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1、英语语法,李书东,Unit 1 一般现在时 ,一、一般现在时的用法 1.表示经常发生的动作，存在的状态或日常习惯。常与every day ,often,always. Sometimes 等连用。 I go to Britian every year. I am a teacher. 2. 表示主语的性格，能力特征,The students of the universities like English very much. My daughter sings very well. My brother works very hard 3. 表示客观事时或普遍真理 The sun rises
2、 in the east Two and two is four,第三人称单数的构成,1.一般在词尾加s. Work-works live-lives play-plays 2. 以 sh.ch.s. o.结尾加-es Wash-washes teach-teaches dress-dresses 3.以辐音自母加y结尾,变y为i加-es. Study-studies fly-flies try-tries,一般现在时否定式,1.在be动词后加not Are not=arent is not=isnt 2.主语+dont+动词原形。 主语+doesnt+动词原形 Bill likes part
3、ies. Bill doesnt like parties We study English hard We dont study English hard.,一般现在时疑问式,1. 将be动词提到句首。 He is a teacher They are students Is he teacher? Are they students? 2.在句首加Does 或 Do They study English.-Do they study English? He lives in Australia. Does he live in Australia? 。,Unit2 特殊疑问句,以what.
4、 who .whom. whose .which .when where. why .how引导。除 who 外， 一般加一般疑问句式. When does he go to bed? Where does she come from? Why do you study English? How many people are there in you family,名词性物主代词,第一人称：mine ours 第二人称：yours 第三人称：his , hers, its , theirs. P15exercises 2. This is pen. That is ,too3. 3.This
5、 scarf. That is too. 4.This is newspaper.That is ,too.,5.These are children. Those are ,too. 6.These are students. Those are .,感叹句,.How+ 形容词主谓结构（ 可 省）。 How beautiful the flowers are. . What+ 名词单数。 What a wonderful day it is. What+ 名词复数 What lovely children. What exciting news.,Unit 3 名词,一.规则变化 1.在名词
6、后+s book-books student-students 2.以sh,ch,s,x结尾+es class-classes inch-inches brush-brushes 3.辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i+es. factory-factories family-families university-universities,部分以o结尾词+es. Hero-heroes potatopotatoes tomato-tomatoes radioradios photophotos pianopianos 4.部分以f 结尾，变f为v+es lifelives knifeknives l
7、eaf-leaves *roofroofs handkerchief-handkerchiefs,二。不规则变化 manmen womanwomen,mousemice footfeet toothteeth childchildren deerdeer sheepsheep,Unit 4 不定代词,1.some:用在肯定句中，修饰可数名词和不可数名词。 There is some coffee. 2.any:用于疑问句和否定句。 Is there any milk in the bottle? I havent got any brothers. 3.no:作定语，修饰可数不可数。 Ther
8、e is no sugar in the box.,Some 也用在下面疑问句中,1.Would you like some coffee? 2.Will you lend me some books? 二、 可数名词与不可数名词。 1.个体名词：man, teacher, student 2. 集体名词：class, team, army. *以上两种名词属于可数名词。 3.物质名词：milk cotton air 4. 抽象名词：love happiness life,Unit 5 现在进行时,1.用法： 表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。 They are watching TV in the
9、 living room. He is listening to the radio. I am reading English.,2.构成,主语+be+现在分词 现在分词的构成： 1）、在动词原形后+ing. watch-watching talk-talking Go-going tell-telling 2).重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这一字母+ing,Win-winning sit-sitting swim-swimming begin-beginning 3)以不发音e结尾， 去e+ing. give=-giving move-moving Have-having tak
10、e-taking,现在进行时与一般现在时的区别,一般现在时表示经常发生的动作，而现在进行时表示在此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。 They always go out on Sundays, but this Sunday they are staying at home. 有些动词是不能用于现在进行时的：see hear, like, love . Prefer, hate want need mean forget know seem believe,to be going to +动词原形 表示主观打算、看法或即将要发生的动作。 I am going to make dinner. Th
11、e football match is going to start at eight. It is going to rain.,2.现在进行时表将来， 常用动词有：go leave come start do visit He is not coming. When are you going back to you factory Mary is leaving for Paris. We are inviting Tom to a party.,4.一般现在时表将来：表示已经安、排计划、或规定好的动作。 The train leaves at five o,clock. The boy
12、s start school on Monday. When does the delegation come here/ Our flight leaves at eleven thirty.,以上三种表示将来的用法比较 I am going to leave next week. （带有主观意向） I am leaving next week. （已决定这样做并已安排。） I leave next week. （根据日程表的安排）,Unit 6一般将来时,.用法：表示纯属客观将来 2.构成：will(shall)+动词原形 You will be forty years old next
