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1、管理学院 School of Management,佟瑞 Edward Tong， MPM，MBA,2019/7/1,1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,43,Where We Are Now,Project, a dream realization,Select a dream Use your dream to set a goal Create a plan Consider resources Enhance skills and abilities Spend time wisely Start ! Get organiz
2、ed and go,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,4,I have a dream !,What is Work breakdown structure ?,It is a selective outline of the project. The early stages of developing the outline serve to ensure that all tasks are identified and that participants of the project have a under
3、standing of what is to be done. Once the outline and its detail are defined, an integrated information system can be developed to schedule work and allocate budgets.,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,5,46,Defining the Project,Step 1: Defining the Project Scope Step 2: Establish
4、ing Project Priorities Step 3: Creating the Work Breakdown Structure Step 4: Integrating the WBS with the Organization Step 5: Coding the WBS for the Information System,We can control only what we have planned.,47,Step 1: Defining the Project Scope,Project Scope A definition of the end result or mis
5、sion of the projecta product or service for the client/customerin specific, tangible, and measurable terms. Purpose of the Scope Statement To clearly define the deliverable(s) for the end user. To focus the project on successful completion of its goals. To be used by the project owner and participan
6、ts as a planning tool and for measuring project success.,48,Project Scope Checklist,Project objective ( what, when, and how much ?) Deliverables ( the expected outputs over life of the project,) Milestones( natural, important control points in the project. Easy to recognize) Technical requirements(
7、ensure proper performance) Limits and exclusions( limits of scope) Reviews with customer (internal and external ),Scope definition should be as brief as possible but complete, one or two pages are O.K.!,49,Project Scope: Terms and Definitions,Scope Statements Also called statements of work (SOW) Pro
8、ject Charter Can contain an expanded version of scope statement A document authorizing the project manager to initiate and lead the project. Scope Creep The tendency for the project scope to expand over time due to changing requirements, specifications, and priorities.,410,Step 2: Establishing Proje
9、ct Priorities,Causes of Project Trade-offs Shifts in the relative importance of criterions related to cost, time, and performance parameters BudgetCost ScheduleTime PerformanceScope Managing the Priorities of Project Trade-offs Constrain: a parameter is a fixed requirement. Enhance: optimizing a cri
10、terion over others. Accept: reducing (or not meeting) a criterion requirement.,411,Project Management Trade-offs,FIGURE 4.1,Trade-offs among time , cost, and performance,One of the primary jobs of a project manager is to manage the trade-offs among time, cost, and performance. To do so, project mana
11、ger must define and understand the nature of the priorities of the project.,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,12,413,Project Priority Matrix,FIGURE 4.2,414,Step 3: Creating the Work Breakdown Structure,Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) An hierarchical outline (map) that identifies
12、 the products and work elements involved in a project. Defines the relationship of the final deliverable (the project) to its subdeliverables, and in turn, their relationships to work packages. Best suited for design and build projects that have tangible outcomes rather than process-oriented project
13、s.,What is work breakdown structure ?,Once the scope and deliverables have been identified. The work of the project can be successively subdivided into smaller and smaller work elements. The outcome of this hierarchical process is called the work breakdown structure (WBS) WBS is a map of the project
14、.,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,15,416,Hierarchical Breakdown of the WBS,FIGURE 4.3,* This breakdown groups work packages by type of work within a deliverable and allows assignment of responsibility to an organizational unit. This extra step facilitates a system for monitor
15、ing project progress (discussed in Chapter 13).,417,How WBS Helps the Project Manager,WBS Facilitates evaluation of cost, time, and technical performance of the organization on a project. Provides management with information appropriate to each organizational level. Helps in the development of the o
16、rganization breakdown structure (OBS). which assigns project responsibilities to organizational units and individuals Helps manage plan, schedule, and budget. Defines communication channels and assists in coordinating the various project elements.,418,Work Breakdown Structure,FIGURE 4.4,419,Work Pac
17、kages, each work package is a control point.,A work package is the lowest level of the WBS. It is output-oriented in that it: Defines work (what). Identifies time to complete a work package (how long). Identifies a time-phased budget to complete a work package (cost). Identifies resources needed to
18、complete a work package (how much). Identifies a person responsible for units of work (who). Identifies monitoring points (milestones) for measuring success.,420,Step 4: Integrating the WBS with the Organization,Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS) Depicts how the firm is organized to discharge
19、its work responsibility for a project. Provides a framework to summarize organization work unit performance. Identifies organization units responsible for work packages. Ties the organizational units to cost control accounts.,421,Integration of WBS and OBS,FIGURE 4.5,422,Step 5: Coding the WBS for t
20、he Information System,WBS Coding System Defines: Levels and elements of the WBS Organization elements Work packages Budget and cost information Allows reports to be consolidated at any level in the organization structure,423,WBS Coding,424,Responsibility Matrices,Responsibility Matrix (RM) Also call
21、ed a linear responsibility chart. Summarizes the tasks to be accomplished and who is responsible for what on the project. Lists project activities and participants. Clarifies critical interfaces between units and individuals that need coordination. Provide an means for all participants to view their
22、 responsibilities and agree on their assignments. Clarifies the extent or type of authority that can be exercised by each participant.,425,Responsibility Matrix for a Market Research Project,FIGURE 4.6,426,Responsibility Matrix for the Conveyor Belt Project,FIGURE 4.7,427,Project Communication Plan,
23、What information needs to be collected and when? Who will receive the information? What methods will be used to gather and store information? What are the limits, if any, on who has access to certain kinds of information? When will the information be communicated? How will it be communicated?,428,In
24、formation Needs,Project status reports Deliverable issues Changes in scope Team status meetings Gating decisions Accepted request changes Action items Milestone reports,429,Developing a Communication Plan,Stakeholder analysis Information needs Sources of information Dissemination modes Responsibilit
