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1、Chapter 6 High-Energy Feeds（能量饲料）,Introduction,Definition of high-energy feeds - High-energy feeds are feeds used primarily for their energy content. - Contain less than 20% protein and 18%CF. - Many protein supplements can also be classified as high-energy feeds.,Introduction,Classification Cereal
2、grains Grain milling and milling by-products Fats and oils Molasses Roots and tubers,6.1 Cereal grains,Source Grains are seeds from cereal plants. Corns, oats, barley and sorghums are the primary grains, which are known as feed grains(饲料谷物).,6.1 Cereal grains,Functions They are widely used as source
3、s of energy in animal feeding. They also provide substantial portions of protein. The energy comes from their starch content, the protein and EE together supplying about 1/3 as much energy as the starch.,3. Structure of Grain,Fig. 6-1 structure of Grain,（胚乳）,(糊粉层）,Aleurone(糊粉层） The aleurone surround
4、s the starchy endosperm of grain. The cells of the aleurone are thick-walled and rich in oil, niacin（烟酸）, and mineral. Phytic acid（植酸） is also produced in rather large quantities in this region.,3. Structure of Grain,3. Structure of Grain,Starchy endosperm（淀粉胚乳） Endosperm contains most of the starch
5、 and cells fill with starch granules. Starch granules(淀粉粒） are enveloped in a protein matrix which impedes digestion of starch and the digestion of starch can increase if granule are broken open. About 60% of the entire wheat grain and 70% of its endosperm are starch.,Germ（胚） Wheat and corn germ hav
6、e a rather large lipid fraction, containing 10-35% lipid.,3. Structure of Grain,4.1 Carbohydrates About 83% of the DM of grains consists of carbohydrates. Corn contains about 70% soluble carbohydrate, over 90% of which is highly digestible starch. The carbohydrate fraction of grain is composed prima
7、rily of pentosans（戊聚糖), starch, dextrins(糊精）, sugars, cellulose and hemicellulose（半纤维素）.,4. Nutrient Composition of Grains,4.1 Carbohydrates Grains are generally considered low in fiber (2%, although oats (12.2%) are relatively high in CF, having about double the fiber of barley (6.3%) and four to s
8、ix times the fiber in corn(2.5%), wheat(2.2%), grain sorghum(2.7%). In wheat, about of starch is in the form of amylose (直链淀粉) while the remainder is amylopectin(支链淀粉).,4. Nutrient Composition of Grain,4.2 Protein CP: 8%-12%(DM) The grains generally are not good sources of protein, but fed in large
9、amounts, they may contribute a major proportion in the diet. Most of the CP is true protein, which is generally low in lysine and methionine and in some cases tryptophan and threonine.,4. Nutrient Composition of Grain,4.3 Lipids Relatively high oil content due almost entirely to the oil of the germ.
10、 - Wheat, barley and rice:1-2%; sorghum: 3%; whole corn: 4-6%.,4. Nutrient Composition of Grain,The fatty acid in cereals are unsaturated, abound in both oleic and linoleic acid(亚油酸） (making up 90% of the FA in corn oil). Rancidity from oxidation of these unsaturated FA is no problem in the whole se
11、ed, but it can quickly become so when the seed is ground. Produces soft body fat in non-ruminants.,4. Nutrient Composition of Grain,4.4 Minerals Grains generally contains more minerals than forages. All grains (especially corn) are extremely low in calcium but fair to good sources of phosphorus. Sub
12、stantial portions of the phosphorus are bound in the form of phytic acid.,4. Nutrient Composition of Grain,4.5 Vitamins Vitamin A activity is low in all cereal grains except fresh yellow corn. Niacin is found in relatively high concentration in wheat, corn and rice. In corn, most of the niacin is in
