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1、Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,21,Management History,Chapter 2,Management Stephen P. Robbins Mary Coulter,tenth edition,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,22,Learning Outcomes Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this
2、chapter.,2.1 Historical Background Of Management. Explain why studying management history is important. Describe some early evidences of management practice. Describe two important historical events that are significant to the study of management. 2.2 Classical Approach. Describe the important contr
3、ibutions made by Frederick W. Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. Discuss Fayols and Webers contributions to management theory. Explain how todays managers use scientific management and general administrative theory.,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,23,Learning O
4、utcomes,2.3 Quantitative Approach. Explain what the quantitative approach has contributed to the field of management. Describe total quality management. Discuss how todays managers use the quantitative approach. 2.4 Behavioral approach. Describe the contributions of the early advocates of OB. Explai
5、n the contributions of the Hawthorne Studies to the field of management. Discuss how todays managers use the behavioral approach.,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,24,Learning Outcomes,2.5 Contemporary Approach Describe an organization using the systems approach. Dis
6、cuss how the systems approach helps us understand management. Explain how the contingency approach is appropriate for studying management.,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,25,Historical Background of Management,Ancient Management Egypt (pyramids) and China (Great Wa
7、ll) Venetians (floating warship assembly lines) Adam Smith Published The Wealth of Nations in 1776 Advocated the division of labor (job specialization) to increase the productivity of workers Industrial Revolution Substituted machine power for human labor Created large organizations in need of manag
8、ement,2600BC.-2100 BC.,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,26,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,27,Venetian Arsenal built in 1104,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,28,1.Before the Industrial Revolution,N
9、o need for systematic study of management,Catholic Church,To organize and manage its property according to its creed and followers devout,Military,To manage its solider through strict disciplines and power structure,Government,To govern through rules and military forces,Family,To manage through fami
10、ly kinship and family disciplines,1. Since the Industrial Revolution systematic study of management,At the second half of 18th century, the appearance of Industrial revolution leads to the appearance of factories. Development of job specialization, change of basic production organization leads to a
11、series of new management problems,All these management issues demand a systematic study of management,Management issues that the emerging factories come across is different from all management problems of all previous organization. With the new rules, none of the previous management methods can be a
12、dopted to manage workers and to guarantee the reasonable use of resources.,1. Early representatives,Robert Owen English farmer,Adam Smith Classic Economist,Charles Babbage Mathematician in Cambridge University,1.1 Adam Smith founder of political economics, philosopher 1. Division of labor 2. Invisib
13、le hand 3. Economic man,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,212,Born in a family of a customs official Entered University of Glasgow at 14, studying math and philosophy Shifted to Oxford Uni at 17 Teach rhetoric and literature at Uni of Edinburgh in 1748 Back to Uni of
14、 Glasgow in 1751, teaching logics From 1767-1776, 1767-1776，The Wealth of Nations, the most popular economist,（1723-1790）,Major contributions,Division of labor,“有了分工，同数劳动者就能完成比过去多得多的工作量，其原因有三：第一，劳动者的技巧因业专而日进；第二，由一种工作转到另一种工作，通常须损失不少时间，有了分工，就可以免除这种损失；第三，许多简化劳动和缩减劳动的机械的发明，使一个人能够做许多人的工作。”,Invisible hand
15、,“每个人必然都尽可能地使社会的收入最大化。一般情况下人们既不是有意也不知如何增进社会利益。他们想要的只是自身财富的增加，在许多个这样的过程中，看不见的手引向了不是他们本意的结果。在追求个人财富时，人们通常促进了社会财富的增加，甚至比人们有意增加社会财富还有效。”,Economic man,市场经济的主体是一个个经济人，经济人的本性是经济利己主义。他们为了自身的经济利益从事经济活动，在“看不见的手”的支配下，其活动成为理性的行为。经济人的利己主义使他具有勤劳和节俭的品质，富于创造的精神；而市场竞争又引导经济人把资源投向效益最高的经济领域，从而达到社会资源的优化配置,国民财富的性质和原因的研究，
16、郭大力、王亚南译，北京商务印书馆，1972年译版,Causes for the increased productivity,Workers becoming more skillful and familiar with the job Do not shift between different steps, save the wasted time Be helpful to the invention and application of skills and machinery,Industrial Revolution (Early 19th Century),Copyright
