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1、William Blake,Blake, William (b. Nov. 28, 1757, London-d. Aug. 12, 1827, London) English poet, painter, engraver; one of the earliest and greatest figures of Romanticism. （Artistic and intellectual movement that originated in the late 18th century and stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom fr
2、om classical correctness in art forms, and rebellion against social conventions. ）,Romanticism, attitude or intellectual orientation that characterized many works of literature, painting, music, architecture, criticism, and historiography in Western civilization over a period from the late 18th to t
3、he mid-19th century. Romanticism can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified Classicism in general and late 18th-century Neoclassicism in particular.,It was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and again
4、st 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Romanticism emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental.,Among the characteristic attitudes of Romanticism were the fol
5、lowing: a deepened appreciation of the beauties of nature; a general adoration of emotion over reason and of the senses over intellect; a turning in upon the self and a heightened examination of human personality and its moods and mental potentialities; a preoccupation with the genius, the hero, and
6、 the exceptional figure in general, and a focus on his passions and inner struggles;,a new view of the artist as a supremely individual creator, whose creative spirit is more important than strict adherence to formal rules and traditional procedures; an emphasis upon imagination as a gateway to tran
7、scendent experience and spiritual truth; an compulsive interest in folk culture, national and ethnic cultural origins, and the medieval era; and a predilection for the exotic, the remote, the mysterious, the strange, the occult, the monstrous, the diseased, and even the satanic.,The most famous of B
8、lakes lyrical poems is Auguries of Innocence, with its memorable opening stanza: To see a World in a Grain of Sand And a Heaven in a Wild Flower, Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand And Eternity in an hour.,“I do not behold the outward creation. it is a hindrance and not action.“ Thus William Bla
9、ke-painter, engraver, and poet-explained why his work was filled with religious visions rather than with subjects from everyday life. Few people in his time realized that Blake expressed these visions with a talent that approached genius. He lived in near poverty and died unrecognized. Today, howeve
10、r, Blake is acclaimed one of Englands great figures of art and literature and one of the most inspired and original painters of his time.,Blake was born on Nov. 28, 1757, in London. His father ran a hosiery(针织品） shop. William, the third of five children, went to school only long enough to learn to r
11、ead and write, and then he worked in the shop until he was 14. When he saw the boys talent for drawing, Blakes father apprenticed him to an engraver.,At 25 Blake married Catherine Boucher. He taught her to read and write and to help him in his work. They had no children. They worked together to prod
12、uce an edition of Blakes poems and drawings, called Songs of Innocence. Blake engraved both words and pictures on copper printing plates. Catherine made the printing impressions, hand-colored the pictures, and bound the books. The books sold slowly, for a few shillings each. Today a single copy is w
13、orth many thousands of dollars.,Blakes fame as an artist and engraver rests largely on a set of 21 copperplate etchings（铜版画） to illustrate the Book of Job in the Old Testament. However, he did much work for which other artists and engravers got the credit. Blake was a poor businessman, and he prefer
14、red to work on subjects of his own choice rather than on those that publishers assigned him.,A follower of Emanuel Swedenborg, who offered a gentle and mystic interpretation of Christianity, Blake wrote poetry that largely reflects Swedenborgian views. Songs of Innocence (1789) shows life as it seem
15、s to innocent children. Songs of Experience (1794) tells of a mature persons realization of pain and terror in the universe. This book contains his famous Tiger! Tiger! Burning Bright. Milton (1804-08) and Jerusalem (1804-20) are longer and more obscure works. Blake died on Aug. 12, 1827.,London pub
16、lished in Songs of Experience in 1794.,As with most of Blakes poetry, there are several not critical interpretations of London. The most common interpretation holds that London is primarily a social protest（抗议）. It primarily is Blakes response to the tradition of Biblical prophecy.,London,I wandered
17、 through each chartered street, Near where the chartered Thames does flow, A mark in every face I meet, Marks of weakness, marks of woe(悲哀）. In every cry of every man, In every infants cry of fear, In every voice, in every ban（诅咒）, The mind-forged manacles(枷锁、束缚） I hear:,How the chimney-sweepers cry
