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1、Unit one Language and Language Learning,Views on language,What is Language? 1. Language is systematicpossibly generative system. 2. Language is a set of arbitrary symbols. 3. Those symbols are primarily vocal, but may also visual. 4. The symbols have conventionalized meaning to which they refer.,Vie
2、ws on language,5. Language is used for communication. 6. Language operates in a speech community or culture. 7. Language is essentially human, although possibly not limited to humans. 8. Language is acquired by all people in much the same waylanguage and language learning -H. D. Brown. Principles of
3、 Language Learning and Teaching (Third edition), Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2002., p.5.,Views on language,Structural View: sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: the sound system（phonology); the discrete units of meaning produced by sound combinations
4、(morphology); and the system of combining units of meaning for communication(syntax).To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language.,Views on language,Functional view: a system of categories based on the communicative needs of the learne
5、r and proposed a syllabus based on communicative functions. The functional view not only sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things. Learner learn a language in order to be able to do things with it.,Views on language,Interactional view: considers language to be a communi
6、cative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people. Learners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary but as importantly they need to know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative contexts.,Conclusion,1. phonemes syllables open-ended A g
7、enerative system morphemes rule-governed words well-formed sentences discourses 2.Arbitrary signs vocal signs conventionalized visual sighs,Conclusion,3. A communicative tool 4. Operates in a speech community or culture 5. Only human beings have language 6. Acquisition,Noam Chomskys Transformational
8、-generative Grammar (TG) / Universal Grammar (UG),1. Language Acquisition Device (LAD),2. Linguistic Competence: refers to the internalized system of language rules consisting of phonetics, words, grammar, etc., with which an ideal speaker/hearer can understand sentences and make utterance including
9、 those he has never seen or heard or learned before, and distinguish which sentences belong to his native language and which do not.,3. Linguistic Performance refers to the practical use of the language when the ideal speaker/hearer speaks or writes in homogeneous language situation.,4. Surface Stru
10、cture: refers to the syntactic structure in listening, speaking, reading and writing of using a language. 5. Deep Structure: refers to the essential and basic feature of linguistic structure which decides the meaning of a sentence, and Chomsky defined that it is “a kind of latent structure” in human
11、 beings minds and that people cannot sense it directly.,E.g. The small girl was bitten by the brown dog. (The dog is brown. /The dog bit the girl. / The girl is small.) (1) John admires sincerity. Sincerity is admired by John. (2) John is eager to please. John is easy to please.,Ambiguities:,1. The
12、shooting of the hunters occurred at dawn. 2. He fed her dog biscuits. 3. Visiting relatives can be tiresome. 4. Flying planes are dangerous.,Communicative Competence-Hymes,Views on language,To be able (and to what degree) to know the agreement of language form and grammatical rules (grammaticality /
13、 possibility); to be able (and to what degree) to know how to use and response to different types of speech acts（feasibility）; to understand(and to what degree) an acceptable language form is appropriate in relation to a context in which it is used and evaluated（appropriateness）; to be able (and to
14、what degree) to know the frequent use of language forms（performance).,Views on language,1. whether (and to what degree) something is formally possible; 2. whether (and to what degree) something is feasible in virtue of the means of implementation available; 3. whether (and to what degree) something
15、is appropriate (adequate, happy, successful) in relation to a context in which it is used and evaluated; 4. whether (and to what degree) something is in fact done, actually performed, and what is doing entails. (Hymes 1972 : 281),Views on language learning,Questions: 1. What are the psycholinguistic
16、 and cognitive processes involved in language learning? 2. What are the conditions that need to be met in order for these learning processes to be activated?,Views on language learning,Process-oriented theories: are concerned with how the mind organizes new information such as habit formation, induc
17、tion, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization. Condition-oriented theories: emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, the kind of input learners receive and the atmosphere.,Behaviorist theory,Skinner
18、, Watson, Raynor, Emotional reactions are learner in much the same way as other skills. You can train an animal to do anything (within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages: stimulus, response and reinforcement. -Harmer, 1983:30,Cognitive theory,Noam Chomsky: if all
