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1、Chapter Two,Etymological Study of English Language and Medical Terms,Two Types of Medical Terms,Native borrowed,Two Types of Medical Terms,Native: those that derive from Old English,Two Types of Medical Terms,Borrowed words, or loan-words: taken from other languages largely based upon Greek, Latin a
2、nd French vocabulary German, Italian, Spanish and others have contributed some words to medical terminology.,Words evolved from old English,Most medical words from old English denote : anatomic structures Organs Substances basic concepts of human activities,Words evolved from old English,Changes con
3、cerning pronunciation (phonological) spelling (morphologic) meaning (semantical),Words evolved from old English Without Semantical Changes,ankle back bladder ear eye foot hair hand knee,lip liver lung neck throat tongue ache breath fever,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical
4、Changes,blood In O.E., spelt as blod perhaps originally meant “to swell, gush, spurt” or “that which bursts out”.,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,blood bleeding hemorrhage cerebral hemorrhage 脑溢血; 脑出血 internal hemorrhage 内出血 subarachnoid hemorrhage 蛛网膜下出血 subdur
5、al hemorrhage 硬脑膜下出血,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,chest chest In O.E., cest meaning “box, coffer”. a medicine chest (药箱),Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,chest The meaning was extended to “thorax” in 1530 and replaced brea
6、st, on the metaphor that the ribs are a box for the organs.,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,chest flat chest 扁平胸 seen in weak people or people with chronic consumption,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,chest 桶状胸 barrel chest c
7、ommonly seen in patient with emphysema,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,chest rachitic chest rE5kitik 佝偻病胸 鸡胸 pigeon chest people with rachitis rE5kaitis,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,chest funnel chest 漏斗胸,Anatomic words W
8、ords evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,organ It was organe in O.E., and orgene in O.Fr. (Old French), both meaning “musical instrument”.,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,organ Sense was narrowed in late M.E. to modern musical instrument known by th
9、at name (风琴).,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,organ Great Organ Works 伟大管风琴作品 Organ Favorites 最著名的管风琴曲,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,organ The meaning “functioning body part” appeared in English in 1392. What are they?,con
10、cept words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,blind (adj.) Spelt blind, it probably shared with blend a base blindaz, meaning “to glimmer indistinctly, to mix, confuse”. He is blind to the effect of his action,concept words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,b
11、lind (adj.) The original sense is not “sightless” but “confused”,concept words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,bruise (v.) Spelt brysan in O.E., it originally meant “to crush”. The present spelling emerged by 17th century with Anglo-French bruiser meaning “to break, smash”,con
12、cept words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,cold In O.E., it had two forms, cald in Anglian and ceald in West Saxon.,concept words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,cold Sense in common cold was introduced in 1537, from symptoms resembling those of exposure
13、 to cold.,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,mind In Old English., it was gemynd meaning “memory, thinking, intention”. keep/bear in mind - memory make up ones mind - intention,Words originated from Greek,Process,Early Modern English (1500-1800),Time: 1500-1800 Eve
14、nt: Renaissance Result: wave of innovation in English,Words originated from Greek,acne It was borrowed from Gk. akme in 1570, meaning “(highest) point”. It contains the base “ak-”, denoting “sharp”. “青春痘” “暗疮” “粉刺”,Words originated from Greek,acne whiteheads blackheads pustules nodules, or cysts,Wor
15、ds originated from Greek,acne acne vulgaris 寻常性痤疮 a condition of the epidermis or skin typically occurs on the face, neck, upper back, chest, or shoulders.,Words originated from Greek,此一疾病的病发点是皮脂腺和毛囊。皮脂腺是人体内制造油性分泌液的腺。皮脂腺较集中的地方，例如脸部，也是痤疮较容易生长的部位。,It is a disease occurring in the skins sebaceous gland
16、s and hair follicles. Sebaceous glands are glands that produce an oily moisturizing secretion. The chances of acne occurrence are higher in places with a high concentration of these glands, such as the face.,Words originated from Greek,aneurysm Borrowed in 1611 from Greek Aneurysmos, it literally me
17、ans “dilation”. ana- (throughout) eurus (wide ),Words originated from Greek,anorexia anorexia It entered English from Greek anorexia in 1598. Made from an- (without) and orexis (appetite, desire), it means “lack of appetite”. Anorexia nervosa (emaciation as a result of severe emotional disturbance)