18、 Every blackening church appals（惊骇）, And the hapless（不幸的） soldiers sigh Runs in blood down palace-walls. But most, through midnight streets I hear How the youthful harlots curse Blasts the new-born infants tear, And blights（枯萎、打击） with plagues the marriage-hearse.,The use of the word Chartered is am
19、biguous. It may express the political and economic control that Blake considered London to be enduring at the time of his writing. Blakes friend Thomas Paine had criticized the granting of Royal Charters（宪章） to control trade as a form of class oppression. However, chartered could also mean freighted
20、（货运）, and may refer to the busy or overburdened streets and river, or to the licenced trade carried on within them.,In Thompsons view, Blake was an unorthodox（异教） Christian of the rebellious tradition, who felt that the state was abandoning those in need. He was heavily influenced by mystical groups
21、. The poem reflects Blakes extreme disillusionment with the suffering he saw in London.,The reference to a harlot blighting the marriage hearse with plague is usually understood to refer to the spread of venereal disease（性病） in the city, passed via a prostitute by a man to his bride, so that marriag
22、e can become a sentence of death.,The poem was published during the upheavals（剧变） of the French Revolution, and the city of London was suffering political and social unrest, due to the marked social and working inequalities of the time. An understandably nervous government had responded by introduci
23、ng restrictions on the freedom of speech and the mobilization（运用） of foreign mercenaries（唯利是图者）.,The City of London was a town that was shackled（受控于） to landlords and owners that controlled and demeaned(贬低） the majority of the lower and middle classes. Within the poem that bears the citys name, Blak
24、e describes 18th century London as a conurbation（大都市） filled with people who understood, with depressing wisdom, both the hopelessness and misery of their situation.,THE TYGER,Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry? In wha
25、t distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare sieze the fire?,And what shoulder, & what art. Could twist the sinews of thy heart? And when thy heart began to beat, What dread hand? & what dread feet? What the hammer? what the chain? In what f
26、urnace was thy brain? What the anvil? what dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp?,When the stars threw down their spears, And watered heaven with their tears, Did he smile his work to see? Did he who made the Lamb make thee? Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal
27、 hand or eye Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?,老虎 老虎！老虎！黑夜的森林中 燃烧着的煌煌的火光， 是怎样的神手或天眼 造出了你这样的威武堂堂？ 你炯炯的两眼中的火 燃烧在多远的天空或深渊？ 他乘着怎样的翅膀搏击？ 用怎样的手夺来火焰？,又是怎样的膂力，怎样的技巧， 把你的心脏的筋肉捏成？ 当你的心脏开始搏动时， 使用怎样猛的手腕和脚胫？ 是怎样的槌？怎样的链子？ 在怎样的熔炉中炼成你的脑筋？ 是怎样的铁砧？怎样的铁臂 敢于捉着这可怖的凶神？,群星投下了他们的投枪。 用它们的眼泪润湿了穹苍， 他是否微笑着欣赏他的作品？ 他创造了你，也创造了羔羊？
28、老虎！老虎！黑夜的森林中 燃烧着的煌煌的火光， 是怎样的神手或天眼 造出了你这样的威武堂堂？ （郭沫若译）,The contrast with “The Lamb“ is obvious. (“Little Lamb, who made thee? Dost thou know who made thee?“ The answer is God, who became incarnate as Jesus the Lamb.) “The Tyger“ asks, “Did he who made the Lamb make thee?“ And the answer is, “Yes, God
29、 made the Tyger too.“,To understand “The Tyger“ fully, we need to know Blakes symbols. One of the central themes in his major works is that of the Creator as a blacksmith. This is both God the Creator (personified in Blakes myth as Los) and Blake himself (again with Los as his alter-ego.) Blake iden
30、tified Gods creative process with the work of an artist. And it is art that brings creation to its fulfillment - by showing the world as it is, by sharpening perception, by giving form to ideas.,Blakes story of creation differs from the Genesis（起源） account. The familiar world was created only after
31、a cosmic catastrophe. When the life of the spirit was reduced to a sea of atoms, the Creator set a limit below which it could not deteriorate farther, and began creating the world of nature. The longer books that Blake wrote describe Loss creation of animals and people within the world of nature. On
32、e particularly powerful passage in “Milton“ describes Loss family weaving the bodies of each unborn child.,Blake considered our own world to be a fine and wonderful place, but one that would ultimately give way to a restored universe. Blake believed that his own visions, which included end-of-the- w
33、orld images and sometimes a sense of cosmic oneness, prefigured this, and that his art would help raise others “to the perception of the infinite.“,For Blake, the purpose of creation is as a place for our own growth, in preparation for the beginning of our real lives. Although the natural world cont