13、year. Tomorrow will be Sunday. 注意；shall I Will you 表示征求对方意见 Shall we have a drink? Will you pass me the cup?,Unit 7 一般过去时,一、用法：表示过去某一时刻发生的动作 二、构成：主语+动词过去式 三、过去式的构成 （一）规则动词 1. 在动词后+ed work-worked helphelped stay-stayed call-called,2.辅音字母+ y 结尾,变y为i+ed study-studied try-tried 3.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母双写这一辅音字
14、母+ed plan-planned admit-admitted 4.以不发音e结尾，+d arrive-arrived live-lived,倒装句,So+be/do/will/did+主语 She is French, and so am I. They were late, and so were we. He went to India last year, and so did she. We will have a two-week holiday, so will,Unit 8.形容词比较级,一、用法：两者之间进行比较 二、构成：规则变化 （一） 单音节和部分双音节词 1，+er
15、 tall-taller great-greater long-longer 2. 以e结尾只 +r Fine-finer late-later brave-braver,.重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这个辅音字母，再+er. big-bigger hot-hotter thin-thinner 4.辅音字母+y结尾，变y为 i+er Happy-happier busy-busier lucky-luckier,（二）、多音节和多数双音节词，在词前+more. famous-more famous Interesting-more interesting difficult-more
16、 difficult expensive-more expensive,三、不规则变化 goodbetter badworse littleless manymore oldolder farfarther -elder -further 注意:older的意思是较老的,说明人的年纪或事物年代的久远.,elder的意思是较年长的. That is my elder brother. He is two years older than I. Farther:较远的 Further:进一步的 Tom jumps farther than I . Have you any further news
17、 from the meeting?,比较级的一些其他用法,1,The+比较级 the+比较级 表示越来越. The more ,the better. The faster we go, the sooner we arrive 2.比较级+and +比较级 表示越来越 The bus ran faster and faster The boy is growing taller and taller.,比较级的修饰语:much a lot far a little a bit. She is a bit taller than I. Tom did the job far better t
18、han Mary. The crops are growing far better than last year.,Unit 9 形容词最高级的构成,与比较级是相似的 tall-tallest brave-bravest big-biggest clever-cleverest happy-happiest famous-most famous interesting-most interesting,最高级的不规则变化 good-best bad-worst Little-lest many much-most Late-latest,最高级的其它用法,1.作表语时可以不加the Cott
19、on shirts are generally cheapest. The light by the window is best. 2.a most 表示非常常. Its a most difficult question. We spent as most happy evening.,unit 10现在完成时的构成。,主语+have(has)+ 过去分词 过去分词的构成： 1.规则动词 （1）。在动词后+ ed workworked looklooked (2).以e 结尾直接+ d arrivearrived livelived 辐音字母+y结尾，变y为 i+ed,现在完成时与一般过去
20、时区别,一般过去时强调动作本身，包括时间地点。 I saw Mary an hour ago. She lost her handbag yesterday 现在完成时强调动作的结果或对现在产 生的影响。I have been to the Great wall. I have seen the film. He has lost her hey. He has gone out.,Unit 11 被动语态,一、定义：主语是谓语动词的承受者 The gate is locked at 6:00 every night. The English test is marked by Mr.West
21、. 二、构成：be+过去分词 1，一般现在时：am,is are +过去分词 2，一般过去时:was,were+过去分词 3，现在进行时: am,is are +being+过去分词,4, 现在完成时：have,has+ been+过去分词 5，过去完成时: had+been+过去分词 6.一般将来时：will,shall+be+过去分词 7，情态动词:情态动词+be+过去分词,三、用法 1.当不知道或不必提动作的执行者时。 The cars are made in Japan. 2.Football is played all over the world. Printing was int
22、roduced into Europe,2.当强调动作的承受者时 Thousands of rivers are polluted in the country. Bill Clinton was elected President of the United States of America in1993.,四、带有行为主体的被动结构（by+行为主体） The village was destroyed by a bomb. The printing is very valuable. It was painted by Van Gogh.,Exercise :Change the fol
23、lowing sentences into the passive. 1.The students have invited us to a dance. We have been invited to a dance. 2.A fire might kill the animals. The animals might be killed by a fire.,3.The hotel is rebuilding the restaurant. The restaurant is being rebuilt. 4.The police brought the child home. The c
24、hild was brought home. 5.His wife calls him darling. He is called darling.,五、被动语态的补充用法。 It+被动语态+that.常用于该结构的动词有： Say think believe agree feel know report prove suggest. It is said that he can speak their language. It is reported that he is still alive. It is thought that about a million dogs are bor
