以外的企业职工有本决定第九条、第十条和第十一条规定的犯罪行为的，适用本决定。,措词hereof
14、,Hereto: to this, 至此，在此上。在表示上文已提及的“本合同的本文件的”时，使用该词。 The parties hereto: 本合同双方 Appendix 4 hereto: 本协议附件4 All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto. Should, through negotiation, no settlement be reached, the case i
15、n question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied. The award of this arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto. The Arbitration fee shall
16、be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission. 对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议，本合同双方应通过友好协商解决，如协商无法解决争议，则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京），依据其仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担，但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。,措词hereto,“Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as
17、are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manu
18、facture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto. “专利技术”系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的，或乙方有权或可能有控制权的，或在本合同有效期在世界任何国家许可转让的，适用于或可能适用制造本合同双方规定的本合同产品的专利和专利申请。,措词hereto,Herein: in this. 此中，于此。在表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的本文件（中）的”时，使用该词。 The term “company” mentioned herein refers to such a limited liability company or s
19、uch a company limited by shares as are established within the territory of China in accordance with this Law. 本法所称公司是指依照本法在中国境内设立的有限责任公司和股份有限公司。 The term “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms” (INCOTERMS, 2000) provided by Internatio
20、nal Chamber of Commerce (ICC) unless otherwise specified herein (in this Contract). 除非本合同另有规定， “FOB”, “CFR” 或 “CIF” 均应依照国际商会制定的国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000办理。 “FOB” (free on board) (Named port of shipment) 船上交货() “CFR” (cost and freight): 成本加运费 “CIF” (cost, insurance and fright): 成本、保险加运费,措词herein,Here
21、inafter: later in the same Contract. 以下，在下文。一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等词组连用，以避免重复。 When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises (hereinafter referred to as “enterprise with foreign investmen
22、t”) apply to reorganize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years. 已设立的中外合资企业、中外合作企业和外商独自企业（以下简称外商投资企业），如申请转变为公司的，应有最近连续3年的盈利记录。,措词hereinafter,therein: in that, in that particular context, in that r
23、espect. 在那里，在那点上，在那方面。在表示上文已提及的“合同中的，工程中的”等时，可以使用该词。 The contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer, assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by: 没有业主的事先同意，承包人不得将合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好处进行转让，但下列情况除外： Therein: i
24、n the contract Thereunder: under the contract,措词therein,thereof: of that, of it. 由此，其。在表示已提及的“人或事的”时，可以使用该词。 “Tests on Completion” means such tests specified in the Contract or otherwise agreed by and between the Engineer and the Contractor as shall be made by the Contractor before the Employer take
25、s over the Works or any section or part thereof. 竣工检验指合同规定的或由工程师与承包人另行商定的检验。这些检验是由承包人在业主接收工程或工程的任何部分之前进行的。 If this Agreement is terminated for any reason whatsoever, all such drawings, transparencies, specifications, and any other manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied by Party A,
26、including all the copies thereof, shall be returned to Party A, and Party B shall cease to manufacture the said Licensed Products or Components, or parts of the Licensed Products. 如本协议因任何理由而终止，所有甲方提供的图纸、图片、规格以及其他全部生产和操作资料，包括全部复制品，均返还甲方，同时，乙方应停止生产上述许可证产品或部件或零件。,措词thereof,Thereafter: after that, 此后，之后
27、 Thereto：to that, 随附，附之 Therewith: with that, 与此，与之 Therefor,: for that, 因之，为此 Thereunder: under that, 在其下，依照,措词thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunder,“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications there
28、of or developments with respect thereto. “合同产品”指本合同附件2中规定的产品及其改进和开发的产品。 The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable. 借款人未能支付根据该协议规定到期应付的款项。 The decision and award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final, and judgment on the decision and awa
29、rd in question may, under the request of either party to the Contract, be made by any court having jurisdiction. The parties thereto shall, in good faith, comply with the decision and award of the arbitration tribunal. 仲裁庭的仲裁决定或裁决是终局性的，任何一方可以要求任何有管辖权的法院对此做出司法判决。双方须以良好的诚信态度遵守仲裁庭的决定。,措词thereafter, the
30、reto, therewith, therefor, thereunder,Whareas: considering that, 鉴于，就而论。常用于合同协议书的开头段落以引出合同双方订立合同的理由或依据。 Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology; Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technolo
31、gy of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products; The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract have, through friendly negotiation, agreed to enter into this Contract under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows: 鉴于乙方有权并同意将专利技术的合同产品使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方； 鉴于甲方
32、希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品； 双方授权代表经友好协商，同意就以下条款签订本合同：,措词whereas,Whareby: by the agreement, by the following terms and conditions, 凭此协议，凭此条款。常用于合同协议书中以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。 A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price f
