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1、专项讲座,CET4/6之完型填空,咋 就 那 么 难？,放弃 V.S 坚持,历年四级完形填空答案的分配情况,1. 完形填空的心理学依据,完型填空最初叫做完形程序(cloze procedure)，是由W. L. Taylor在1953 年发明的。其理论依据是格式塔心理学(Gestalt Psychology)。Gestalt是德语词， 意为“完形”，“经验的整体”。 格式塔心理学家认为，人们观察物体形状时，会下意识地把形状中的空缺填补上去。Taylor认为，人的阅读过程也是完形的。把一个句子或一篇短文去掉几个词，就好像有空缺的图形一样， 人们会“无意识地”把它们填补上去，使之成为完整的句子或文
2、章。,例1. 请 看 下 图,大家看到这个图形的时候，都会作出同样的回答，那就是：缺了一个角的立方体。这就是格式塔心理学的具体例证。 思考一下，我们是怎么想到这一点的，是不是死盯住空缺的地方看，一看半天呢？并非如此，我们都是通过观察整体，然后才得出刚才结论的。,例 2,卡夫卡在去世的前一年，和他的情人住在维也纳。有一天他在路上散步，看到一位小女孩丢了_，正哭得伤心。卡夫卡安慰小女孩，说玩偶并不是丢了，而是厌倦了一成不变的生活，出去旅行了。 选项：A. 玩具 B. 狗狗 C. 宝贝 D. 玩偶,相信大家也找到了正确的答案，那就是：玩偶。其实这是一道标准的完形填空题。回忆一下，这道题是如何来解决的
3、。 首先读到空格处的时候，我们并不知道小女孩丢了什么东西，从空格之前的文字中看不出任何线索，于是我们继续往后读，把整句话读完。在看到“玩偶并不是丢了”的时候，恍然大悟，发现这个句子与空格处体现了惊人的一致性，于是做答。,在解决完形填空题时，该方法称之为“复现结构”，其原理与上面提到的观察图形的方式一致。 只研究空格本身对于解题毫无意义，关键是看清楚整体，在整体（超过句子）中寻找空格的提示线索。,细读文章首句，推测主题结构,Three girls went walking in the woods. They were enjoying themselves so much that they
4、forgot the time and stayed too long. A dragon kidnapped them. As they were be dragging off. They cried for help. Three heroes heard the cries and set off their horses to rescue the girls.,One possible result: The heroes came and fought with the dragon and rescued the girls. Then the heroes returned
5、the daughters to their places. Maybe, you can guess that the three girls married the three men respectively. 如果我们对文章非常熟悉，那么文章内容与你头脑中的图式相结合，你解题将会势如破竹，一发不可收拾。,例3. 07年12月 CET-4,When our friends are happy and “up”, that tends to influence us positively, 74 (but) when they are “down”, that can have a 75
6、impact on us. 75. A)relative B)decisive C)negative D)sensitive,正确答案为C)negative，相信大家已经看明白了，本题单纯研究四个选项是不会有结果的，真正的提示线索在前文中出现过的positively，两句话说法基本一致，但是方向相反，这也是一种复现结构。,例4. CET-4 09年6月,72 (While) mini-cars and luxury foreign brands are still popular, everything in between is 73. Last years sales fell 6.7 p
7、ercent, 7.6 percent 74 (if) you dont count the mini-car market . 73. A) surging B) stretching C) slipping D) shaking,通过上面的原理，相信大家应该发现，做完形填空并不是单纯的研究单词和语法，更重要的一点是看清整体，利用整体来解决部分，这就是完形填空题的心理学依据。,测试点剖析,解 题 原 理,1) 研究句子构成 2) 研究连词提示 3) 运用整体解决部分的思想,1) 研 究 句 子 构 成,英语是非常强调结构的语言，所以要想做好完形填空，首先要求大家对句子的基本构成有清晰的认识。
8、,请 看 下 图,这是一个英语句子最基本的构成形式，括号中的内容表示名词的修饰成分，是可有可无的。上面的介表示介词，意味着它可能出现在动词之后，与动词构成搭配关系。下面的副表示副词，横线表示它可能出现在句子的任何位置上，主要修饰动词。,不管完形填空的题目如何设计，绝大多数都离不开这种基本形式，就算句子会写成各种不同的句式、语序，但词与词之间相互修饰、限定的关系是不会改变的。,CET-4 【07年12月】,Moods should be 69 from emotions which are usually more intense, 70 to specific circumstances, a
9、nd often conscious. 69. A)derived B)descended C)divided D)distinguished 70. A)related B)referred C)attached D)associated,例 题 解 析,69题Key: D。动词介词搭配题，解题的依据之一是与from构成搭配，依据之二是后文的提示，后文中出现了more，更加如何，说明emotion与前面提到的mood是不同的。【derive (源自、来源)，descend(下降)，divide (分割)】 70题Key:A。 动词介词搭配题，本题看搭配关系，与to构成搭配，由本句意思，与环境
10、相关。,两道题同考动词，根据上面的图可以发现，解决动词题时应该依据与它相关的词，前看名词，后看介词和名词，来做出判断。,CET 4 07年6月,.Officials say. “They are 79 of free fresh fruit. They want to get back to their herds and start 80 again.“ 79. A) seeking B) dreaming C) longing D) searching 80. A) producing B) cultivating C) farming D) nourishing 分析 79. B 所填词
11、汇必须能和其后的介词of搭配，四个备选词中只有dream可以与of搭配，意思为“梦想、期待”。,CET-4 【07年12月22日】,Mood may be defined 67 a temporary and mild positive or negative feeling that is generalized and not tied 68 any particular circumstance. 67. A)as B)about C)by D)with 68. A)over B)under C)to D)up,例 题 解 析,67题，动词介词搭配题，be defined as构成本题答
12、案，是“被定义为”。其它选项不符合搭配关系。正确选项为A。 68题，动词介词搭配题，考察tie的搭配，正确选项为C，tie to本意为“绑到上”，引申为“与有关系”。,此二题均考察介词，依据上图与介词相关联的是前面的动词和后面的名词，那本句中的67题看到be defined找到提示，68题看到tied，找到提示，于是得解。,2) 研究连词提示,在完形填空题中一定少不了连词的使用，而连词在使用时往往都具有了很明显的提示作用。and表示的前后单词表达同一方面的内容但意思大多不同，而or表示的则是前后单词的意思基本上完全一致。,CET-4 07年12月,For example, the rhythm