17、2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,217,Industrial Revolution,Human power machine power Mills factories Large organization scientific management Management is need to predict needs, to coordinate work, to guarantee the proper operation of the machinery, to look for market,Copyri
18、ght 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,218,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,219,Exhibit 21 Major Approaches to Management,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,220,Major Approaches to Management,Classical : 3 father
19、s Behavioral Quantitative Contemporary,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,221,2. Scientific Management,2.1 Fredrick Winslow Taylor The “father” of scientific management Published Principles of Scientific Management (1911) The theory of scientific management Using scie
20、ntific methods to define the “one best way” for a job to be done 1）Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment. 2）Having a standardized method of doing the job. 3）Providing an economic incentive to the worker.,Classical Approach,Scientific Management,Copyright 2010 Pears
21、on Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,222,Fredrick Winslow Taylors Experiments,Midvale Steel works Bethlem Steel Company Apprentice - technician -chief engineer Opinions: - workers are slack in work - lack of training - lack of proper operating methods - not suitable tools 1898 Experiments,
22、Fredrick Winslow Taylor Experiment,Fredrick Winslow Taylor Experiment,American economic development exceeded British economic development after WWII because of the application of Scientific management in the factories,Classical Approach （ IV）,Frank and Lillian Gilbreth,Studying the movement of brick
23、-layering Use motion pictures to study hand-and-body motions Therbligs,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,226,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,227,Scientific Management (contd),Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Focused on increasing worker p
24、roductivity through the reduction of wasted motion Developed the microchronometer to time worker motions and optimize work performance How Do Todays Managers Use Scientific Management? Use time and motion studies to increase productivity Hire the best qualified employees Design incentive systems bas
25、ed on output,Application of scientific management,UPS 15 employees 900 parcels 180 countries and areas 130 parcels/person,FedEx 80 parcels/person,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,228,UPS efficiency,Study of time red light、door-bell、climbing up stairs、break、going to
26、toilet, delivery of goods Working procedures 接近发送站时,先松开安全带，按喇叭，关发动机，拉紧急制动，放1档变速器； 然后，出溜到地面上，右臂夹纪录本，右手拿车钥匙，左手拿包裹。 看一眼包裹上的地址，以每秒一米的速度快步走到客户门口，先敲门再按门铃。 送货完毕，回到车上先启动卡车上路，,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,229,Major contributions of Fredrick Taylor,1. Management should be
27、 scientific,2. The psychological revolution between the management and labors,科学管理的根本目的是谋求最高效率，这就要求用科学化的、标准化的管理方法代替经验管理。为此，泰勒提出科学管理的四项原则和一些管理制度。,许多人认为雇主和雇员的根本利益是对立的，而泰勒认为双方的利益是一致的。只有雇主和雇员双方互相协作，才会达到较高的绩效水平。,Study of time,study of action,Management by exception,standardization,Programming,Piece rate
28、wage,Administration professionalized,Taylors Scientific Management Principles,Limitations of scientific management,Human beings- machine Economic man use money to motivate or to punish,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,232,2.2 Classical Approach Henri Fayol,General A
29、dministrative Theory,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,233,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,234,General Administrative Theory,Henri Fayol Father of process Management Father of modern operation management Designer and founder of mana
30、gement theory framework 1916, Industrial Management and General Management Management ability can be cultivated through school education 法约尔的一般管理理论是西方古典管理思想的重要代表，后来成为管理过程学派的理论基础，也是以后各种管理理论和管理实践的重要依据，对管理理论的发展和企业管理的历程均有着深刻的影响。,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,235,Fayo
31、ls 14 Principles of Management,Division of Labor: 工作分工 2. Authority and Responsibility职权与职责 3. Discipline 纪律 4. Unity of Command 统一指挥 5. Unity of Direction 统一领导 6. Remuneration of Personnel报酬. 7. General interest over individual interest 个人利益服从整体利益,8. Centralization 集中 9. Scalar chain 等级链 10. Order
32、秩序 11. Equity 公平 12. Stability of Tenure人员的稳定 13. Initiative 首创精神 14.Esprit de corps 团结精神,Major Contributions,1. the universality of management 2. Developed principles of management that apply to all organizations courses of management should be offered in universities and colleges,2.3 Classical App
33、roach Max Weber,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,237,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,238,General Administrative Theory,Max Weber- Father of Organizational Management Developed a theory of authority based on an ideal type of organiz
