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1、第 7 7 讲 错综复杂的时态与语态的高频考点与解题方法 备考指导 动词的时态与语态是历年高考中考查的最多的一个考点，通常是以单项填空和书 面表达的形式进行考查。解决时态类题目通常使用的方法有：看是否是考查固定句型的固定时 态，是否可以运用句子中的时间状语来判断，是否可以通过上下语境和时态呼应来找突破口。 解决语态类题目一般从固定搭配或习惯表达来解决，但是高考中一般是把时态和语态结合在一 起进行综合考查的。要掌握相关知识通常是先利用思维导图形成总体构架，然后通过创建语境 来加深记忆。 一、高频考点知识 1 1运用常见的固定句型解决时态问题 在一些固定句型中，对谓语动词的时态有特别的规定，我们可
2、以把这作为判断时态的一个依据。 如下面的常见句型： (1)This/It/That is the first/second/last.time (that)如主句中动词用is，则that 从句中动词用现在完成时；如主句中动词用 was，则 that从句中动词用过去完成时。 This is the first time I have visited China. 这是我第一次参观中国。 It was the first time Id had visitors since Id moved to London. 那是我搬到伦敦以后第一次有人来看我。 (2)主句since从句。在该句型中，主句常用
3、现在完成时，(若主句主语是 it 或表示时间的 词时，还可用一般现在时)，since从句常用一般过去时(偶尔会出现用现在完成时的情况)。 Cathy hasnt phoned since she went to Berlin. Cathy 自从去了柏林还没有打来过电话。 It is three years since I joined the army. 我参军 3 年了。 (3)It is (high) time that.在 that从句中常用一般过去时或 should do。 Its time that we went to school. 到我们上学的时间了。 (4)It be.bef
4、ore.“这种结构意为 要时间才”“或 在时间以后才”。 若 be动词用一般过去时，则 before 从句中常用一般过去时；若 be动词用将来时，则 before 从句中常用一般现在时。 1 It will be a long time before we meet again. 要过很久我们才能重逢。 It was half a year before I heard from him. 半年之后我才收到他的信。 (5)hardly/scarcely.when.；no sooner.than.在这两个句型中，when从句和 than 从 “”句中常用一般过去时，主句常用过去完成时。意为 一就
5、。 No sooner had I left than he came. 他一来我就离开了。 (6)was/were about to do.when.在 when 从句中常用一般过去时。 I was about to leave when he came. 我正要离开这时他来了。 2 2借助微语境中的信息词判断时态与语态 (1)找到信息词 if，unless，however后然后通过语境判断它们引导的时间(条件、让步)状语 从句，需用一般现在时表将来。 However much advice you give(give)him，he will do exactly what he wants
6、. I wont go either，if he doesnt_go(not go) (2)安排或计划要做的动作(有时间状语)限于 begin，come，leave，go，arrive 等一类动词， 通常用一般现在时。 I arrive(arrive)in Beijing at 3：00 pm.tomorrow. (3)信息词 every day，often，sometimes 等时间状语说明应该用一般时，然后再根据语境判断 是用一般现在时还是一般过去时。 I used(use)to play football when I was young. (4)如果语境表示的是事物的固有属性或必然趋势
7、或者表示临时决定做某事，那么就用 will do，而不用 be going to 。 The lights in the classroom are still on. Sorry，I will_go(go)and turn them off. (5)如果语境表示的是即将发生的或最近打算进行的事或者是强调根据现在的迹象，对未来进 行推测，那么这种情况下就用 be going to 来表示将来。 Look at the clouds.It is_going_to_rain(rain) I am_going_to_see(see) him tomorrow，which is my long wis
8、h. 2 (6)如果语境表示的是即将发生的动作，意为“正要；很快，马上”，这种情况通常用 be about to do。这种情况后面一般不跟具体的时间状语，但是可以由 when 连接一个并列句。 We were_about_to_leave(leave) when an unexpected visitor came to see us. (7)如果语境表示的是可能性、必要、责任、义务、禁止或表示事先商定、安排或准备要做的 事情，这种情况下用 be to do表示将来。 It is said that she is to get married next month. (8)用现在进行时表示将
9、来。如果谓语动词是表示位置转移的动词(go，come，leave，start， arrive 等)，这时通常用现在进行时表示将来。此时，谓语动词就是关键的信息词。 I have been told that he is_leaving(leave) for London next week. (9)如果语境表示的是说话人对主语的行为表示赞叹或厌恶等感情色彩，且有信息词 always， constantly，continually 等时，就可以判断该句应该用现在进行时。 She is always asking(ask)the same question. (10)如果语境表示的是从过去某一时刻
10、开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，或者还要延续下去， 同时伴有信息词 since，for，yet，already，ever，never，before 等，这时句子就用现在完 成时。 Great changes have_taken(take)place in China since 1980. Have you ever visited(visit) that famous place of interest before? 如果强调的是动作一直在持续下去，或者是一直在断断续续地进行着，或者是表达强烈的感情 色彩，这时句子用现在完成进行时。 Over the past decades，sea i
11、ce in the Arctic has_been_decreasing(decrease) as a result of global warming. Tom has_been_working(work) in the library every night these days. Too much has_been_happening(happy) today. (11)如果语境表示的是在过去某个时刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态以及过去某个阶段正在 做的事情，那么该句谓语就用过去进行时。 He was_reading(read)an interesting book this time y
12、esterday. (12)如果语境表示的是在过去某个时刻前已经发生的动作或存在的状态，或者从过去某个时刻 开始一直延续到过去另一时刻的动作或状态，这时谓语通常用过去完成时。 My teacher had_taught(teach)in that school for ten years before she came here. (13)如果语境中的谓语动词是 hope，want，expect，think，suppose，plan，mean，intend 3 等而且强调的是未曾实现的愿望或打算，即“本来希望或打算做某事(但却没做)”，这种情况 下，谓语动词用过去完成时或者谓语动词用一般过去时