25、n each year.,Unit12 将来进行时,1、用法： 表示将来某时正在进行的动作。 2、构成：will shall +be+V-ing When you arrive at the airport, a guide will be waiting for you.He will be wearing a dark green shirt.,将来完成时,1，用法：表示在将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作。常与by+时间名词连用. 2.构成：will shall +have+过去分词 I will have retired by the year 2019. We shall have fi
26、nished the work before next Friday. You will have changed you mind by tomorrow.,Unit 13 过去进行时,一、构成：was were+过去分词 1.He wasnt thinking about what was happening. 2.While we were having breakfast, John was talking on the phone. 二、用法： 1.表示过去某一时间进行的动作。 What were you doing yesterday at 7p.m?,It was raining
27、 all the afternoon. 2. 表示一个动作发生时另一个动作正在进行。 When I came in ,he was watching TV.,Unit14:过去将来时,1.Was were going to+动词原形 It looked like that the was going to stay. They were going to leave for Britain. 2.was were about to +动词原形 I was about to leave for a visit to Japan. He was about to quit his job.,3.w
28、as were due to +动词原形 The BA561 was due to arrive. 4. 过去进行时表将来 I was meeting my sister at the station. 5.was were to +动词原形 He was to write his best works there.,Unit15 如何将直接引语变成 间接引语,直接引语：直接引用别人所说的话。 He said:”I like English very much” 间接引语：间接转述别人所说的话。 He said he liked English very much. 如何将直接引语变成间接引语
29、？ 1.时态的变化,现在变成过去 一般现在变成一般过去. He said:”I am tired” He said he was tired. 现在进行变成过去进行. She told me ,We are meeting him at the pub.” She told me they were meeting him at the pub.,现在完成变成过去完成 She said;”I have waited for ages.” She said she had waited for ages. 过去 时变成过去完成或不变。 She said:”I took it home with
30、me. She said she had taken it home with him,The teacher said ;”Columbus discovered America in 1492. The teacher said Columbus discovered America in 1492. 将来时边成过去将来时 He said “I will be in Paris on Monday.” He said he would be in Paris on Monday,2.指示代词、时间状语、地点状语的变化P62 3. 直接引语为祁使句， 变为间接引语时常用： asked sb.
31、 to do sth. told sb. to do sth. ordered sb. to do sth. Remember to turn the lights., she said. She told me to turn off the lights.,4.直接引语为一般疑问句式+if /whether.将一般疑问句式变为正语序。 Is it raining?” He asked if it was raining. 5.直接引语为特殊疑问句式，将特殊疑问句式变为正语序。 Why do you come so late? He asked me why I came so late.,
32、Exercise:Change the following into indirect speech. 1.What time does the match start? 2.Where are you going to spend your holiday? 3.Who is going to buy your bike? 4.Are you thirty? 5.Will you be coming to the party,6.Remember to switch off all the lights. 7.I will do it tomorrow. 8.I have got many
33、friends. 9.My son can swim very well. 10.I have been waiting for ages.,Unit 16: 动词不定式,动词不定式有两种形式：带to不定式 不带to不定式 He decided not to do it. Lets not decide now. 一.动词不定式时态与语态,主动语态 被动语态 一般式 : to make to be made 进行式 : to be making 完成式: to have made have been made I am sorry to have kept you waiting. No ha
34、rm seems to have been made. This is a day never to be forgotten.,不定式的用法,1、不定式作目的状语 The cats and dogs sleep together to keep warm. He went to France to study French. 2.不定式作结果状语 He arrived at the cinema only to find that he had seen the film before.,He was too excited to sleep. 3.不定式作宾语 I asked to see
35、 the manager. He wants to be left alone. 4. .不定式作宾语补足语 The doctor advised him to take a good rest. I heard him sing in the next room.,We felt the house shake. I will have you know that I am a qualified engineer. 注意不带的to不定式 feel sb. do sth see sb. do sth hear sb.do sth make sb.do sth let sb.do sth ha
36、ve sb.do sth,5. 疑问词+不定式 When to start hasnt been decided. I dont know what/which/who to choose. I wondered how/when/where to get in touch with him. The difficulty is what to call our dog.,6.不定式作表语 Your mistake was to write the letter. This house is to let. All I did was to press the button,Unit 17.名
