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1、管理学院 School of Management,佟瑞 Edward Tong， MPM，MBA,2019/7/1,1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,83,Where We Are Now,84,The Resource Problem,Resources and Priorities Project network times are not a schedule until resources have been assigned. The implicit assumption is that resources will
2、 be available in the required amounts when needed. Adding new projects requires making realistic judgments of resource availability and project durations. Cost estimates are not a budget until they have been time-phased.,85,Project Planning Process,FIGURE 8.1,86,The Resource Problem (contd),Resource
3、 Smoothing (or Leveling) Involves attempting to even out varying demands on resources by using slack (delaying noncritical activities) to manage resource utilization when resources are adequate over the life of the project. Resource-Constrained Scheduling The duration of a project may be increased b
4、y delaying the late start of some of its activities if resources are not adequate to meet peak demands.,87,Types of Project Constraints,Technical or Logic Constraints Constraints related to the networked sequence in which project activities must occur. Physical Constraints Activities that cannot occ
5、ur in parallel or are affected by contractual or environmental conditions. Resource Constraints The absence, shortage, or unique interrelationship and interaction characteristics of resources that require a particular sequencing of project activities Kinds of Resource Constraints People, materials,
6、equipment,88,Constraint Examples,FIGURE 8.2,89,Classification of A Scheduling Problem,Classification of Problem Using a priority matrix will help determine if the project is time or resource constrained. Time-Constrained Project Must be completed by an imposed date. Time is fixed, resources are flex
7、ible: additional resources are required to ensure project meets schedule. Resource-Constrained Project Is one in which the level of resources available cannot be exceeded. Resources are fixed, time is flexible: inadequate resources will delay the project.,810,Resource Allocation Methods,Limiting Ass
8、umptions Splitting activities is not allowedonce an activity is start, it is carried to completion. Level of resources used for an activity cannot be changed. Risk Assumptions Activities with the most slack pose the least risk. Reduction of flexibility does not increase risk. The nature of an activi
9、ty (easy, complex) doesnt increase risk.,811,Resource Allocation Methods (contd),Time-Constrained Projects Must be completed by an imposed date. Require use of leveling techniques that focus on balancing or smoothing resource demands. Use positive slack (delaying noncritical activities) to manage re
10、source utilization over the duration of the project. Peak resource demands are reduced. Resources over the life of the project are reduced. Fluctuation in resource demand is minimized.,812,Botanical Garden,FIGURE 8.3,813,Resource Allocation Methods (contd),Resource Demand Leveling Techniques for Tim
11、e-Constrained Projects Advantages Peak resource demands are reduced. Resources over the life of the project are reduced. Fluctuation in resource demand is minimized. Disadvantages Loss of flexibility that occurs from reducing slack. Increases in the criticality of all activities.,814,Resource Alloca
12、tion Methods (contd),Resource-Constrained Projects Resources are limited in quantity or availability. Activities are scheduled using heuristics (rules-of-thumb) that focus on: Minimum slack Smallest (least) duration Lowest activity identification number The parallel method is used to apply heuristic
13、s An iterative process starting at the first time period of the project and scheduling period-by-period the start of any activities using the three priority rules.,815,Resource-Constrained Schedule through Period 23,FIGURE 8.4,816,Resource-Constrained Schedule through Period 23,FIGURE 8.4 (contd),81
14、7,Resource-Constrained Schedule through Period 23,FIGURE 8.4 (contd),818,Resource-Constrained Schedule through Period 56,FIGURE 8.5,819,Resource-Constrained Schedule through Period 56,FIGURE 8.5 (contd),820,Resource-Constrained Schedule through Period 56,FIGURE 8.5 (contd),821,Computer Demonstration
15、 of Resource-Constrained Scheduling,EMR Project The development of a handheld electronic medical reference guide to be used by emergency medical technicians and paramedics. Problem There are only eight design engineers who can be assigned to the project due to a shortage of design engineers and comm
16、itments to other projects.,822,EMR Project: Network View Schedule before Resources Leveled,FIGURE 8.6,823,EMR Project before Resources Added,FIGURE 8.7,824,EMR ProjectTime Constrained Resource Usage View, January 1523,FIGURE 8.8A,825,Resource Loading Chart for EMR Project, January 1523,FIGURE 8.8B,8
17、26,EMR Project Network View Schedule after Resources Leveled,FIGURE 8.9,827,EMR Project Resources Leveled,FIGURE 8.10,828,The Impacts of Resource-Constrained Scheduling,Reduces delay but reduces flexibility. Increases criticality of events. Increases scheduling complexity. May make the traditional c