13、而后面跟不定式的完成时。 I had_planned(plan)to send him a Christmas card，but I forgot to do so. I planned(plan) to have sent him a Christmas card，but I forgot to do so. (14)含有双宾语的句子如何变被动语态 主动句中的间接宾语或者直接宾语都可变为被动语态中的主语，另一个保留不变。变为主语的 若是主动句中的直接宾语，间接宾语前则需加介词 to或 for。 The pianist gave the pupils(间接宾语) some advice (直接
14、宾语) The pupils were_given_some_advice_by_the_pianist Some advice was_given_to_the_pupils_by_the_pianist (15)什么情况下用主动表被动 动词 sell，write，read 等与 well，smoothly，easily 等连用时，说明主语内在的“性 能”“、 特点”，用主动表示被动。 表示状态特征的连系动词如 smell，taste，feel，sound，look，prove 等无被动语态，用 主动形式表示被动意义。 不及物动词及一些固定短语不能用被动语态：come up，run out，
15、give out 等。 以被动的形式表主动意义：有些动词 devote，surprise，seat，hide，station，dress等， 由于能接反身代词，因此，可用被动形式表主动意义。 二、解决时态、语态的 3 3 种方法 方法 1 1 利用试题中提供的时间状语确定时态 时态往往和一些特定的时间状语连用。如：every.，sometimes，at.，on Sunday 等常和 一般现在时连用；.ago，the other day，in 2006，last week，just now 等常和一般过去时 连 用；now，at present，at this time 等常和现在进行时连用；t
16、omorrow，next week，in时间 段等常和一般将来时连用；by the end of last week，before I went there 等常标志着用过 去完成时。同时要注意，像副词 always，forever，constantly 等常与进行时连用，表示说话 者的赞扬、批评、生气等语气。 典例展示 1 The sun was setting when my car _ (break) down near a remote village. 答案 broke 解析 该空是 when引导的时间状语从句主语 my car的谓语。从句中没有时间状语或时间状语从 4 句， 但主句
17、的谓语动词 was setting 用了过去进行时， 同时此句也是一个特殊的句 型：.was/were doing. when. did.此句型中的 when 意为 at that time,因此可判断此 谓语应用一般过去时。此外， 主语 my car与谓语之间的关系是主动关系， 同时主语也是单数。 综合考虑可得此题答案为 broke。 典例展示 2 In the last few years thousands of films _ (produce) all over the world. 答案 have been produced 解析 时间状语 in the last few year
18、s 通常要与现在完成时连用。 方法 2 2 利用上下文语境推测时态 很多试题中没有时间状语，但是我们可以从试题所提供的语言环境或上下文来推测出动作发生 的时间或从双方的交谈中“捕捉”到时间点，这就要求学生要有宏观把握句子和分析句子的能 力。 典例展示 1 (2016全国卷 )So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the notforprofit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research. I _ (allow) to get up close to these c
19、ute animals at the 600acre centre. 答案 was allowed 解析 分析句子结构可知，该空所在的句中没有谓语动词，故空处应填谓语动词。前句的谓语 动词是 was，根据时态一致的原则，后句的时态也应用一般过去时，I 与 allow之间为动宾关 系，应用一般过去时的被动语态。故答案为 was allowed。 典例展示 2 (2016全国卷 )It is always crowded with customers at meal times. Some people even had to wait outside._ 答案 hadhave 解析 由前面的句子
20、可知，这里吃饭时总是涌满了顾客，用的是一般现在时，根据时态的一致 性，后面的句子也应用现在时。故 had改为 have。 方法 3 3 利用时态的呼应来把握时态 若主句是一般过去时，宾语从句的时态常用与过去相关的时态(表客观事实、科学真理的从句 总用一般现在时)；若主句是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的时态不受主句的限制，可根据需要 选用时态。在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中，若主句为一般将来时，从句往往用一般现在时 表将来，或主句为过去时，则从句也用相对应的过去时。 He said that he had helped Tom. 5 他说他已经帮过汤姆了。 I think he is ill tod
21、ay. 我认为他今天病了。 You will fail the test if you dont work hard. 如果你学习不努力，你考试会不及格。 典例展示 1 Ill go to the library as soon as I finish what I _ (do) 答案 am doing 解析 句意：我一完成我做的工作就去图书馆。由于“”去图书馆 用的是一般将来时，说明要 “”完成的工作是 现在 正在做的事情， 故用现在进行时。 典例展示 2 Barbara is easy to recognize as shes the only one of the women who _
22、 (wear) evening dress. 答案 wears 解析 根据句意， 此处谈的是一般情况， 要用一般现在时； 由于 one of the women前有 only 修饰， 说明其后的定语从句是修饰 one 的， 而不是修饰 women的， 所以定语从句中的谓语动 词要用单数； 故填 wears。 跟踪训练 考点突破 . .用所给词的适当形式填空 1It is the most instructive lecture that I _(attend) since I came to this school. 2This is the first time we _(see) a fi
23、lm in the cinema together as a family. 3What _ you _(do) all the time? 4When shall we restart our business? Not until we _(finish) our plan. 5I want to buy that jacket because I _(tell) the cloth _(wash) well. 6They _(expect) to see the film but couldnt get tickets. 7The meeting _(begin) at 2：00 in
