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1、A LIFE CYCLE APPROACH TO MANAGING ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT (EEE) IN CANADA,Overview,E-waste Generated in Canada Hazardous Properties of E-waste Canadas Approach to Managing E-waste Federal Provincial Canadian Electronics Industry Contributions Observations & Lessons Learned,Land area = 9 mi
2、llion km2 10 provinces, 3 territories Population = 32 million (2006) 85% located in four provinces: Ontario Quebec British Columbia Alberta,Canada is a big country with a relatively small population,but we generate significant quantities of e-waste,Environment Canada baseline studies (2000 - 2003) E
3、-waste disposed = 158,000 tonnes (2002), or 5 kg per capita E-waste recycled = 9,000 tonnes (2002), or 5% of all e-waste Less than 1% of solid waste generated in Canada is e-waste,Manufacture & disposal of e-waste may also have climate change impacts,Manufacture of a single computer consumes:,240 kg
4、 of fossil fuel 22 kg of chemicals 1,500 kg of water United Nations University, Computers & the Environment (2003),Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for computer waste:,Figures consider emissions from processing, tansport & landfilling Canada could save 88,000 tonnes of eCO2 / year by recycling all PCs
5、,& e-waste may contain hazardous & toxic constituents,3,100 tonnes 1 tonne 3 tonnes 4.4 tonnes 418 tonnes 11,300 tonnes 7.9 tonnes,(cathode ray tubes, solder, circuit boards, cables) (fluorescent tubes, switches ) (colour pigments, plastic stabilizers) (phosphorescent coatings, pigments, stabilizers
6、) (metal alloys) (may contain brominated flame retardants & PVCs) (copper alloys, contact springs),766 tonnes 0.4 tonne 235 tonnes 386 tonnes,(small sealed lead acid batteries only) (non-mercuric free zinc air batteries) (nickel cadmium batteries) (nickel cadmium & nickel metal hydride batteries),In
7、 2002, personal computers disposed of in Canada (i.e. 52 kt) contained: Lead: Mercury: Chromium: Cadmium: Nickel: Plastics: Beryllium: In 2004, consumer batteries disposed in Canada (i.e. 11 kt) contained: Lead: Mercury: Cadmium: Nickel:,Managing solid wastes, including EEE, is a shared responsibili
8、ty in Canada,Federal government: Regulates toxic substances & international / inter-provincial hazardous waste movements Transcribes international agreements into national law (e.g. Basel Convention, OECD) Achieved through the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA 1999) Environment Canada is t
9、he regulating authority Provincial & territorial government: Regulates product stewardship & intra-provincial movements Control & license intra-provincial waste generators, carriers & treatment facilities Municipal government: Provinces convey authorities to municipalities Oversee local waste manage
10、ment services (collection, recycling, disposal) May impose local landfill bans Providing direction on recycling & disposal to the general public,Canada is engaged in “front-end” & “back-end” activities of the EEE product life cycle,“Front-end” Activities,“Back-end” Activities,Overview of Environment
11、 Canadas work at the “front-end” of the EEE product life cycle,Green procurement test methods for finished products Risk management measures Baseline studies & other reports on EEE & batteries Chemical Management Plan (announced Dec 2006) Categorize & screen of 23,000 substances in domestic commerce
12、 in batches 200 substances identified for priority action (over 50 may be linked to the EEE sector) Other cooperation mechanisms NA CEC Clean Electronics Pollution Prevention Partnership European Commission Canada Regulatory Cooperation Roadmap International Task Force on Sustainable Products (UK le
13、d working group) part of UNEP Marrakech Process for Sustainable Consumption & Production “product networks” being established to work on selected products including batteries, and TVs,Overview of Environment Canadas work at the “back-end” of the EEE product life cycle,Environmentally sound managemen
14、t Administration, enforcement & compro of federal waste regulations Fostering Extended Producer Responsibility for EEE National Steering Committee on Electronics Recycling (information sharing) Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (principles & product list) National EPR workshops Suppor
15、ting ESM standards development for reuse & recycling (OECD, domestic, internal) Basel Convention Public-Private Partnerships (mobile phones, computers) Risk management measures Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) Mercury-containing products (Compact fluorescent lamps, batteries) Other priority sub
16、stances to be identified by the Chemicals Management Plan process Waste diversion Extending operational life of Departmental PC use before replacement Examination of thin client models Computers for Schools (CfS) management of federal surplus computers,Canada-wide principles encourage consistencies