19、language is a learned behavior, how can a child produce a sentence that never been said by other before? Language is an intricate rule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of the system. Had a great impact on the teaching profession,Constructivist theory,John Dewey:
20、teaching should be build based on what learners already knew and engage learners in learning activities. Learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he/she already know. Teachers must balance an understanding of the habits, characteristics
21、as well as personalities in order to arouse learners interests. -Archambault 1964,Socio-constructivist theory,Vygotsky Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) Scaffolding Learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner and between learners,Views on language l
22、earners,Self-identification,Master Participant Co-operator Feedback-provider,individual differences,Individual Differences,Language learning aptitude: Language learning aptitude refers to the “prediction of how well, relative to other individuals, an individual can learn a foreign language in a give
23、n amount of time and under given conditions.” -Carroll, John B. and Stanley Sapon , 2002 As with many measures of aptitude, language learning aptitude is thought to be relatively stable throughout an individuals lifetime.,individual differences,Cognitive style or “thinking style“ is a term used in c
24、ognitive psychology to describe the way individuals think, perceive and remember information. Cognitive style differs from cognitive ability (or level), the latter being measured by aptitude tests or so-called intelligence tests. Controversy exists over the exact meaning of the term cognitive style
25、and also as to whether it is a single or multiple dimension of human personality.,individual differences,individual differences,Motivation is a psychological feature that arouses an organism to act towards a desired goal and elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal directed behaviors. It can be
26、considered a driving force; a psychological drive that compels or reinforces an action toward a desired goal. For example, hunger is a motivation that elicits a desire to eat. Motivation has been shown to have roots in physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social areas.,individual differences,An
27、 attitude is an expression of favor or disfavor toward a person, place, thing, or event (the attitude object). Prominent psychologist Gordon Allport once described attitudes “the most distinctive and indispensable concept in contemporary social psychology.” -Allport, Gordon,1935,individual differenc
28、es,Characteristic: A feature that helps to identify, tell apart, or describe recognizably; a distinguishing mark or trait. Willingness to listen Willingness to experiment Willingness to ask questions Willingness to think about how to learn Willingness to accept correction - Jeremy Harmer,1998,Charac
29、teristics do good learners share,Learning strategies,图片来源：http:/www.nclrc.org/sailing/chapter2.html,Learning strategies,Learning strategies are the thoughts and/or actions that students use to complete learning tasks. We all know that good teachers use numerous teaching strategies to help students l
30、earn. We use visuals to introduce new ideas, we direct students attention to important elements, and we activate students background knowledge before introducing a new concept. Learning strategies are the tools that students themselves can employ independently to complete a language task. For instan
31、ce, a student who needs to learn a list of vocabulary words might draw a picture to remember each word.,Workshop: Research & Presentation,1. How do we learn languages? 2. What are the common views on language? 3. What are the common views on language learning? 4. How to be a successful language lear
32、ner?,Reference Books,Reference Books,Rod Ellis, Second Language Acquisition, Shanghai, 上海外语教育出版社，2000 Jeremy Harmer, How to teach English, 北京，外语教学与研究出版社，1998 鲁子问，英语教学法，上海，华东师范大学出版社，2009 Robert E. Slavin, Educational Psychology, 8th Edition , Pearson Education, 2011,Thank You!,Systematic : letters, w
33、ords or phrases, must compose a systematic and unified whole. Those put together without following the universally accepted rules do not form what we call language.,generative: In linguistics, generative is used to describe linguistic theories or models which are based on the idea that a single set
34、of rules can explain how all the possible sentences of a language are formed.,arbitrary: The form and the meaning of a language do not bear any inter-relationship. Vocal & visual: Language can be in written form, and in a broad sense it may even include non-vocal gestures and signs. However, any mea
35、ns of communication that exist only in written or non-vocal form cannot be recognized as language.,human: Language is a tool for human communication. Any sound, the “gestures” or even marks from animals do not fall into the category of language, although sometimes we think they are speaking in their own “language“.,