24、the afternoon and _(end) at 5：00. 8“ The moment _(come) soon”， he thought to himself，waiting nervously. 6 9In a room above the store，where a party _(hold)，some workers were busily setting the table. 10The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he _(start) 11Shortl
25、y after we _(seat)，a waiter came over to our table with a smile. 12By the time you have finished this book，your meal _(get) cold. 13I _(sleep) when the telephone rang again. 14It was the third time that I _(interrupt) that night. 15Have you seen the movie 2012? Its quite thrilling. No，I _(intend) to
26、 buy a ticket，but it _(rain) cats and dogs. 16Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the moneymaking jobs they _(promise) before leaving their hometowns. . . 单句改错 1I never visited the Great Hall of People._ 2He has joined the league for two years._ 3The train left before I arrived._ 4T
27、hey asked him to be captain, but he refuses._ 5I shall speak to him as soon as he came._ 6His father has dead for forty years._ 7 He had invited to visit the United States before he finished his great novel._ 8We have to take measures to prevent the disease from being spread._ 9Be quick, we must get
28、 there before the sun is set._ 10No letters have received from their son since last month._ 能力提升 . .阅读理解 What are buskers？They are street performers.They perform circus acts like acrobatics or juggling ，or singing and dancing ，and they are always very clever and very 7 funny.They get paid at the end
29、 of their show when the audience throws money in the hat.If the audience doesnt like the show，the performer gets very little money. Buskers like a big crowd to watch their show，so they call out to people passing by.The more people who watch，the more money the buskers get.Buskers love involving the a
30、udience.They talk to the audience all the time and make jokes.Then they choose someone from the audience to help them.That person has to do something silly or embarrassing； everyone laughs and feels glad that the busker didnt choose them. Christchurch has a 10day Buskers Festival every year at the e
31、nd of January.This year there are about 50 individual performers or groups and about half of those are from New Zealand.Buskers from around the world enjoy performing in this festival so much that many of them come back the following year.Christchurch people and tourists enjoy the performances so mu
32、ch that they also come every year. This festival started on Thursday night last week and continues until next Sunday 29th January.Each day performances start at about 11 am.with six different shows during the day in six different locations，then evening shows begin.Early evening shows are outdoors in
33、 the Arts Center and later evening shows are indoors at other places. Childrens shows are in the Botanic Gardens during the day only.Evening shows are adults only. 1In order to be successful，a busker needs to _ Abe friendly and polite Bbe strangely dressed Cmake clever jokes Dknow more about the aud
34、ience 2Whether buskers can make money depends on _ Athe number of performances they give Bthe person they choose from the audience Cthe audiences involvement in the performances Dthe audiences attitude towards their performances 3A person chosen from the audience by a busker will _ Ahelp entertain o
35、ther people 8 Bhelp the busker collect money Cpersuade others to drop money Dmake others feel silly 4What can we infer from the third paragraph? ABuskers Festival can help promote tourism. BChristchurch hosts the longest Buskers Festival in the world. CBuskers Festival in Christchurch is mainly enjo
36、yed by local people. DTourists come to Christchurch mainly to learn some skills on Buskers Festival. . .完形填空 I sat in the chair reflecting on the past year.At that time，my _1_ Charley came into the room.Charley took one look at my face and she could _2_ I was off in another world.Charley said，“You h