34、ation (bureaucracy) Emphasized rationality, predictability, impersonality, technical competence, and authoritarianism,2012-3-21,版权所有：浙江大学管理学院邢以群,Major contributions,Most famous classic management theorist, economist, sociologist in Germany; The most influential great master in western social science
35、 in the end of 19th century and early 20th century Father of organization theory; Webers Bureaucratic Organization Structure Theory,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,240,Webers Bureaucracy,Main features of Webs bureaucracy,Main features of Scientific Management,How t
36、o improve efficiency,泰勒注重于工人劳动效率和管理人员工作效率的提高标准化和例外管理等。 法约尔着眼于管理效率的提高管理的五大职能和管理十四条原则。 韦伯注重组织整体效率提高官僚组织,Replace management by experience with scientific management,形成了一系列的科学管理原理和方法。 提出了一般管理理论和基本管理原则。 提出了从技术上而言效率最高的组织结构形式。,Professionalized management,主张管理者和操作者的分离。 主张进行专门的管理专业教育。 主张管理工作应该职业化。,Copyright
37、2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,243,3. Understanding Organizational Behavior,Organizational Behavior (OB) The study of the actions of people at work; people are the most important asset of an organization Early OB Advocates Robert Owen Hugo Munsterberg Mary Parker Follett Ch
38、ester Barnard,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,244,Exhibit 26 Early Advocates of OB,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,245,A series of productivity experiments conducted at Western Electric from 1924 to 1932. Experimental findings Pro
39、ductivity unexpectedly increased under imposed adverse working conditions. The effect of incentive plans was less than expected. Research conclusion Social norms, group standards and attitudes more strongly influence individual output and work behavior than do monetary incentives.,The Hawthorne Stud
40、ies,The Hawthorne Studies: Background,Hawthorne: the name of factory in Chicago affiliated to Western Electric Experiment time:1924-1932 Causes: good welfare, low productivity Why?,The Hawthorne Studies,Workshop lighting test 工厂照明试验（1924-1927） Relay assembly room test 继电器装配室试验（1927-1928） Large scale
41、 interview 大规模访谈与普查 （1928-1930） Telephone coil assembly workers test 电话线圈装配工试验（1931-1932）,The Hawthorne Studies,Conclusion of Mayos studies: Behavior is closely related to workers feelings (Interpersonal relationship) The whole organization has great impact on individuals behavior Money has less eff
42、ect on the production output than group standard, group attitudes, acceptances and security.,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,249,4. Quantitative Approach to Management,Quantitative Approach Also called operations research or management science Evolved from mathemat
43、ical and statistical methods developed to solve WWII military logistics and quality control problems Focuses on improving managerial decision making by applying: Statistics, optimization models, information models, and computer simulations,Quantitative Approach to Management,信息技术在管理中的运用,有效管理的关键在于度的把
44、握 只有致力于定量化 才能真正提高管理的效率与效益,管理科学,定量管理思想的核心是把数学、统计学和计算机用于管理决策和提高组织效率,作业管理,The only one managerialist who won Nobel Prize Herbert.Alexander.Simon,1916年生于美国威斯康星州。从小兴趣广泛，特别是对自然科学。 1933年西蒙入读芝加哥大学，通过正规训练和坚持自学，西蒙广泛掌握了经济学和政治科学的基础知识，以及高等数学、符号逻辑和数理统计学方面的技巧 。 毕业后，西蒙以一直从事决策科学方面的调查研究；并利用3年时间写出了有关管理决策行为的博士论文。1943年，
45、西蒙获得芝加哥大学政治学博士。 后来曾先后在各学校担任政治学、管理学、心理学和计算机科学教授。,赫伯特.亚历山大.西蒙 （1916-2001）,Major contributions of Simon,1. The first to define the function of decision making in management: “decision making is the heart of management, which is made up of a series of decision makings. Management is decision making.” 西蒙
46、在管理学上的第一个贡献是提出了管理的决策职能。“决策是管理的心脏；管理是由一系列决策组成的；管理就是决策。” 2. Established the systematic decision making theory, the limited rationality, the rule of satisfactory decision 西蒙对管理学的第二个贡献是建立了系统的决策理论。并提出了人有限度理性行为的命题和“令人满意的决策”的准则。,2012-3-21,版权所有：浙江大学管理学院邢以群,Features of quantitative approach,To find a set of
47、decision procedures and mathematic models to find the optional solution All possible proposals should be evaluated on the basis of benefits; Wide use of computer as an aid to management,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,254,Exhibit 25 What Is Quality Management?,Inte
48、nse focus on the customer Concern for continual improvement Process-focused Improvement in the quality of everything Accurate measurement Empowerment of employees,5. The Systems Approach Chester Barbard,出生于美国一个贫穷的家庭。19061909年期间在哈佛大学攻读经济学。由于拿不到一项实验学科的学分，1909年未拿到学位的巴纳德离开哈佛大学，进入美国电话电报公司开始了他的职业生涯。 巴纳德不仅
49、是一位优秀的企业管理者，他还是一位出色的钢琴演奏家和社会活动家。巴纳德在漫长的工作实践中，不仅积累了丰富的经营管理经验，而且还广泛地学习了社会科学各个分支。 1938年，巴纳德出版了著名的经理人员的职能一书，此书被誉为美国现代管理科学的经典之作。1948年，巴纳德又出版了另一重要的管理学著作组织与管理。巴纳德的这些著作为建立和发展现代管理学做出了重要贡献，也使巴纳德成为社会系统学派的创始人。,（18861961）,Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall,256,The Systems Approach,System Defined A set of interrelated