13、 the form of niocytin(烟酰胺）which is biologically unavailable.,4. Nutrient Composition of Grain,4.5 Vitamins All the grains are deficient in vitamins D and K. They are good sources of vitamin E. The oil of the wheat germ is one of the best known natural sources of vitamin E. Oats contains extremely hi
14、gh amounts of vitamin E. They are good sources of thiamin（硫胺素,vitB1） but they are low in riboflavin（核黄素，vitB2）. Corn are much lower in niacin than barley and wheat；Corn is also low in pantothenic acid （泛酸）and all the grains are deficient in vitamin B12 .,4. Nutrient Composition of Grain,5. Corn/Maiz
15、e（玉米）,Types of Corn,Pop Corn(爆裂玉米）,硬粒玉米（Flint Corn）,Dent Corn，马齿型玉米,Sweet Corn（甜玉米）,Waxy Corn （蜡质玉米）,Pod Corn（荚玉米）,Flaked Corn grain,Starch and energy Large endosperm contains lots of starch：65% starch DE（pig）: 3.39Mcal/kg；ME（chick）: 3.22Mcal/kg Low in CF： 2%,6.1.1 Shelled corn（玉米粒）,Protein CP：8-9 l
16、ow BV. low in methionine.,6.1.1 Shelled corn（玉米粒）,70% of protein in the endosperm is lowly digestible. - Half of the protein consists of zein (玉米醇溶蛋白) which is especially poor in lysine, and tryptophan（色氨酸）. - Glutelin(玉米谷蛋白）occuring in lesser amount in both endosperm and germ is a better source of
17、lysine and tryptophan.,6.1.1 Shelled corn（玉米粒）,EE：4 linoleic acid（亚油酸）59 oleic acid（油酸）27 stearic acid（硬脂酸）2 linolenic acid（亚麻酸）0.8 arachidonic（花生油酸）0.2 d. ASH:1.4,6.1.1 Shelled corn（玉米粒）,e. Corn is extremely low in calcium (0.03%) but fair（中等的） in phosphorus (0.29%) content. f. It is quite deficien
18、t in vitamin B12 and low in riboflavin（核黄素）, niacin and pantothenic acid(泛酸）, niacin is bound in an unavailable form. g. Yellow corn is rich in carotene, lutein（叶黄素）and cryptoxanthin （玉米黄质）(precursor of vitamin A).,6.1.1 Shelled corn（玉米粒）,1. Definition Ground ear corn consists of whole ears of corn
19、(grain and cob) ground to varying degrees of fineness. 2. Constitution - It has been considered to be about 80% grain and 20% cob. - It is higher in fiber and lower in available energy than ground shelled corn.,6.1.2 Ground ear corn (Corn and cob meal) (粉碎玉米穗）,3. Usage - They are often fed to cattle
20、 and sheep. - It may be used in rations for mature swine to limit energy intake. - It should not be fed to growing-fattening pigs or poultry since they can make little use of the cob.,6.1.2 Ground ear corn (Corn and cob meal) (粉碎玉米穗）,6.1.3 Genetic mutants of corn,1.奥帕克2号(Opaque-2) Purdue university
21、(1963) Lysine: 3.4% (2.0% for normal corn) High levels of tryptophan(0.16%, normal corn 0.09% ) Increase arginine, histidine, valine, and methionine. May have advantage in monogastric diets but yields are typically lower.,2.弗洛里-2号 (Floury-2) Higher levels of lysine, methionine and other essential am
22、ino acid. 3. High Oil Corn :7% oil vs normal 4%. 4. Low phytate corn（低植酸玉米）,6.1.3 Genetic mutants of corn,Typical Corn,OPTIMUM HOC,Endosperm: Starch,Embryo: Rich in Oil,Typical Corn vs Optimum High Oil Corn,More Energy,1.Composition It is quite similar to corn in composition and feeding value. Highe
23、r in protein (14.2% vs. 9.6%) and quality than corn. About twice as much as lysine and tryptophan as does corn. CF: 3% Ca :0.05%, P: 0.4% High arabinoxylan(阿拉伯木聚糖)content which is the primary anti-nutritional factor .,6.1.4 Wheat grain (小麦）,2. The use of wheat grain Finely ground wheat tends to deve
24、lop pasty(糊状的）, doughy （柔软的）consistency(连结）upon chewing. Unadapted ruminants and horses that receive large amounts may develop digestive upsets（消化紊乱） and death can result. May pack in stomach if ground too fine, so it is usually coarsely ground or cracked for feeding. Fed with other more fibrous gra
25、ins.,6.1.4 Wheat grain (小麦）,6.1.5 Barley grain（大麦）,Rolled Barley Grain (压扁大麦）,Hulled Barley （皮大麦）,1. Composition Higher in protein (10-15%) and lysine（0.6%） than corn（0.18%） It has an amino acid distribution similar to oats and wheat. Higher in starch( 70%) Ca :0.06%; P : 0.5% Lower in energy than c