18、was coined 1873 by William Whitney Gull (1816-1890).,Words originated from Greek,diagnosis It was Greek diagnosis (a discerning, distinguishing) used as a medical term in English in 1681. The word was evolved from diagignoskein composed of dia- (apart) and gignoskein (to learn, to discern).,Words or
19、iginated from Greek,diagnosis Endosonography (EUS) guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a relatively new imaging modality which is increasingly used for sampling deep seated lymph nodes for staging and diagnosis of primary as well as metastatic malignancies.,Words originated from Greek,diagnosis W
20、e show in this first case report that a diagnosis of Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) can be accurately rendered EUS-FNA samples . To consistently make a diagnosis of gastritis, knowledge of the structures seen in normal stomach is required.,Words originated from Greek,diagnosis misdiagnosis misdiagnose Ma
21、ny gifted and talented children (and adults) are being mis-diagnosed by psychologists, psychiatrists, pediatricians, and other health care professionals. dual diagnosis,Words originated from Greek,diagnose Back-formation diagnose was first recorded 1861. Diagnostic was recorded from 1625.,Words orig
22、inated from Greek,diagnose When diagnosed with cancer, there are a number of motivations to take action. HK woman diagnosed as SARS patient in Guangdong. Miss Arroyo has been diagnosed as HIV-positive, becoming the fourth victim of the HIV virus in the current outbreak. The lesions with Score 4, 5 w
23、ere diagnosed as malignancy. Hospitals only admit those patients who are diagnosed as being mentally ill according to the appropriate procedures. The doctor diagnosed the illness as influenza.,Words originated from Greek,dyspeptic It was borrowed in 1694 from Greek Dyspeptos, meaning “hard to digest
24、”, made from dys- (bad) and peptos (digested). dyspepsia,Words originated from Greek,glaucoma It was borrowed into English in 1643 from Greek glaukoma (opacity of the lens) also called glaucosis glaukos (gray) glaucobilin 胆蓝素,Words originated from Greek,metastasis Entering English in 1577, it was de
25、rived from Greek metastasis (transference, removal, change), which was evolved from methistanai (to remove, change) composed of meta- (over, across) and histanai (to place, cause to stand).,Words originated from Greek,metastasis mE5tAstEsis It was first used in medicine referring to “shift of diseas
26、e from one part of the body to another” in English from 1663.,Words originated from Greek,necrosis Entering English in 1665, it was evolved from Greek nekrosis (becoming dead, state of death), formed from the base nekros (dead body, corpse).,Words originated from Greek,necrosis e.g. necrodermatitis
27、坏死性皮炎 necromania/necrophilia 恋尸狂, 恋尸癖 necrophobia 死亡恐怖,尸体恐怖,Words originated from Greek,pandemic It was borrowed into English in 1666 from Greek pandemos (pertaining to all people), composed of pan- (all) and demos (people). epidemic e.g. Pan American democracy,Words originated from Greek,paralysis
28、It was borrowed into English in 1525 from Greek paralysis (loosening), evolved from paralyein (disable, enfeeble) composed of para- (beside) and lyein (loosen, untie).,Words originated from Latin,The earliest influence of Latin language on English may date back to Roman Empire. With the expansion, t
29、he Romans brought their language to other parts of the entire Empire. Greater influence was exerted after Norman Conquest. As Norman invaders spoke a language that derives from Ancient Latin, borrowing from Latin was inevitable.,Words originated from Latin,abscess It was borrowed into English from L
30、atin abscessus (an abscess) in 1543. Literally meaning “a going away,” it is derived from ab- (away) and cedere (to go) The notion is that humors “go from” the body through the pus in the swelling.,Words originated from Latin,aorta Borrowed into English in 1578 from Middle Latin aorta, the term was
31、applied by Aristotle to the great artery of the heart. It literally meant “what is hung up.”,Words originated from Latin,apnea Ap5ni:E Meaning “suspension of breathing,” it was borrowed in 1719 from Modern Latin. It was made from Greek apnoia (absence of respiration), composed of a- (not) and pneo/p
32、nein (to breathe),Words originated from Latin,autopsy Borrowed into English from Modern Latin autopsia (an eye-witnessing) in1651, it is formed from autos- “self” (comb. form) + opsis “a sight.” Sense of “dissection of a body to determine cause of death” is first recorded 1678.,Words originated from
33、 Latin,autopsy also called necropsy postmortem postmortem examination,Words originated from Latin,bacteria The plural form of Modern Latin of bacterium, it comes into English in 1847. The original Latin word is from Greek bakterion (small staff), the diminitutive of baktron (stick, rod). It is so ca