33、or the object. 买卖合同是出卖人转让标的物的所有权于买受人，买受人支付价款的合同。 A contract for supply and use of electricity refers to a contract whereby the supplier of electricity supplies electricity to the user of electricity, and the user of electricity pays the electric fee. 供用电合同是供电人向用电人供电，用电人支付电费的合同。,措词whereby,notwithstan
34、ding: prep. In spit of 尽管；adv. Nevertheless 仍然。比although正式。 The Works shall be measured net, notwithstanding any general or local custom, except where otherwise provided for in the contract. 无论通常的和当地的习惯如何，工程计量应该计算净值，但合同另有规定的除外。 Notwithstanding the provisions of this Clause or any other Clause of the
35、 Contract, no payment certificates shall be issued by the Engineer until the performance security is submitted by the Contractor under the Contract and approved by the Employer. 尽管有本条款或任何其它合同条款的规定，在承包人提交履约保证并经业主批准之前，工程师不对任何支付款开具证书。,措词notwithstanding,在合同等法律文件中，表示强制性承担法律或合同义务，如表示“应该”或“必须”做某事时，应用“shall
36、”，而决不能用“must”或“ should”。 在表示“应该”或“必须” 时，有时也可以用will，但力度要比shall弱。 Should在法律文件中往往用作if, 只表示“如果”之意。 The board meeting shall be called and presided over by the Chairman. Should the Chairman be absent, the vice-Chairmen shall, in principle, call and preside over the board meeting. 董事会应由董事长召集并主持，若董事长缺席，原则上应
37、由副董事长召集主持。,措词shall,产品设计与开发管理,短语与词组,Unless otherwise: 除非。比if not 和 otherwise 正式。 Unless otherwise expressly specified in the Contract, the Engineer shall have no authority to relieve the Contractor of any of his obligations under the Contract. 除非在合同中明确规定，工程师无权解除合同规定的承包人的任何义务。 Unless otherwise specifi
38、ed in the credit, banks will accept transport documents indicating the third party other than the beneficiary of the credit as the consignor of the goods. 除非信用证另有规定，银行将接受表明以信用证受益人以外的第三者作为发货人的运输单据。,短语与词组unless otherwise,On the FOB basis, the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date
39、 of shipment specified in the Contract. 按照FOB条款，由买方负责根据合同规定的装运日期预定舱位。 When, under the laws and approval from the relevant authorities, a limited liability company is converted into a company limited by shares, the total amount which shares are converted into shall be equivalent to the amount of the
40、companys net assets. 有限责任公司依法经批准更为股份有限公司时，折合的股份总额应当相当于公司的净资产额。,短语与词组 in accordance with, under, pursuant to: 根据，依照,比about, concerning, as regards 正式。 In respect thereof 在表示关于上文已提及的事项时使用。 The contractor has included a claim in respect thereof in his Final Statement. 承包人已在其最终报告中，包括了对此事的索赔。 Bank charge
41、s in respect of transfers are payable by the first beneficiary unless otherwise specified by the bank. The transferring bank shall have no obligations to effect the transfer until such charges are paid. 除非银行另有规定，有关转让的银行费用应由第一受益人支付。在该费用付清之前，转让行无办理转让的义务。,短语与词组 in respect of, in respect thereof: 关于,In
42、the event that either party hereto fails to comply with the terms or conditions of this Agreement, and , within 90 days after the written notice is issued by the other Party hereto, fails to remedy such failure, the Party giving notice may, forthwith, notify the other Party of the matter in question
43、 and terminate this Agreement. 若任何一方未能履行本协议规定的条款或条件，并在收到另一方书面通知后90天内未对其不履行进行补救，发出通知的一方可立即通知另一方终止本协议。 Either Party hereto may terminate this Agreement in the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of the other party. 本协议任何一方可以在对方破产或资不抵债的情况下终止本协议。,短语与词组 in the event that, in the event of, 如果，如果发生,该词组常用
44、于在合同的某一条款中需要作进一步规定时，或在规定时语气上表示转折时。 The Engineer may exercise such authority as is specified or necessarily implied in the Contract. Provided that if, under the terms and conditions of the appointment by the Employer, the Engineer shall be required to obtain the specific approval of the Employer befo
45、re exercising any such authority, the details of the requirements in question shall be specified in the Contract. 工程师可行使合同中规定的或者合同中必然隐含的权力。 但是，如果根据业主任命工程师的条件，要求工程师在行使上述权力之前，应得到业主的具体批准，则此类要求的细节应在本合同予以表明。,短语与词组 provided that, 但规定，规定；但是,正式用语，比be believed, be considered 正式。 In the absence of such indica
46、tion, the Credit shall be deemed to be revocable. 如无该项表示，信用证应视为可以撤消的。 Only the Defects Liability Certificate referred to in Clause 62, shall be deemed to constitute approval of the Works. 只有第62条规定中的缺陷责任书才能视为构成对工程的批准。,短语与词组 be deemed, 被认为,In case the quality, quantity, weight of the goods are not in
47、conformity with the provisions of the Contract after arrival of the goods at the port of destination, the Buyer may, under survey report issued by an inspection organization agreed by the partiers thereto, lodge claim with the Seller, with the exception, however, of those claims for which the insura
48、nce company and/or the shipping company shall be responsible. 在货物运抵目的港后，一旦发现货物质量、数量或重量与合同规定的不符，买方可以根据双方同意的检验组织出具的检验证书，向卖方索赔。但是，应由保险公司或航运公司负责的损失除外。,短语与词组 in case, in (the) case of,如果，有“一旦，万一”的意思,Be liable for sth; be liable to sb.: be responsible in accordance with law. 应负有责任。 Party A shall not, unde
49、r this guarantee, be liable for any direct or indirect loss whatsoever arising out of any defect in the parts or components thereof. 根据本担保，甲方不应承担因零部件缺陷而引起的任何直接或间接损失的赔偿责任。 A company may invest in other limited liability companies or companies limited by shares and be liable to the companies which it has invested in to the extent of the amount of capital invested in such companies. 公司可以向其他有限责任公司或股份有限公司投资，并以该出资额为限对所投资公司承担责任。,短语与词组 be liable for, be liable to,In Testimony Whereof: in Witness Whereof, 以此为证，特立