18、ritical path no longer meaningful. Can break sequence of events. May cause parallel activities to become sequential and critical activities with slack to become noncritical.,829,Splitting,Splitting A scheduling technique use to get a better project schedule and/or increase resource utilization. Invo
19、lves interrupting work on an activity to employ the resource on another activity, then returning the resource to finish the interrupted work. Is feasible when startup and shutdown costs are low. Is considered the major reason why projects fail to meet schedule.,830,Splitting Activities,FIGURE 8.11,8
20、31,Benefits of Scheduling Resources,Leaves time for consideration of reasonable alternatives: Cost-time tradeoffs Changes in priorities Provides information for time-phased work package budgets to assess: Impact of unforeseen events Amount of flexibility in available resources,832,Multiproject Resou
21、rce Schedules,Multiproject Scheduling Problems Overall project slippage Delay on one project create delays for other projects Inefficient resource application The peaks and valleys of resource demands create scheduling problems and delays for projects. Resource bottlenecks Shortages of critical reso
22、urces required for multiple projects cause delays and schedule extensions.,833,Multiproject Resource Schedules (contd),Managing Multiproject Scheduling: Create project offices or departments to oversee the scheduling of resources across projects. Use a project priority queuing system: first come, fi
23、rst served for resources. Centralize project management: treat all projects as a part of a “megaproject.” Outsource projects to reduce the number of projects handled internally.,834,Direct Labor Budget Rollup ($000),FIGURE 8.12,835,Time-Phased Work Package Budget (Labor Cost Only),FIGURE 8.13,836,Tw
24、o Time-Phased Work Packages (Labor Cost Only),FIGURE 8.14,837,Patient Entry Project Network,FIGURE 8.15,838,Patient Entry Time-Phased Work Packages Assigned,FIGURE 8.16,839,CEBOO Project Monthly Cash Flow Statement,FIGURE 8.17,840,CEBOO Project Weekly Resource Usage Schedule,FIGURE 8.18,841,Key Term
25、s,Heuristic Planned value (PV) Resource-constrained projects Smoothing Splitting Time-constrained projects Time-phased budget baseline,1,Delaying noncritical activities to lower peak demand on resources is known as resource A. Shifting B. Effectiveness C. Manipulating D. Resource smoothing E. Alloca
26、tion,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,42,2.,If resources are not adequate to meet peak demands, the resulting reschedule is termed A. Resource-constrained scheduling B. Time-constrained scheduling C. Mandatory leveling D. Project resource adjustment E. Allocation,2019/7/1,Edwa
27、rd TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,43,3.,Which of the following is a potential consequence of failing to schedule limited resources? A. Costly activity delays B. Costly project delays C. Difficulty in taking quick corrective action D. Both A and B are correct E. A, B, and C are all correct,2
28、019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,44,4.,When developing a new software package, the software must be designed, the code must be written, and the code must be tested. This is an example of a _ constraint. A. Physical B. Technical C. Resource D. Schedule E. Time,2019/7/1,Edward To
29、ngCopyright reserved Jinan University,45,5,Which of the following is not one of the types of project constraints? A. Physical B. Technical C. Resource D. Time E. All of these are types of project constraints,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,46,6.,Sam the project engineer has b
30、een scheduled to run the product system test at the same time he is to build a marketing prototype. This is an example of a _ constraint. A. Physical B. Technical C. Resource D. Scheduling E. Time,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,47,7.,Susan is to conduct environmental testing
31、 but the chamber cannot hold all the equipment that she wants to test. This is an example of a _ constraint. A. Physical B. Technical C. Resource D. Scheduling E. Time,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,48,8.,All of the following are kinds of resource constraints except A. Mater
32、ials B. People C. Equipment D. Information E. All of the above are resource constraints,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,49,9.,Sam is trying to order the concrete needed to continue his project. However, the supplier wont be able to deliver it until next week. This is an examp
33、le of a _ constraint. A. Working capital B. People C. Equipment D. Information E. Materials,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,50,10,A special truck that George needs on his project has been scheduled on another project. This is a _ constraint. A. Working capital B. People C. Eq
34、uipment D. Information E. Materials,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,51,11,Most of the scheduling methods available today require the project manager to classify the project as either _ constrained or _ constrained. A. Time, quality B. Quality, resource C. Cost, time D. Qualit
35、y, cost E. Time, resource,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,52,12,Reginas boss has told her that her project is very important. If the critical path is delayed, she will be given whatever she needs to get it back on schedule. Her project is _ constrained. A. Time B. Quality C.
