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1、Hull Construction,A ship is something like a grand mansion floating on water and with a number of “floor” called decks. Among them is the upper deck that is the upmost Continuous deck from bow to stern. For the purpose of reasonable arrangement and full utilization of the inside space, hull is not o
2、nly cut into some tiers by different decks, but separated into various sorts of compartments, spaces and cabins as well by “walls” called bulkheads.,分隔舱,空间,舱室,舱壁,Hull Construction,Decks and Bulkheads,the lower deck 下甲板 another continuous deck under upper deck the upper deck 上甲板 compass deck 罗经甲板 nav
3、igation deck 驾驶甲板 boat deck 艇甲板 accommodation deck 居住甲板 注：布置，安装 Arrange situate fix locate Fig.1,Hull Construction,2. Hull constructions,In virtue of the characteristics of hull constructions, the construction above the upper deck is usually called superstructure while that under the upper deck is d
4、efined as main hull. Main hull, by its different positions, will be separated into bow section, midship section and stern section. A s usual, each section consists of bottom, side, deck and bulkhead and so on. Fig.2,Hull Construction,2. Hull constructions,2.1 shell structure One of the basic structu
5、res in hull construction is the shell structure which ensures vessel floatability. subjected to different external forces, such as the total longitudinal bend, water pressure, wave impact, squeeze of blocks of ice, etc. keel plate 平板龙骨 bottom plate 船底板 bilge plate 舭列板 side plate 舷侧列板 top side plate
6、舷顶列板 Fig.3,外力,挤压,总纵弯曲,Hull Construction,2. Hull constructions,2.1 shell structure Shell plating stands external forces of different magnitude in the light of its various situations.Accordingly, the thickness of plates will vary with the force to be subjected and theres no doubt that, at some key zon
7、es, local strengthening is inevitable. As a result of its huge area the shell plating is composed of many strakes or plates arranged in a fore and aft direction and welded together. The horizontal welds are termed seams and the vertical welds are termed butts. 由于外板的面积很大，所以它由许多首尾方向布置并焊接在一起的列板所组 成。水平的
8、焊缝称为“纵接缝”，垂直的焊缝称为“端接缝”。,根据,强度,板厚,局部加强,Hull Construction,2. Hull constructions,2.1 shell structure Some tapering off of shell plate thickness towards the ends of the ship is usual, since the bending moments are reduced in this region. 板厚朝向船体的端部通常逐渐减小，因为在端部船舶的弯矩有所降低。 The strake of side plating nearest
9、 to the deck is known as the sheerstrake. The sheerstrake is increased in thickness or a high tensile steel is used. This is because the section of plating is furthest from the neutral axis and subject to the greatest bending stress. 靠近甲板的舷侧列板叫做“舷顶列板”。舷顶列板的厚度需要增加或采用高 强度钢。这是因为这个区域的列板距离中和轴最远，承受的弯曲应力最大
10、。,Hull Construction,2. Hull constructions,2.1 shell structure Shell plating stands external forces of different magnitude in the light of its various situations.Accordingly, the thickness of plates will vary with the force to be subjected and theres no doubt that, at some key zones, local strengthen
11、ing is inevitable. As a result of its huge area the shell plating is composed of many strakes or plates arranged in a fore and aft direction and welded together. The horizontal welds are termed seams and the vertical welds are termed butts. 由于外板的面积很大，所以它由许多首尾方向布置并焊接在一起的列板所组 成。水平的焊缝称为“纵接缝”，垂直的焊缝称为“端接
12、缝”。,根据,强度,板厚,局部加强,Hull Construction,2. Hull constructions,2.2 framing system Basically, there are two board systems of framingthe transverse and longitudinal systems. In the transverse system of framing, the closely spaced frames run transversely inside the shell. These transverse frames are further
13、 supported by widely space longitudinal members. In the longitudinal system of framing,the shell and bottom plating is supported by closely space members running fore and aft. These longitudinal Members are then Fig.4 frame system reinforced by widely space transverse frames.,Hull Construction,2. Hu