34、ains much that is gentle and innocent, those who are experienced with life know that there is also much that is terrible and frightening. (The “fearful symmetry“ might be that of the lamb and the tyger, innocence and experience.),summary,The poem begins with the speaker asking a fearsome tiger what
35、kind of divine being could have created it: “What immortal hand or eye/ Could frame they fearful symmetry?“ Each subsequent stanza contains further questions, all of which refine this first one. From what part of the cosmos could the tigers fiery eyes have come, and who would have dared to handle th
36、at fire? What sort of physical presence, and what kind of dark craftsmanship, would have been required to “twist the sinews“ of the tigers heart?,The speaker wonders how, once that horrible heart “began to beat,” its creator would have had the courage to continue the job. Comparing the creator to a
37、blacksmith, he ponders about the anvil and the furnace that the project would have required and the smith who could have wielded（挥动） them. And when the job was done, the speaker wonders, how would the creator have felt? “Did he smile his work to see?“ Could this possibly be the same being who made t
38、he lamb?,The poem is comprised of six quatrains（四行诗） in rhymed couplets. The meter is regular and rhythmic, its hammering beat suggestive of the smithy that is the poems central image. The simplicity and neat proportions of the poems form perfectly suit its regular structure, in which a string of qu
39、estions all contribute to the articulation of a single, central idea.,Themes,Gnosticism（诺斯替教。初期基督教的一派，尊重某种灵的直觉） In both form and subject the poem closely follows his earlier work “The Lamb” that was part of his Songs of Innocence collection. He references this work in the fifth stanza with the quest
40、ion “Did He who made the lamb make thee?”. The poem is an exploration of Gnostic thought, which interested Blake very much. This is heavily inspired by the works of John Milton, of whom Blake sometimes considered himself a successor.,The lines “On what wings dare he aspire?/What the hand dare seize
41、the fire?” can be seen as a reference to the story of Prometheus or that of Paradise Lost and furthers the speculation that Lucifer(撒旦） may have played a role in creating the universe. The lines from the fifth stanza “When the stars threw down their spears/ And watered heaven with their tears” are a
42、lso often considered to be a reference to Paradise Lost. Critical attention has often been drawn to “the arrival of a Great Fiery meteor(流星）“ over London in the summer of 1783, interpreted by Blake as a Gnostic symbol of divine presence.,“The Tyger“ was published as a part of Songs of Experience and
43、 the poem can also be seen as dealing with the growing knowledge of the world as one ages. While “The Lamb“ is grounded in the pastoral settings of Blakes youth, “The Tyger“ is set in the industrialized modernity. The poem reflects a knowledge that evil exists in the world and that benevolence can s
44、ometimes appear invisible.,The Tyger“ may also be read as introspection by the mature artist. Blake looks in wonder that the author might be so bold as to set out to create a powerful poem and to compare his own work to Gods creative process. By describing the challenge he faces, Blake acknowledges
45、both his pride in his craft and the fundamental mystery of composition, how does the artist create? The poem both wonders at the creation of the powerful and dangerous animal and stands astonished at the risks taken by the artist attempting this expression.,His question “did he who made the Lamb mak
46、e thee?“ recalls that the same person who penned the simple, humble hymn “The Lamb“ was also the creator of “The Tyger“ and highlights the difference between the innocent youth and experienced maturity of the poet.,Works and style,1 (1) The songs of Innocence is a lovely volume poems, presenting a h
47、appy and innocent world, though not without its evil and sufferings. (2) The songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repress with melancholy tone,(1) The two books hold the similar subject-matter, but the tone, emphasis and conclusion differs. 2 Bla
48、kes Marriage of Heaven and Hell(1790) marks his entry into maturity. The Poem was composed during the change of French Revolution and it plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary Prophecy. In this Poem, Blake explain the relationship of the contraries.,“without contraries, there is
49、no progression. The marriage to Blake means the reconciliation of the contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other. 3 Blake writes his poem in plain and direct language ,his poem often carries the lyric beauty with immense compressing of meaning. He distrusts the abstractness and tend to embody his views with visual images, symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.,Key words,William Blake The theme of London , and Tyger Romanism,羔羊,小羊羔谁创造了你 你可知道谁创造了你 给你生命