13、, pitch, and 83 of music has been shown to influence behavior such as the 84 of time spent in supermarkets or 85 to purchase products. 83.A) step B) speed C) band D) volume 理解题。本题根据连词提示，and前后连接并列成分，前面是节奏和音调，正确选项为D，音量。,CET4 【06年12月】,Language is a means of communication, 68 it is much more than that.
14、68. A)so B) but C) or D) for 分析逻辑关系题。根据much more than 可知空格前后构成转折，选择but。此句意为“语言是一种交流的工具，但远不止于此。” so是因果关系词；or 表选择关系；for表原因。,CET-6 08年12月,Individuals and businesses have legal protection for intellectual property they create and own. Intellectual proper 62 from creative thinking and may include product
15、s, 63 processes, and ideas. 62. A) retrieves B) deviates C) results D) departs 63. A) services B) reservers C) assumptions D) motions 63. KEY: A,CET-6 08年12月,A copyright protects the creator of an _71_ artisitic or intellectual work, such as a song or a novel. 71 A) absolute B) alternative C) origin
16、al D) orthodox KEY: C,在做完形填空时，要把文章中出现的每一个连词都作上标记，因为每一处连词都能提示出很多的内容。 though在使用时，主句与从句一定是相反的含义； if在使用时，从句为条件，一定是主句的前提； but在使用时，前后两个分句含义相反等。 出现连词，就意味着题目的难度大大降低了。,我们要明确并要牢记完型填空题和词汇结构题的不同之处在于完型填空考查的不仅是词汇、搭配、语法等独立的知识，还包括它们在不同语境下构成的相应的意义。换句话说，我们在做完型填空题时必须要熟悉上下文的逻辑关系和意义。 所谓的逻辑关系不外乎因果、列举、递进、比较、对比、转折、强调、条件等。现
17、将能体现文章逻辑关系的常用短语总结如下：,因果：as a result、consequently、thus、therefore、for this reason、for that reason、because of 、on account of、so that 、due to 、owing to 列举：for instance、for example、that is 、namely、specifically、on example is 、such as 递进：not only but also、as well as 、moreover、besides、and 、neithernor 、botha
18、nd 比较：compare with、compare to、like、in the same way、similarly、unlike、as well as 、by contrast,对比：although、while、but 、but at the same time、despite、even so、even though、however、in contrast、in spite of、nevertheless、on the contrary、on the other hand、regardless、still、 though、yet 转折：but、however、on the other
19、hand、nevertheless、whereas、while、yet、still、although、even though、in spite of 强调：indeed、certainly、above all、in addition、in fact、after all 、especially、in particular、truly、it is true、of course 条件：if、in case、suppose、provided that、as long as,时间：after that、from now on、next、from then on、first、secondly、finall
20、y、former、previous、meantime、 since、since then、after a while、soon、as soon as 、before、immediately、in the past、lately、now、shortly、so far、then 、until、when 空间：over、 above、inside、outside、beside、across、between、before、below、close to、in front of、in the center of、nearby、on top of、on the other side、opposite to、
21、to the east、to the left 顺序：again、also 、and、 and then、besides、equally important、finally、first、further、 furthermore、in addition、in the first place、last、moreover、next、second、still、too 总结：in short、in a word、to sum up、in conclusion、in other words、in summary、on the whole,3) 运用整体解决部分的思想,做完形填空要以整句为单位，不要只研究空
22、格本身，而且建议大家整句读完后，从后向前去解题，这样难度会小一些。另外整体解决部分的思想还要求我们在解决段首句的问题时，不要急于下手，如果线索明确，则攻之；线索不明确的时候千万不要乱选，建议此时将整个段落作为一个整体，读完整段再做题。,CET-4 07年12月,Moods appear to be 82 influenced by marketing techniques. For example, the rhythm, pitch, and 83 of music has been shown to influence behavior such as the 84 of time spe
23、nt in supermarkets or 85 to purchase products. In addition, advertising can influence consumers moods which, in 86, are capable of influencing consumer reactions to products. 82. A)readily B)rarely C)cautiously D)currently,解 析,整段做完，82题信息充分。全段的中心是说营销技术，下文举例说明营销技术是如何作用于消费者的，而且效果还非常明显。正确选项为A，轻易地。 rarel
24、y (几乎不)； cautiously (谨慎小心地，同根词caution)； currently(当下，时下)。,如果此题在未读完段落之前就做，相信大家一定是乱选，因为凭段落首句一句话，大家是没有任何依据在做题，这样的结果只是错。记住，段落首句往往都是段落的中心，那就意味着段落中的内容要支持这个中心，也就是说段落首句讲什么，段落内容就应该讲什么，反之亦然。,完型填空题的考察内容,词汇 第一、 词义辨析 （词） （单词的掌握，基本义） 例1 That “something special” was men creative individuals who could invent machin