34、lled because the first ones observed were rod-shaped.,Words originated from Latin,cell It is made from Latin cella (small room, hut), related to Latin celare (to hide, conceal). The earliest sense was for monastic rooms, then prison rooms. It began to be used in biology in the 17th century but not i
35、n modern sense until 1845.,Words originated from Latin,clinic It was borrowed in 1626 from Latin clinicus (physician), which was formed from Greek klinike (practice at the sickbed). from klinikos “of the bed.” It was originally used as an adjective in English, then to refer a “sick person.” The sens
36、e of “hospital” was first recorded in 1884.,Words originated from Latin,cortex Entering English in 1653 from Latin, originally meaning “bark of a tree.” Specific reference of “the outer layer of the brain” was first recorded in 1741.,Words originated from Latin,the cortex of the brain the adrenal gl
37、and the kidney the cerebellum,brain cortex / cerebral cortex adrenal cortex renal cortex cerebellar cortex,Words originated from Latin,dystrophy Meaning “defective nutrition,” it was form from Modern Latin dystrophia, from Greek dys- (hard, bad, ill) + trophe (nourishment).,Words originated from Lat
38、in,hydrophobia It was from late Latin hydrophobia, from hydros (water) and phobos (dread, fear). It is so called because human sufferers show aversion to water and have difficulty swallowing it.,Words originated from Latin,hydrophobia also called rabies / mad dog disease,Words originated from Latin,
39、inflame It was made from Latin inflammare (to set on fire, kindle), from in (in) + flammare (to flame). Literal sense of “to cause to burn” was first recorded in English in 1382. Inflammation (redness or swelling in a body part) began to be used from 1533.,Words originated from Latin,symptoms of inf
40、lammation 红 肿 热 痛,other terms of inflammation 浸润 渗出 渗出液,Words originated from Latin,symptoms of inflammation 红:rubor/redness 肿:tumor/swelling 热:calor/hotness 痛:dolor/pain,other terms of inflammation 浸润:filtration 渗出:exudation 渗出液:exudate,Words originated from Latin,medicine Originally ars medicina (
41、the medical art) in Latin, it entering English around 1225 from medicina.,Words originated from Latin,muscle Made in 1533 from Latin musculus (a muscle), which literally means “little mouse,” the diminutive of mus (mouse).,Words originated from Latin,muscle It is so called because the shape and move
42、ment of some muscles (notably biceps) were thought to resemble mice. analogy in Greek: mys is both “mouse” and “muscle,” and its combing form gives the medical prefix my/myo.,Words originated from Latin,obstetrics It was borrowed in 1742 from Modern Latin obstetricus (pertaining to a midwife), which
43、 was formed from obstetrix (midwife). Made from obstare (stand opposite to), it literally means “one who stands opposite (the woman giving birth)”.,Words originated from Latin,placebo It is Middle English from Latin placebo (I shall please). It was originally used for the rite of Vespers of the Offi
44、ce of the Dead, being the first word of the first antiphon, that is, “Placebo Domino in regione vivorum” (I will please (我愿意) the Lord in the land of the living).,Words originated from Latin,placebo Medical sense (a medicine given more to please than to benefit the patient) is first recorded 1785.,W
45、ords originated from Latin,panacea 7pAnE5siE It came into English in 1548 from Latin panacea (an allhealing herb), which originated from Greek panakeia (cureall), from pan (all) and akos (cure).,Words originated from Latin,panacea “hygiene（卫生，卫生学）”一词源于希腊神话健康之神海吉娜（Hygeia）的名字，而海吉娜是医神阿斯克勒庇俄斯（Asclepius）
46、的女儿。而“panacea”源出阿斯克勒庇俄斯另一女儿、被奉为治疗之神的帕娜赛娅（Panacea）的名字。,Words originated from Latin,prognosis It entered English in 1655 from late Latin prognosis, which was made from Greek progignoskein (come to know beforehand) from pro (before) and gignoskein (come to know).,Words originated from Latin,tumor It is
47、 Middle English, originating from Latin tumor (swelling, condition of being swollen).,Words originated from Arabian,Words originated from Arabian,Chemistry alchemy 炼金术 dura mater dura mater cerebri =hard mother of brain pia mater pia mater cerebri = soft mother of brain,Words originated from Arabian
48、,cephalic vein 头静脉：该静脉可以治疗头痛有关？ basilica vein 贵要静脉，放血治疗的重要选择 syrup,Words originated from French,Words originated from French,After the Norman Conquest, the conquerors ruled the country for a long period of time and left a deep influence on the English language. As French language itself is a modifie
49、d form of Latin, many of these borrowed words ultimately come from Greek, since many words form this language had passed into Latin.,Words originated from French,migraine (a severe form of headache, usually unilateral). French: migraine Latin hemicrania Greek hemikrania (pain on one side of the head), from the prefix hemi- (half) and kranion (skull).,Words originated from French,hospital Borrowed in 1242 from Old French hospital (hostel), it originally referred to “shelter for the needy”. Its sense of “institution for sick people” was first recorded 1549. Hospitalize