17、in provincial programs,Canada-wide Principles for Electronic Product Stewardship Issued by Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (June 2004) producer responsibility general taxpayers do not bear program costs minimize product life cycle impacts to human health & environment environmentall
18、y sound & “4Rs” management economically & logistically feasible management (strive for local benefits) free & reasonable access to collection systems education & awareness programs consistent & equitable program design & implementation strive for consistent product collection amongst adjacent jurisd
19、ictions programs to include residential, commercial, historic & orphan products transparency & reporting of program performance (including cost) exports for recycling to facilities with ESM & fair labour practices,British Columbia,Alberta,Saskatchewan,Manitoba,Ontario,Quebec,Nova Scotia,Newbrunswick
20、,Newfoundland & Labrador,Nunavut,Northwest Territories,Yukon,Laws are in place & programs are under development,Laws & programs are in place,Laws are being drafted,& 5 provinces now have laws that designate e-waste for product stewardship,Alberta,1st province to designate e-waste for product steward
21、ship (May 2004) Electronics Designation Regulation Designated Material Recycling & Management Regulation Designated products include: Televisions & monitors Computers, laptops & accessories Printers Collection began in Oct 2004 (items 1 - 3 only) Operated by not-for-profit Alberta Recycling Manageme
22、nt Authority (ARMA) Suppliers must register with & remit product levies to ARMA Product levies typically recouped from consumers (range from $5 - $45 CDN) Levies used to finance registered collection & recycling services $100 / tonne to municipal collectors $50 - $200 / tonne to transporters $700 /
23、tonne to processors No charge to return e-waste at over 220 depots (mainly municipal) Over 15,000 tonnes of e-waste recycled since program inception,Telephones, cell phones & wireless devices Fax machines & scanners Audio-video playback/recording & gaming equipment,Ontario,2nd province to designate
24、e-waste for product stewardship (Dec 2004) Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Regulation Approximately 200 products have been designated, including: Household appliances (49 listed) Information technology equipment (28 listed) Telecommunications equipment (24 listed) Audio-visual equipme
25、nt (22 listed) Waste Diversion Organization (WDO) tasked with program development Minister issued designation letter (Dec 2004) with priority on residential WEEE (items 1 4) Brandowners & first importers/assemblers will assume responsibilities Waste electrical & electronic equipment study completed
26、(Jul 2005) 259,000 tonnes of EEE (items 1 - 4) sold in 2004 Consultation plan developed (Feb 2005) Minister issued final program request letter in June 2007, supporting phased implementation Ontario Electronic Stewardship appointed as the Industry Funding Organization (Oct 2007) Industry stewardship
27、 plan due Feb 2008 Program implementation due 1 year after Minister approves industry stewardship plan,Toys & leisure & sports equipment (11 listed) Electrical & electronic tools (32 listed) Navigational, measuring, monitoring, medical & control instruments (36 listed),Saskatchewan,3rd province to d
28、esignate e-waste for product stewardship (Feb 2006) Waste Electronic Equipment Regulations Designated products include: Televisions & monitors Computers, laptops & accessories Printers Collection began in Feb 2007 First sellers must implement an approved program to manage e-waste Overseen by Saskatc
29、hewan Waste Electronic Equipment Program (SWEEP) Product Care Association manages program logistics (paint experience) Partnered with SARCAN Recycling to collect & recycle e-waste Collection at over 70 SARCAN bottle depots 1 M kg e-waste diverted over an 8 month period Two processing plants dismantl
30、e products into material streams Product levies are consistent with Alberta (i.e. $5 - $45 CDN),British Columbia,4th province to designate e-waste for product stewardship (Feb 2006) Recycling Regulation (as amended) Designated products include: Televisions & monitors Computers, laptops & accessories
31、 Printers Collection began in Aug 2007 Sellers must implement an approved program to manage e-waste Two different not-for-profit organizations oversee industry collective programs Electronics Stewardship of British Columbia (ESABC) focus on recycling Western Canada Computer Industry Association (WCC
32、IA) focus on reuse Encorp Pacific will manage program logistics for ESABC (bottle experience) Collection at bottle & “return-it” depots, institutions & round-up events 70 collection sites across province (Salvation Army has also partnered as a collector) Expect to divert over 10 M kg of e-waste from
33、 final disposal during year 1 of the program Product levies are consistent with Alberta (i.e. $5 - $45 CDN),Nova Scotia,5th province to designate e-waste for product stewardship (Feb 2007) Solid Waste Resource Management Regulations (as amended) Designated products include: Televisions & monitors Co
