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1、The Athletic Knee,Shannon M. Wolfe,The Problem,Young active patients with articular cartilage defects! Which defects progress to OA ? Which defects are symptomatic ? How do we most effectively treat these defects?,The Biology,Physiologic role of articular cartilage Minimize stresses on the subchondr
2、al bone Reduces friction on the weight bearing surface Critical in proper joint function,Goals of Treatment,Restore integrity of load bearing surface Obtain full range of motion Obtain pain free motion Inhibit further degeneration,Treatment Considerations,Age of the patient Defect size Knee stabilit
3、y Knee alignment Level of activity,Partial Thickness Defects,Articular cartilage lacks the capacity to repair structural damage Progresses when exposed to mechanical wear,Full Thickness Defects,Do not heal with hyaline cartilage Healing by subchondral stimulation leads to the formation of fibrocarti
4、lage Lacks physiological role of hyaline cartilage Poor wear characteristics Progress to osteoarthritis,Non-Surgical Options,Activity modification (decrease load) Muscle strengthening (load absorption) Bracing (selective joint unloading) Aspiration (decrease painful joint distention),Non-Surgical Op
5、tions,Pharmacological Oral Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication Chondrotin sulfate Glucosamine Injectable Corticosteroids - decrease the inflammatory response but have no mechanical benefit Synvisc - may improve the status of the articular surface by improving chondrocyte “health”,Surgical Opt
6、ions,Arthroscopic lavage - remove debris Arthroscopic shaving - smooth surface Drilling or microfracture - create fibrocartilage scar Osteotomy - realignment to unload diseased compartment Osteochondral autograft - replace a damaged surface Autologous chondrocyte transplant - replace injured cartila
7、ge Allograft osteochondral transplantation,Arthroscopic Lavage,Remove debris and inflammation mediators Temporary relief Not a definitive procedure - not curative Not normally sufficient for athletic or active patients,Arthroscopic Debridement,Lavage and chondroplasty No sub-chondral stimulation May
8、 lead to improvement for up to 5 yrs. 10-20% may become worse Debridement does nothing to promote repair Malaligned or unstable knees do poorly,Thermal Chondroplasty,New procedure Requires bi-polar or ultrasonic device “Seal” the articular surface with heat Keplan L,M.D. reported no injury to the ch
9、ondrocytes of the involved or peripheral cartilage. “Radio-frequency energy appears to be safe for use on articular surface.” Arthroscopy, Jan-Feb. 2000, pp 2-5.,Abrasion Arthroplasty,Debridement and stimulation of subchondral bone 1 - 1.5mm deep results in fibrocartilage repair intracortical rather
10、 than cancellous,Results : Abrasion Arthroplasty,Johnson 399 patients 66% with continued pain 99% with activity restriction,Results : Abrasion Arthroplasty,Unpredictable May not be better than debridement alone Rand noted 50% of patients who had an abrasion underwent TKR within 3 yrs.,Drilling or Mi
11、crofracture,Debride lose cartilage Subchondral bone penetration drill or pick, 3/cm squared Results in fibrocartilage repair Lacks durability Lacks the mechanical properties of hyaline cartilage,Drilling Results,Joseph Tippet,M.D. 62 month follow up 71% Excellent 15% Good 14% Fair / Poor,Results :,R
12、ichard Steadman, M.D. reported improvement in 364 of 485 patients (75%) at 7 years post-op 90 - 100% of the defects were healed at 4 wks. with 30% hyaline cartilage 12 mos. 42% hyaline cartilage Myron Spector, M.D. demonstrated complete filling of the lesions at 3 months in an animal model,Microfrac
13、ture Results :,Unpublished 75% improvement 50% returned to sports Steadman / Hawkins,Osteochondral Grafting,Autologous plugs of bone with hyaline cartilage cap Best done for small lesions ( 2cm.) New technique Limited data at follow-up,Osteochondral Autografting,Indications Full thickness (grade IV)
14、 lesions in the weight bearing surface of the femoral condyles Well circumscribed lesion - sharp transition zone 2 cm diameter lesion Young patient ( 45 yrs.) Normal alignment and stability,Osteochondral Autografting Contraindications,Axial malalignment (varus / valgus) Arthritis : poor transition z
15、one and or bicondylar lesions Age : patients 55 - 60 poor results despite other inclusion criteria,Osteochondral Autografting Contraindications,Lesions 2cm. (rare) Osteochondritis dessicans Large OCD usually exceed donor area limitations & large bony defects w/ no subchondral reference points,Osteoc
16、hondral Autografting,Advantages Potential for physiologic hyaline cartilage Single stage procedure Can be done all arthroscopically,Osteochondral Autografting,Disadvantages / Concerns Damage to the subchondral plate Creates bleeding and fibrocartilage Donor site morbidity Incongruence of the plugs /
17、 articular surface,Donor Site Morbidity : Osteochondral Autografts,Morgan, Carter & Bobic 104 cases - no donor morbidity,Osteochondral Autograft Biopsy Proven Survival : Hyaline Cartilage, Tidemark & Bone,Wilson 10 years Outerbridge 9 years Hangody 5 years Bobic 3 years Morgan 1 year,Osteochondral A
18、utografting : Results,Bobic 12 Cases Lesion 1 - 2.2cm. 10/12 excellent results at 2 yrs.,Osteochondral Autografting : Results,Morgan & Carter 52 Cases IKDC evaluation Pain 65% improved 2 grades 31% improved 1 grade 4% no change (failure),LIMITATIONS OF OATS,Potential for DJD at donor site is real No
19、 clinical support for repair of single or multiple plugs Prophylactic surgery Difficult to justify the procedure,ALL TEN SITES OF OSTEOCHONDRAL HARVEST,Articulated and demonstrated significant contact pressure Rim stress concentration may lead to DJD Osteochondral donor sites do not heal normally,Th