37、ave that _3_ on your face！Tell me what you were _4_”“ Well，Charley”， I replied“， I was listening to a song on the radio that asked _5_ you have done over the last year.When I _6_ on the year，Ive realized I have had such good fortune，with a few bumps(碰撞) along the way.” Charley immediately asked“， Te
38、ll me about the three things that _7_ you the most during this year.” I sat thinking if I had to _8_ only three things that influenced me，what would they be？After a few minutes，I said“， OK，here are the three things that influenced me the most: My family.Throughout the year I had many _9_，but my fami
39、ly were always there _10_ support and encouragement.My friends.Over the years I have _11_ my dreams and my goals with my friends.Some goals I have _12_ and other goals I have not._13_ friends like you always supported and _14_ me.My colleagues.I have worked with some _15_ people over the last year.I
40、 have been very _16_ to have the opportunity to work with these excellent people over the last year.” Charley smiled and said“， Do you realize that everything you have said has one thing in _17_”？ “What are you saying，Charley”？ I asked. She replied，“One common thing is _18_Neither the material thing
41、s in your life，nor your job has had the most meaning in your life.It is the people in your life that have 9 made the biggest _19_ in your life”！ I smiled.Material things are not _20_，and while our jobs provide the means of existence for us，the important things in life are the people who touched our
42、lives. 1A.sister Bclassmate Cmother Dfriend 2A.argue Bsuggest Ctell Dwonder 3A.look Bappearance Cmark Dmask 4A.doing Bthinking Clistening Dannoying 5A.where Bthat Cwhat Dwhy 6A.call Btalk Cinsist Dreflect 7A.influenced Bdemanded Centertained Dmotivated 8A.write Bpick Cget Down 9A.plans Bexperiences
43、Cchallenges Dachievements 10A.receiving Bexpecting Cwinning Doffering 11A.shared Bprovided Cconnected Dcompared 12A.set Brealized Cfailed Dscored 13A.But BMeanwhile COtherwise DUnless 14A.accepted Bsatisfied 10 Creplaced Dencouraged 15A.stupid Bbrave Camazing Dordinary 16A.fortunate Bmiserable Cunha
44、ppy Dsurprised 17A.character Bstore Ccommon Dnature 18A.effort Bspirit Cmotivation Dpeople 19A.choice Bdifference Cproblem Dprogress 20A.useful Bimportant Cpractical Dunnecessary . .语法填空 How have you managed not to take a drink for almost 20 years? It 1._ (take) me almost 20 years to have the courag
45、e to even ask my father this very personal question. When Dad first quit drinking, the whole family was on pins and needles every time he got into a situation that, in the past, 2._ (start) him drinking again. For a few years we were afraid to bring it up for fear the drinking 3._ (begin) again. “I
46、had this little poem that I would recite to myself at least four to five times a day，” was Dads reply to my 18yearold unasked question. And then he 4._(share) the poem with me. About a month after this talk with my father, when I 5._ (have) a rest, I received a gift in the mail from a friend of mine
47、. It was a book of daily affirmations with one affirmation listed for each day of the year. It 6._ (be) my experience that when you 7._ (get) something with days of the year on it, you 8._ (turn) to the page that lists your own birthday. I hurriedly opened the book to November 10 to see what words of wisdom this book had in store for me. There, on my birthday, was the exact same poem that 9._ (help) 11 my father for all these years! It 10._ (call) the Serenity Prayer. 12 第