14、ll constructions,Fig.5 hulls main member,Principal dimensions,2. Hull constructions,2.3 Bottom structure Ship bottom will normally be in two different patterns, single bottom and double bottom. double bottom Central stringer 中底桁 side girder 旁底桁 Floor plates 肋板 Inner bottom longitudinal 内底纵骨 Outer bo
15、ttom longitudinal 船底纵骨,Principal dimensions,2. Hull constructions,Fig.6 longitudinal framed double bottom Fig.7 transversely framed double bottom,Principal dimensions,2. Hull constructions,At right-angles to the flat plate keel, running along the ships centerline from the fore peak to the aft peak b
16、ulkhead, is a watertight longitudinal division known as the centre girder or vertical keel. 与平板龙骨垂直，沿着船体中线从首尖舱至尾尖舱壁的一个水密的纵向分隔， 称之为中底桁或垂直龙骨。 Where a double-bottom construction is employed, the centerline strake of tank top plating results in the formation of an I-section keel. 采用双层底结构时，内底板上的中心列板（与中底桁
17、）使整体结构呈“工” 型剖面的龙骨结构。 Side girders are longitudinal member situated at the both sides of the centerline of bottom, their number depending on the width of the ship. These side girders are broken either side of the floors and are therefore termed intercostal girders. 旁底桁纵向布置在中心线两侧，数量取决于船宽。旁底桁在肋板的两侧是间 断
18、的，因此称为间断式纵桁。,Principal dimensions,2. Hull constructions,The double bottom may have a sloping margin leading to the bilge radiused plating or a continuous double bottom extending to the side shell. 双层底与舭部圆弧板连接处可以设置倾斜边板，或者一直延伸到舷侧外板。 The sloping margin construction requires the use of margin plates to
19、connect up with the side framing and provides a collecting bay or well for bilge water . 倾斜边板结构需要使用边板与舷侧结构相连，形成舭部污水井。 The continuous tank top or flat margin must have bilge water collecting points or drain hats fitted into it. The flat margin is connected to the side framing by a flanged bracket. 连续
20、的内底板或平板边板必须在舭部设置收集污水的污水井装置。平板边板 必须通过折边肘板与舷侧结构相连。,Principal dimensions,2. Hull constructions,The structure is made up of vertical floors which may be watertight, solid or of bracket construction. The floor structure is continuous from the center girder to the side shell and supports the inner bottom
21、shell. 垂直肋板的结构可以分为水密结构，实肋板结构，框架结构。肋板结构从中 底桁到舷侧外板是连续的用来支撑内底板。 Watertight or oiltight floors are fitted beneath the main bulkheads and are also used to subdivide the double-bottom space into tanks for various liquids. 水密或油密肋板设置在主舱壁之下，并且把双层底舱分为各种液货舱。 Solid plate floors of non-watertight construction, u
22、sually lightened by manholes, are positioned in other places as required to stiffen the structure. 非水密的实肋板结构由人孔减轻，布置在需要对结构进行加强的部位。 Between solid plate floors ,bracket floors are fitted which consists of bracket Plates and bulb plate stiffeners running between.,肘板,球扁钢加强筋,Principal dimensions,2. Hull
23、constructions,The construction of the single bottom in smaller ships is similar to double bottom construction but without the inner skin of plating. The upper edge of all plate floors must therefore be stiffened to improve their rigidity. 小船的单层底结构与双层底结构相似，但不具备内底板。因此，所有的肋板 顶端都要加强从而提高肋板的刚性。,Principal
24、dimensions,2. Hull constructions,2.4 Side structure The side structure port and starboard are two side walls of hull symmetrical to each other. The side structure are subdivided into two models i.e. the transversal framing and the longitudinal framing. 1-margin bracket 2-main frame 3-beam knee 4-bea
25、m 5-tweendeck frame 6-web beam 7-web frame 8-side girder Fig.8 Side Structure,Principal dimensions,2. Hull constructions,2.4 Side structure 1-platform 2-web beam 3-side longitudinal 4-stiffener 5-web beam 6-side girder 7-inner bottom Fig.9 longitudinal framed side structure,Principal dimensions,2. H
26、ull constructions,2.5 deck structure The side structure are subdivided into two models, i.e. the transversal framing and the longitudinal framing. Deck structure is made up of deck plates beams, deck longitudinal, deck girders, hatch trunks, pillars and other members. two technical terms: camber, sh
27、eer . The deck plating is made up of longitudinal strakes of plating across its width. 甲板由通过船宽的纵向列板组成。 stringer plates refer to the plates or strakes nearest to the deck edges.,Principal dimensions,2. Hull constructions,2.5 deck structure 1-piller 2-tripping bracket 3-hatch end beam 4-round bar 5-lo