20、ere is No Free Lunch!,Osteochondral Autograft,Post-op Early motion Immediate active, active assisted, and passive ROM NWB x 2 weeks Thigh muscle strengthening & stretching 3 months Avoidance of sports & running for 3 months,RECOVERY FROM OATS,Allow 6 weeks for plug to heal Desk job RTW 1-2 weeks Lab
21、orer RTW 3-4 months,Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation,First procedure : biopsy Arthroscopic chondrocyte harvest from upper medial femoral condyle Cultivation of cells 14-21 days Second procedure : implantation Arthrotomy & debridement of lesion Defect covered with periosteal flap Cultured chondroc
22、ytes injected into defect,First Surgery-Arthroscopy,Second Surgery-Arthrotomy,Inject $10,000 worth of cells!,Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation : Indications,Age 15-55 Defect location femoral condyle Defect size 1-10cm. Defect type Grade IV Ligament stability Biomechanical alignment,Autologous Chon
23、drocyte Implantation,Contraindications Kissing lesions Inflammitory arthritis Total meniscectomy Over 50 (psychologic) Unstable knee Generalized degenerative disease Unhealed lesion through subchondral bone,Dedifferentiation / Redifferentiation,Method of Restoration,Autologous Chondrocyte Implantati
24、on: Advantages,Less donor site morbidity Larger and multiple defects can be addressed Good results with longer follow-up No violation of hosts subchondral plate FDA approved,Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation : Disadvantages,Requires 2 procedures Not arthroscopic Expensive No long term results,Auto
25、logous Chondrocyte Implantation,Post-op CPM Active ROM Toe touch weight bearing for 6 weeks week 7-12 closed chair exercises Jogging at 6 months Sports at 1 year,Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation US Clinical Experience,121 patients 6 month follow-up 42 patients 12 month follow-up 85% improved over
26、all condition 80% improved pain scores at 12 months,Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation Swedish Results NESM 1994,23 patients 14-48 Defects 1.6 - 6.5cm 14/16 Good excellent results with 2 year follow-up Biopsy has appearance of hyaline cartilage,Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation Swedish Results 19
27、97,100 patients 2-9 year follow-up 90% improvement with femoral condyle lesions 74% with femoral condyle and ACL reconstruction 58% for trochlear lesions 75% for multiple defects,LIMITATIONS OF ACI,Little proof that $10,000 worth of cells do anything Cartilage that regrows is not normal Ideal patien
28、t is rare Young, isolated lesion, no meniscal tear or instability Difficult to justify procedure,Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation,Joint resurfacing with fresh or fresh frozen cadeveric tissue,Allograft Procedure,Open procedure Expose the degenerative lesion Remove the defective articular cart
29、ilage and a “thin” bony base Utilize allograft tissue to replace and restore the articular surface,Allograft Advantages,Replaces articular hyaline cartilage with hyaline cartilage Single procedure,Allograft Disadvantages,Cost Risk of disease transmission from fresh allograft tissue,Allograft Results
30、,What to do?,Treatment Recommendations,Low demand patients Small focal lesion (2cm) Arthroscopic chondroplasty 50% relief up to 5 years Autograft Osteochondral or chondrocyte if failed chondroplasty,Treatment Recommendations,High demand patient Small focal lesion (2cm) Debridement plus drilling / fx
31、 75% success with all 50% success with sports Osteochondral grafting or chondrocyte transplant if failure,Treatment Recommendations,Low demand patient Large lesion (2cm) Debridement or microfracture with chondrocyte harvest If persistent pain - osteochondral or chondrocyte transplant,Treatment Recom
32、mendations,High demand patients Large lesion (2cm.) Chondrocyte transplant 1st line treatment yields 90% success,Long History No Acute Symptoms Varus Knee Marked DJD,Arthroscopic Results Unpredictable Little Improvement,Conclusions,Articular cartilage does not repair itself Numerous treatments with
33、varying results Most treatments fail in the long term due to articular cartilages inability to produce hyaline cartilage,Conclusions,Osteochondral auto grafts and chondrocyte transplants show promising results Osteochondral auto grafts allow transplantation of bone capped with hyaline cartilage Auto
34、logous chondrocyte implantation allows near normal hyaline cartilage growth into defects,Meniscal Allograft Indications,Patient age - young - 20-40 Previous meniscectomy Painful compartment Minimal Arthritic Changes Correct alignment Stable knee,Sterilization,Viral contamination risk 1:1.6 million t
35、o 1:1.2 billion Radiation 2.5 mrads destroys collagen 2.5 mrads does not kill viruses Sterile harvest and storage with donor screening,Meniscal Allograft Technique,Bone anchors for anterior and posterior horns Plugs for medial meniscus Slot for lateral meniscus Increases the difficulty,Meniscal Allo
36、graft Technique,Open Easier Arthroscopic Less morbidity More technically demanding Collateral ligament release if necessary Increases exposure & facilitates graft passage under condyles,Allograft Meniscal Transplant,Postoperative protocol Not completely elucidated Reflect meniscal repair protocols M
37、ost incorporate early full ROM Restricted weight bearing (6 weeks) CPM early in post operative course,Allograft Meniscal Transplant: Results,5 year follow-up - cryolife 37 grafts Medial (27) 20 (74%) intact 4 (15%) partial meniscectomy 2 (7%) Total meniscectomy 1 (4%) non-removal failure,Allograft Meniscal Transplant : Results,Goble - 69 allografts 40 patients 2 yr. follow-up 11 (16%) failures 70% of patients had subjective improvements with pain,Cryo-Life 5 Year Results,Lateral (10) 5 (5%) intact 4 (40%) partial meniscectomy 1 (10%) total meniscectomy,