25、y and timing,430,Shale Oil Research Project Communication Plan,FIGURE 4.8,431,Key Terms,Cost account Milestone Organization breakdown structure (OBS) Scope creep Priority matrix Responsibility matrix Scope statement Process breakdown structure (PBS) Work breakdown structure (WBS) Work package,2019/7
26、/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,32,1,The method used to collect information to use through all phases of the project life cycle is called c A. Responsibility matrix B. Organization breakdown structure C. Work breakdown structure D. Priority matrix E. Work package,2019/7/1,Edward To
27、ng2008 copy reserved Jinan University,33,2,Jose is looking at a document that outlines the specific tasks and subtasks required to complete the writing of a technical support manual. The method that was probably used to develop the document is most likely c A. Responsibility matrix B. Organization b
28、reakdown structure C. Work breakdown structure D. Priority matrix E. Work package,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,34,3,The first step in creating the necessary information to manage a project is to b A. Establish project priorities B. Define the project scope C. Verify the bu
29、dget available D. Assign team members to work on the project E. Determine the required completion date,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,35,4,Linda has just been assigned a project to develop a new advertising campaign for an established product. Her first step should be to b A
30、. Establish project priorities B. Define the project scope C. Verify the budget available D. Assign team members to work on the project E. Determine the required completion date,5,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,36,Research shows the most frequently mentioned barrier to proje
31、ct success is d A. Not enough budget resources B. Poor performance by team members C. Weak project leadership D. Poorly defined scope or mission E. Political in-fighting,6,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,37,An expected output over the life of a project would be classified as
32、a A. A deliverable B. A product C. An end object D. An objective E. A target,7,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,38,The first step of project scope definition is to e A. Analyze the strategic plan B. Analyze the current budget plan C. Meet with team members D. Select team membe
33、rs E. Define the overall objective to meet the customers needs,8,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,39,In reviewing the project plan, Susan sees that the first prototype is due by October 12. This would be best classified as a c A. Project target B. Limit item C. Milestone D. Pr
34、oject objective E. Critical goal,9,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,40,The ability of 911 emergency systems to identify the callers phone number and location are considered to be a a A. Technical requirement B. Milestone C. Project limit D. Project exclusion E. Project deliver
35、able,10,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,41,Which of the following is not one of the items that would appear on a project scope checklist? d A. Deliverables B. Technical requirements C. Objectives D. Work breakdown structure E. Reviews with customer,11,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008
36、 copy reserved Jinan University,42,“To construct a high-quality, custom home within five months at costs not to exceed $150,000“ is best classified as c A. A deliverable B. A milestone C. An objective D. A limit E. An exclusion,12,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,43,The second
37、 step in the defining of a project would be to c A. Analyze the strategic plan B. Analyze the current budget plan C. Establish project priorities D. Select team members E. Define the major objectives to meet the customers needs,13,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,44,Which of t
38、he following is not one of the basic classifications of project priorities? a A. Profit B. Cost C. Time D. Performance E. All of these are basic classifications,14,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,45,If a project criterion indicates that the project must meet a specific date,
39、that criterion is classified as a A. Constrained B. Enhanced C. Accepted D. Limited E. Fixed,15,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,46,Scott has just been given a project that has a specific target date. After discussion with top management he finds that while the date is importa
40、nt the cost is more important and a slip in delivery would be acceptable if required to meet the cost targets. The target date is best classified as c A. Constrain B. Enhance C. Accept D. Limit E. Optional,16,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,47,_,The tool used to assist in mak
41、ing project trade-offs between schedule, budget, and performance objectives is called a c A. Responsibility matrix B. Work breakdown structure C. Project priority matrix D. Work package E. Criterion matrix,17,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,48,The lowest element in the hierar
42、chical breakdown of the WBS is b A. A deliverable B. A work package C. A cost account D. A lowest sub deliverable E. An object,18,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,49,The highest element in the hierarchical breakdown of the WBS is e A. A work package B. Sub deliverables C. A co
43、st account D. Major deliverables E. The project,19,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,50,All of the following are true about work packages except c A. Consume resources B. Assigned to only one manager C. Have medium to long duration D. Definitive starts and stops dates E. All of
44、 these are true,20,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,51,All of the following are usually included in a work package except e A. What will be done? B. The time needed to complete the work. C. A single person who is responsible for its completion. D. All the costs for the work pa
45、ckage. E. All of these are included in a work package.,21,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,52,The integration of project work packages within the organizations management structure is known as b A. Responsibility matrix B. Organization breakdown structure C. Work breakdown str
46、ucture D. Priority matrix E. Process breakdown structure,22,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,53,The final step in the creation of a Work Breakdown Structure is to a A. Code the WBS for tracking B. Assign the cost account to a manager C. Assign the work package to a manager D.
47、Develop the responsibility matrix E. All of these are included in the final step,23,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,54,The intersection of the WBS and the OBS is called the d A. Responsibility matrix B. Priority matrix C. Work package D. Cost account E. Project overlap,24,201
48、9/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,55,Creating an extranet website or an internal software database system would be most closely associated with the c A. Responsibility matrix B. Organization breakdown structure C. Work breakdown structure D. Priority matrix E. Process breakdown st
49、ructure,25,2019/7/1,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,56,If a project is small or of narrow scope and does not require an elaborate system, which of the following is a good choice? a A. Responsibility matrix B. Organization breakdown structure C. Work breakdown structure D. Priority matrix E. Process breakdown structure,26,2019/7/1,Edward