34、mputers, laptops & accessories Printers Collection will begin by Feb 2008 (items 1 - 3) & Feb 2009 (items 4 - 6) Atlantic Canada Electronics Stewardship (ACES) will oversee electronics stewardship Resource Recovery Fund Board will manage program logistics (paint, tire, bottle experience) Brandowners
35、 must implement an approved program to manage e-waste Retailers must provide program information for consumers at point-of-sale Product levies will be used to cover program costs (not sent to government) 33 drop off sites each serving a 30 km radius & 1 consolidation site to be ready by launch date
36、Aligning programs to create social & economic opportunities for persons with disabilities Product levies will be consistent with Alberta (i.e. $5 - $45 CDN),Telephones, cell phones & wireless devices Fax machines & scanners Audio-video playback/recording equipment,Manitoba will likely be next,Draft
37、regulations mandate e-waste collection (finalization by Jan 2008) Draft Electrical & Electronic Equipment Stewardship Regulations Proposed designated products include: Televisions & monitors Computers, laptops & accessories Printers Collection program is anticipated by 2009 (phased implementation) I
38、ndustry will have 4 months to submit a plan following promulgation 10 recyclers / resellers identified in Manitoba Goal to establish comprehensive, permanent collection infrastructure Will likely follow an approach similar to other western provinces Ongoing discussions with industry 3-month interim
39、round-up for e-waste (summer 2007) Collected designated products from residents (300 tonnes) & schools (250 tonnes) 19 collection points across the province, servicing 6 regions Cost was $550,000 CDN ($1 per kilogram),Telephones, cell phones & PDAs Audio-video equipment (including stereos & cameras)
40、 Microwaves, fax machines & rechargeable batteries,The Canadian electronics industry has been supportive along the way,Industry leaders participate through their respective trade associations Information Technology Association of Canada (ITAC) ElectroFederation Canada (EFC) Electronic Product Stewar
41、dship Canada (ESPC) formed in Mar 2003 Now represents the principal vehicle for industry engagement Members include major manufacturers Led Canadian delegation to Belgium, Netherlands & Sweden (Jun 2003) EPSC National Model for E-waste Stewardship (2003) Recycling Vendor Qualification Standard (2003
42、 & subsequent revisions) EPSC pilot with Industry Canadas Computers for Schools program (2004) Designing for Environment publication (2006),& an EPSC recycling vendor qualification standard is being used by provinces,Observations & lessons learned,Identify the current situation in your country (gath
43、er baseline information) Types & quantities of e-waste generated Final disposition of e-waste generated (e.g. recycled versus disposed) Existing laws applicable to the management of e-waste Existing infrastructure used to recycle e-waste Establish partnerships to help drive the e-waste agenda Releva
44、nt government authorities National industry associations & retailer associations Others as appropriate (e.g. ENGOs, NGOs, academia) Prioritize activities to tackle the e-waste problem Collection for environmentally sound management (ESM) Others? Infrastructure development, knowledge transfer Waste r
45、eduction, green procurement Reduced hazardous substance content s found in e-products for country sale Data security, employment growth,Observations & lessons learned (continued),Consider collection for environmentally sound management (ESM) first Ancillary benefits from EU, US & Asian restrictions
46、on e-waste content Emergence of “dirty & clean” electronic product streams is unlikely Clearly define e-waste & clarify the scope of products for inclusion Televisions & computers are usually addressed first Broaden product scope using a phased-in approach Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) vers
47、us Product Stewardship? EPR is often preferred but manufacturers may not exist in some countries Responsibilities may also be imposed upon first importers & first sellers Product stewardship often entails continued government financial support Voluntary versus mandatory approaches? Large number of p
48、layers involved in the manufacture & sale of e-products Free-riders may emerge & jeopardize the success of voluntary approaches Industry & business leaders often request laws to level the playing field,Observations & lessons learned (continued),EPR programs place an obligation upon producers to desi
49、gn programs Industry often meet EPR responsibilities in a collective fashion Government authorities typically approve programs before implementation Curbing the disposal of e-waste relies on consumer participation Ensure reasonable & convenient access to collection facilities Do not impose fees to drop off e-waste at collection facilities Take-back programs should include a strong communications component Consider the use of incentives to encourage consumers to return e-products Utilize “ESM-compliant” service provider