28、wer deck 6-hatch side girder 7-bracket 8-half beam 9-main frame 10-beam knee 11-deck girder 12-beam Fig.10 transversal framed deck structure,Principal dimensions,2. Hull constructions,2.5 deck structure Deck beams are fitted across the width of the ship and are joined to the side frames by brackets
29、known as beam knees. 甲板横梁横穿整个船宽，通过梁肘板与舷边肋骨相连。 Deck beams are usually bulb plate. 甲板横梁通常采用球扁钢。 Continuous longitudinal girders are fitted on the ships which run alongside the hatchways and the beams are bracketed to these girders. 连续纵桁沿着舱口布置，横梁和纵桁用肘板相连。 The beams are likewise broken and bracketed to
30、the longitudinal girders in way of the engine casing. A beam broken in this manner is known as a half-beam. 机舱棚处的横梁同样是断开的，并且与纵桁用肘板相连。以这种方式断开 的横梁叫做“半横梁”。,Principal dimensions,2. Hull constructions,2.5 deck structure 1-piller 2-hatch end beam 3-hatch side girder 4-hatch coaming 5-upper deck 6-round ba
31、r 7- tripping bracket 8- bracket 9-stiffener 10-deck longitudinal 11-web beam 12-main frame 13-stiffener 14- bracket 15-deck girder 16-beam Fig.11 longitudinal framed deck structure,Principal dimensions,2. Hull constructions,2.5 deck structure Deck transverse support the longitudinally framed deck.
32、These are deep plate webs with a facing flat or a flanged edge. They are bracketed to the side frames by beam knees. Small tripping brackets are fitted between alternate longitudinals and transverse. deck girders exist in a number of forms, depending upon their location. A flanged girder with trippi
33、ng brackets will often be used as part of a hatch coaming. Such a flanged girder is referred to as unsymmetrical and must have tripping brackets fitted at alternate frame spaces. The symmetrical girder is often used, particularly as centerline girder. Bracket join the girder to the deck beams and Ar
34、e fitted at every fourth frame space. At hatch corners these girders must be Additionally supported either by pillars or transverse girders.,Principal dimensions,2. Hull constructions,2.5 deck structure Where the deck is pierced by hatches, special coamings or surrounds to the openings must be provi
35、ded. These large openings require special compensation to offset their effect on the structural strength of the ship. 舱口穿过甲板时，要在舱口周围设置专门的舱口围板或挡板。这些大的舱 口需要在结构上进行特殊的补偿。,Principal dimensions,2. Hull constructions,2.6 bulkhead structure 1-bulkhead plate 2-vertical stiffener 3-vertical girder 4-longitudi
36、nal bulkhead 5-side girder 6-bottom plate 7-longitudinal bulkhead 8-side plate 9-horizontal girder Fig.12 bulkhead structure,Principal dimensions,2. Hull constructions,2.6 bulkhead structure Bulkhead structure may assume the forms of plain plate with stiffeners or corrugated plate. longitudinal bulk
37、head transversal bulkhead,Principal dimensions,2. Hull constructions,2.7 the bow structure The zone from bow up to 0.15 times of the ship length Starting from fore perpendicular to aft. 1-panting beam 2-side girder 3-horizontal girder 4-shell plate 5-stiffener 6-collision bulkhead 7-chain locker 8-d
38、eck 9-beam 10-wash bulkhead 11-lightening hole 12-frame 13-stem 14-raised floor Fig.13 bow structure,Principal dimensions,2. Hull constructions,2.8 the stern structure The zone after the bulkhead of aft peak. Fig.14 stern structure,Principal dimensions,2. Hull constructions,2.9 the superstructure th
39、e typical superstructure only denotes the construction the two side walls of which, port and starboard, are joined together to side shell plating. Another kind of superstructure is called deckhouse, the breadth of which is smaller than Ship width and correspondingly whose side walls are not linked t
40、o side shell plating. forecastle Bridge poop,Principal dimensions,2. Hull constructions,2.9 the superstructure The superstructure will comprise several storeys of cabins, public rooms, offices, navigation areas and machinery rooms. Stiffened steel bulkheads are used to support the structure above and provide subdivision for fire containment. 上层建筑是包括船舱、公共舱室、办公室、驾驶台和机舱的几层结构。加 强的舱壁可以为上层的结构提供支撑和防火分隔。,包含、包括,