36、Cost D. Performance E. Resource,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,53,13.,In reviewing the status of her project with top management, Shirley was told that there only were two programmers that she could use for her project. Her project is _ constrained. A. Time B. Quality C. Cos
37、t D. Performance E. Resource,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,54,14,All resource leveling techniques involve A. Delaying noncritical activities B. Delaying critical activities C. Using negative slack D. Both A and C are correct E. A, B, and C are all correct,2019/7/1,Edward To
38、ngCopyright reserved Jinan University,55,15.,Scheduling time-constrained projects focuses on resource A. Demands B. Increases C. Assumptions D. Utilization E. All are correct,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,56,16.,The most widely used approach to apply heuristics, which have
39、been found to consistently minimize project delay over a large variety of projects is the A. Parallel method B. Resource method C. Materials D. Both A and C are correct E. A, B, and C are all correct,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,57,17,Resource leveling can provide A. Lower
40、 peak demand B. Reduced resource need over the life of the project C. Reduced fluctuations in resource demand D. Both A and B are correct E. A, B, and C are all correct,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,58,18,Jan is trying to reallocate resources in a time-constrained project t
41、o create smoother resource utilization with a low level of risk. She should move to activities with the A. Smallest duration B. Least slack C. Most slack D. Lowest identification number E. Highest cost,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,59,19,In a resource-constrained project, w
42、hich of the following is most likely to be changed? A. The completion date B. The budget C. Project quality D. Both A and B are equally likely E. A, B, and C are all equally likely,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,60,20.,In a resource-constrained project, the first priority in
43、 assigning resources is usually given to activities with the A. Smallest duration B. Least slack C. Most slack D. Lowest identification number E. Highest cost,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,61,21,In a resource-constrained project the second priority in assigning resources is
44、 usually given to activities with the A. Smallest duration B. Least slack C. Most slack D. Lowest identification number E. Highest cost,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,62,22.,The word Heuristics means A. Resource constraints B. Flexibility C. The critical path changed D. Para
45、llel activities become sequential E. Rule of thumb,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,63,23.,Splitting an activity creates the following situation: A. More people working on the same activity B. There are possible startup and shutdown costs C. A resource may be moved from one ac
46、tivity to another and then back D. Both B and C are correct E. A, B, and C are all correct,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,64,24.,The U.S. Forest Service “snapshot from practice“ illustrated the importance of A. Time constraints B. Resource constraints C. Cost constraints D.
47、Both B and C are correct E. A, B, and C are all correct,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,65,25.,More common problems associated with managing multiproject resources include all of the following except A. Inefficient resource utilization B. Delays in one project cause delays in
48、 other projects C. Reducing “downtime“ created by lack of tasks to perform D. Resource bottlenecks E. All of these are common problems,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,66,26,When a company will reduce the number of projects they have to manage internally to only core projects
49、and send noncritical projects to contractors and consulting firms this is called A. Outsourcing B. Redistribution of projects C. Project allocation D. Task sharing E. Both B and D are correct,2019/7/1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,67,27,Which of the following is not one of the more common problems associated with scheduling multiproject resources? A. Overall schedule slippage B. Inefficient resource utilizat