26、orn,6.1.5 Barley grain（大麦）,2. Anti-nutritional factor: beta- glucans (-葡聚糖） In the endosperm cell wall Negative nutritive factor for monogastrics No problem with ruminants although may be involved in bloat,6.1.5 Barley grain（大麦）,3. Feeding value Barley is a palatable but fibrous (7%) feed Barley may
27、 be used to replace up to half of the corn in rations for fattening animals without materially affecting their performance. Limits its use for monogastrics, especially poultry and young growing pigs. The firmer, leaner, carcasses produced than with corn(比饲喂玉米生产出的胴体更坚实和更瘦）,6.1.5 Barley grain（大麦）,Comp
28、osition Protein and amino acids Oats are higher than corn in CP (10.8% vs. 9.6%) With an amino acid makeup similar to wheat Being inadequate in lysine, methionine, cystine, and threonine.,6.1.6 Oats grain（燕麦）,6.1.6 Oats grain（燕麦）,Oats are higher than corn in CF (10-18%vs 2.6%) They have a higher oil
29、 content than corn, but this is not enough to offset the higher fiber content nor to affect the body fat of animals consuming them. A little higher in calcium（ 0.09%） and phosphorus （0.3%）. Oats contain little carotene.,2. Feeding value Oats are palatable but a poor energy source and not a good fatt
30、ening feed because they are lower in starch than corn, grain sorghum, or wheat. Oats usually are rolled, crimped（压扁）, or ground for feeding.,6.1.6 Oats grain（燕麦）,6.1.7 Oat groats（去壳燕麦粒）,(1) Since most of the feeding value of oats grain is found in the kernel, oat groats are very high in feeding valu
31、e. (2) Usually they are too expensive for general livestock feeding. (3) Their use usually is restricted to special diets such as early weaning rations for pigs.,Oats,Oats,6.1.8 Sorghum grain（高 梁）,高粱（sorghum）,Composition Protein and amino acids CP: 6-12% Inadequate lysine（0.3%）, tryptophan （0.1%）and
32、 threonine（0.3%）. Tight protein matrix encapsulates starch molecules, so digestible energy is lower, this can be overcome largely by steam rolling（蒸汽压扁） .,6.1.8 Sorghum grain（高 梁）,It is low in oil (2% -3%) than maize. CF : 2%. Ca : 0.03%,P : 0.3%. Contains tannins which are the anti-nutritional fact
33、or in sorghum.,6.1.8 Sorghum grain（高 梁）,2. Feeding value Grain sorghum may be used to replace 50% or more of the corn in the ration for most livestock without affecting animal performance. They are hard and must be ground, rolled to obtain the greatest feeding value. When so processed they have near
34、ly the feeding value of corn.,6.1.8 Sorghum grain（高 梁）,1. Moisture Less than 12% When exceed 30%: sprouting can occur. 2. Temperature As the temperature of storage is decreased, the number of problems associated with storage likewise decreases.,6.1.9 Grain storage,1. Source of grain milling by-produ
35、cts Most of the grains are milled in some manner for the preparation of foods for human consumption. In these milling processes, a number of by-products are produced which are generally considered to be of little value to human but which can be and are used extensively as livestock feeds.,6.2 Grain
36、milling by-products (谷物磨粉的副产品）,6.2 Grain milling by-products (谷物磨粉的副产品）,2. Classes of grain milling by-products Wheat bran, wheat middlings and shorts（ 麦麸和次粉） Rice bran(米糠）, rice polishings (细米糠）and rice mill feed(粗糠） Dried bakery product（干面包屑）,1. Wheat bran, wheat middlings and shorts（ 麦麸和次粉）,Wheat
37、 bran（麦麸） It consists primarily of the seed coat of wheat removed in the manufacture of wheat flour. Composition CP: 14-18% CF:12%, as a source of bulk P:1%;Ca: 0.1% an excellent source of vitamin E,Usage Primarily it is used in rations for horses, dairy cows, brood sows（种母猪）, and beef ,seldom is it