25、es, find new 75 of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society. A) origins (由来,出身) B) sources C) bases D) discoveries,第二、 形近词辨异 例1 Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper, she 75 everyone that the pilot had fainted and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines o
26、r at least how to drive a car. A) inquired B) insured C) informed D) instructed 例2 Following 88 , the man guided the plane toward the airfield. A) impression B) information C) inspections D) instructions 例3 Never ask a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and never discuss likes and dislikes in
27、 front of him or allow 66 else to do so. A everybody B anybody C somebody D nobody,例4 A. encourages(鼓励) B. enables（使能够） C. enforces（强制） D. ensures（确保） 例5 A. attraction(吸引力) B. attention（注意力） C. affection（爱情，亲密） D. motion（动作） 例6 (兼考搭配关系) A. interfered（in干涉） B. interrupted （打断，中断） C. discouraged （from
28、不鼓励做） D. disturbed（打扰，干扰） 例7 A. desired(渴望，想得到) B. revised（修订，修正） C. required（需要，要求） D. deserved （值得，应得）,第三、 词语搭配,例1 The man had to circle the airport several times in order to become 85 with the controls of the plane. A) intimate B) familiar C) understood D) close 例2 Did you ever have someones name
29、 on the tip of your tongue and yet you were unable to recall it? When this happens again, do not try to recall it. Do something 73 for a couple of minutes and the name may come into your head. A）simple B) apart C) else D) similar 例3 A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and l
30、abor supply, all these were important factors in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. But they were not enough. Something 73 was needed to start the industrial process. A) else B) near C) extra D) similar,例4 Take it _69_ granted that he likes everything and he probably
31、 will A. with B. as C. over D. for 例5 But these various means of communication differ in important ways _68_ human language. A. about B. with C. from D. in 例6 the great tit(山雀) is a case _77_point. A. in B. at C. of D. for,语法：（句）,第一、 指代关系 例1 The foreign research scholar usually isolates 76 in the la
32、boratory as a means of protection; However, what he needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system quite different from 79 at home. 76. A) himself B) oneself C) him D) one 79. A) those B) which C) what D) that 例 2 No two speakers speak in exactly the same way. We can always hear dif
33、ferences 74 them, 74. A) between B) among C) of D) from,例 3 We can change an utterance by replacing one word in it with _73_. A. ours B. theirs C. another D. others 例4 They also suggest that our readers do not call for friends only among those who are most like them, but find many_78_ differ in race
34、. 78. A. people B. who C. what D. friends,第二、 虚拟语气 例1 Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works; They expect students, particularly graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference sources in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but 84 that th
35、eir students should not be too dependent on them. 84. A) hate B) dislike C) like D) prefer 例 2 A geographer might be described as one who observes, records, and explains the differences between places. If places 87 alike, there would be little need for geographers. 87. A) being B) are C) be D) were
36、例 3but _63_ you were to move the skin you would not tell anything about the race to which the individual belonged. A. since B. if C. as D. while,第三、 倒装 常见的倒装结构可以分为四大类：,1、 否定倒装。指否定副词或否定的副词性结构（hardly, seldom, scarcely, never, little, nowhere, not once ，under no circumstances, in no way， no sooner than