37、词性从句,名词性从句即指：主语从句，宾语从句表语从句。 名词性从句引导词有两类：从属连词that whether if 疑问词who,whose,what,which,when,where,why, how,It is true that she is an actress.(主语从句) I know that Phillips is a good make.(宾语从句) My idea is that we should stick our plan.(表语从句) What I d really like is a remote control.(主语从句),主语从句,That she ha
38、s achieved such fame surprised her.(主语从句) What he did is not yet known. (主语从句) How she wrote that book is a story in itself. (主语从句) It is said that hes got married. (主语从句,宾语从句,I believe that you can get a good quality stereo(宾语从句) Have you considered whether he has signed the contract. (宾语从句) Do you
39、 have any idea of what you are looking for?. (宾语从句),表语从句,The fact is that we are behind schedule. (表语从句) The question is whether has signed the contract. (表语从句) What worries me most is that my wife is still in hospital. (表语从句),Unit 18 状语从句,1、方式状语从句：常由连词：as if as as though in a way in the way引导。 This
40、 fish isnt cooked as I like it. She acts as if /as though she owns the place. Lillian was trembling as if /as though he had seen a ghost.,2.让步状语从句:常由连词：although though even if even though not that引导 Although you feel very ill right now, This is a common disease. Though he has lived for years in Lond
41、on, he writes in German. Even though the drugs are good,it is difficult to cure it with drugs alone,3.结果状语从句：常由连词sothat suchthat引导. Mr.Jones was so frightened about having an operation that she cried. He is such a marvellous joker that you cant help laughing.,4.目的状语从句：常由连词 so tha t in order that引导.
42、Ships carry lifeboats so that the crew can escape if the ship sinks. We carved their names on the stone so that /in order that future generations might know what they had done.,If I were a bird, I would fly to you . If there were no air, the sky would be black. If I were you,I would plant some trees
43、 round the house. If we didnt go to their party next week,they would be very angry.,Unit 19虚拟语气,一、虚拟语气 在英语中，说话人的意图不同，动词需用不同的形式；称之为语气。 虚拟语气是这些语气中一种，用以表示主观愿望和假想虚拟的情况。 1.带if 的虚拟条件句 (1).当假设与现在的事实相反时，其结构是： If+过去式 主语+ would+动词原形,翻译下列句子,1.如果我英语讲的好，我就会去合资企业工作 If my English were good, I would go and work in
44、an joint venture. 2。你处在我的地位上，你会怎么办? What would you do if you were in my place.,3.要是不再下雨，我们就去跳舞了。 If it were not raining,we would go dancing. 4。要不是正忙着打扫屋子，我会去陪你听音乐的。 If I were not busy cleaning the house, I would go and listen to the music with you.,（2）当假设与过去的事实相反时，其结构是： if +主语+had+过去分词,主语+would have
45、 +过去分词. If I had known that you were ill,I would have gone to see you. If I had gone to the meeting last night, I would have seen her.,（3）非真实条件句主句与从句有时不一致，这叫错综条件。 If you had studied hard,you would take it easy now. If the weather had been more favourable, the crops would be growing still better.,Wis
46、h常用虚拟语气,2。省略if 虚拟条件句 (1)在虚拟条件句中，如含有were,had,should,可把这些词放到主语前面省略if。 Were you not here, none of us would come. Should she come here, we would discus the matter with her. Had we had enough money, we would have bought it.,3.虚拟条件句的其他表示法 1)。不用if Without solar radiation, animals and plants would die. But
47、for your help, I would have been drowned. Without your help, I wouldnt have achieved so much.,2) Wish+动词过去式，表示与现在事实相反 I wish I had a car. I wish I were taller than you. wish+ would do表示与将来事实相反 The weather is awful today, I wish it would be warmer tomorrow. wish had done 表示与过去事实相反 I wish I hadnt spen
48、t so much money.,3).在表示建议、命令、有求、愿望等动词后面的主语从句、宾语从句中谓语一般用should+动词原形，should可省略。要求这类从句常见的动词有：demand, desire, insist, order, recommend, require, suggest.,The doctor suggest that he have a rest. It is suggested that trees be planted around the house. It is desired that you finish the test on time. The government demands that the pollution problem in the city be solved within six months.,4)在it is necessary, important, impossible, natural, strange后面的主语从句、宾语从句中，谓语一般用should+动词原形，should可省