38、 used in rations for feedlot steers （肥育阉牛）, growing-fattening pigs, or poultry. Its use usually is limited to about 10% of the ration because of its bulkiness and laxative nature.,1. Wheat bran, wheat middlings and shorts（ 麦麸和次粉）,1. Wheat bran, wheat middlings and shorts（ 麦麸和次粉）,Wheat middlings and
39、shorts Wheat middling(次粉)must consist of fine particles of wheat bran, shorts, germ ,and flour, and some of the offal（废弃物） from the “tail of the mill” obtained in the usual process of flour milling. All consist of mixtures of fine particles of bran and germ, the aleuronic layer（糊粉层）, and coarse flou
40、r in varying proportions.,1. Wheat bran, wheat middlings and shorts（ 麦麸和次粉）,Composition a. They ordinarily are lower in fiber and higher in available energy than bran and are used primarily as a source of energy in the ration. - Wheat middlings (次粉)must not contain more than 9.5% CF (The Association
41、 of American Feed Control Officials) - Shorts (次麦粉)are same as wheat midds except must contain no more than 7% CF.,Wheat middlings（次粉） CP:14-18%: Excellent source of protein EE:3.5-3.8 CF:8% P:1%; Ca:0.1% Nice addition to creep diets(幼畜补料）,1. Wheat bran,wheat middlings and shorts（ 麦麸和次粉）,2.Rice bran
42、(米糠）and rice mill feed(统糠）,Rice bran : Consists primarily of the seed coat and germ that are removed from rice grain in the manufacture of polished rice for human consumption.,2.Rice bran(米糠）and rice mill feed(统糠）,Composition (1)While not as high in protein( 14%), is otherwise comparable to wheat br
43、an in feeding value. (2) It has about 15% oil, which becomes rancid and causes soft fat when fed to swine. (3) P:1.6%, Ca: 0.08%.,Feeding value - high content of fat (15%) and fiber( 9) - lack of palatability - it usually is limited to not more than approximately 1/3 of the ration concentrates.,2.Ri
44、ce bran(米糠）and rice mill feed(统糠）,2.Rice bran(米糠）and rice mill feed(统糠）,.Rice mill feed (统糠） (1) Rice mill feed are bran plus hull (2) CP:5-6% (3) CF:30-40% (4) Lowly digestible primarily filler,3. Hominy feed（玉米麸）,1. Definition - Hominy feed is a by-product of the manufacture of hominy（玉米片）, hominy
45、 grits（玉米粗粉）, and corn meal for human consumption. - It is a mixture of corn bran, corn germ (with or without some of the fat removed), and varying amounts of the finer siftings of the starchy portion of the corn grain.,3. Hominy feed（玉米麸）,2. Nutrient characteristics -It is similar to corn in compos
46、ition, although usually it contains slightly more protein(10.9%) and is higher in fiber(5.0%). - The DE and ME values for non-ruminants(非反刍动物） are lower because of the corn bran. - Hominy feed is about equal to corn in feeding value for various classes of live-stock. - It must contain not less than
47、4% EE and will tend to produce soft pork when used as a major component of swine rations.,4. Dried bakery product （干面包屑）,(1)Dried bakery product is similar to corn in composition except that usually it is much higher in fat (12-16%) and may contain a considerable amount of salt. (2)Its use should be
48、 limited to not more than about 20% of the total ration.,(3) Similar to composition of wheat except for EE content (12-16%). (4) CP: 11% (5) Low fiber (6) Inconsistency,4. Dried bakery product （干面包屑）,1. Characteristics of roots and tubers (1) Fresh tubers are generally not as high in energy as the g
49、rains, when considered on a DM basis, they are relatively good sources of energy. (2) They generally have limited amounts of protein. (3) Contain very little carotene except for carrots and sweet potatoes.,6.3 Roots and Tubers （块根和块茎）,(4) Calcium and vitamin D levels are extremely low. (5) Best results are secured in most animals when they are limited to a replacement of not more than of the grain ration.,6.3 Roots and Tubers （块根和块茎）,6.3 Roots and Tubers （块根和块茎）,2.Dried sweet potatoes or sweet potato meal (1) Sweet potatoes wi