37、）用于句首时所导致的倒装。 如：Vitamins do not provide energy, _42_ do they construct or build any part of the body. A. either B. so C. nor D. never,2、 虚拟倒装。指在IF引导的虚拟条件句中，将IF省略，把should, had, were提至主语前，形成倒装。 e.g. Were I you, Ill never promise to do that. 3、 强调倒装。为突出强调某一成分而将它提至句首时，实行倒装：句子结构要求倒装：如： a. so 倒装句 b. 以某些表示
38、肯定的副词开头作状语：only, often， then, so c. 以某些表示否定的副词开头作状语；little, hardly, seldom, scarcely, never, nowhere, not once d. 某些表示否定的副词短语开头作状语: under no circumstances, in no way, no sooner than, hardly/scarcely/barelywhen/before 4、 省略倒装。涉及词语包括so, neither, nor 例 _70_ does size have anything to do with intelligen
39、ce. A. Only B. Or C. Nor D. So,第四、从句和强调句型,例 1 The word geography comes from two Greek words, ge, the Greek word for “earth” and graphing, 75 means “to write”. A) what B) that C) which D) it 例 2 but a bird has a single alarm cry, _75_ means “danger!” A. this B. that C. which D. it 例 3 These secondary
40、 routes may go up steep slopes, along high cliffs, or down frightening hillsides to towns lying in deep valleys. Through these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go to places 88 the air is clean and the scenery (风景) is beautiful, A) there B) when C) which D) where,第三、 语篇考查 （篇）,例 1
41、 The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time. Although these wide modern roads are generally smooth and well maintained, with 73 sharp curves and many straight sections, a direct route is not
42、always the most _75_ one. Large high ways often pass 76 scenic areas and interesting small towns. 73. A) little B) few C) much D) many 75. A) terrible B) possible C) enjoyable D) profitable 76. A) to B) into C) over D) by,例 2 When research is assigned, the professor expects the student to take it ac
43、tively and to complete it with 79 guidance. It is the students responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works; 79. A) maximum B) minimum C) possible D) practical,四、完型填空题的相应对策 针对出题者的考察内容，我们有以下相应的对策： 第一种：词
44、义与词形辨析 四级完形考察词汇不外乎同义词、反义词、形近 词，和词的精确用法。我们应该了解高频词的近义 词、反义词，形近词和词汇的基本义。例如， 1) Geographers compare and contrast _ places in the world. A. similar B. various C. distant D. famous,2) The findings _ that issues of trust and betrayal are central to friendship. A. secure (保护) B. assure（保证） C. confirm（证实 ) D
45、. resolve（决心，解决） 3) The big shops, beautifully decorated and brightly lit, stay open long after dark. Shop owners like Christmas because it is a time when people _ presents. A. change B. exchange C. transfer （转移）D. transform （转变）,第二种：运用上下文逻辑关系填词。,语篇结构，顾名思义，是指在一定的情景下，作者的谋篇布局、衔接连贯、提供信息等等。为了把文章很好的组织起来，
46、作者除了在句子内部用指代（前指，后指）、省略、连接外，还会运用到一些句与句之间的连词来表达并列、转折、对比、列举、原因、结果、让步、补充等关系。,1) There are four types of blood. _ types are found in every race, and no types is distinct to any race. A. All B. Most C. No D. Some (上下文) 2) The foreign research scholar usually isolates himself in the laboratory as a means o
47、f protection; _ what he really needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system. A. otherwise B. moreover C. however D. also （逻辑关系）,3) Earths animals are disappearing faster than they reproduce. Because there is too little research and too much ignorance, _ is aware of how much we are
48、 losing. A. anyone B. no one C. someone D. either one 4) This act (法案) was formed to protect endangered species. _, land developers and factory owners disagree. A. However B. Furthermore C. Therefore D. Though,第三种：固定搭配,1) We judge race usually _ the coloring of the race: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a black race. A. in