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1、LECTURE 4,English novel,Jane Austen,生於英國漢普郡(Hampshire) ，有6個兄弟和一個姐姐，家境尚可。她的父親喬治奧斯汀（George Austen）是一名牧師，母親名卡桑德拉。奧斯汀兄弟中詹姆斯和亨利後來也從事神職，弗朗西斯和查爾斯則曾供職英國海軍。珍與她的姐姐卡桑德拉關係密切，她們之間的信件為後世奧斯汀研究提供了很多素材。,珍奧斯汀一生未嫁。1796年，她與後來成為愛爾蘭最高法官的湯姆勒佛伊（Tom Lefroy）有過短暫的羅曼史，據傳他就是傲慢與偏見中達西先生的原型。1802年，一名比奧斯汀小六歲的富有男子哈里斯彼格威瑟（Harris Bigg-
2、Wither）向她求婚。奧斯汀最初接受了，次日又改變主意拒絕了他。,The cottage in Chawton where Jane Austen lived during the last eight years of her life, now Jane Austens House Museum,Jane Austen is buried in Winchester Cathedral.,Jane Austen (16 December 1775 18 July 1817),her works of romantic fiction have earned her a place as
3、one of the most widely read and most beloved writers in English literature her realism and biting social commentary have cemented her historical importance as a writer.,Although widely read in her lifetime, she published her works anonymously. her works brought her little personal fame and only a fe
4、w positive reviews.,Jane Austen,Jane Austen,The second half of the twentieth century saw a proliferation of Austen scholarship, which explored many aspects of her novels: artistic, ideological, and historical.,In popular culture, a Janeite fan culture has developed, centered on Austens life, her wor
5、ks, and the various film and television adaptations of them.,Janeite teapot cookies,Jane Austen,Pride and Prejudice 1796 (Pub. 1813) Sense and Sensibility 1797 (Pub. 1811) Northhanger Abbey 1798 (Pub. 1818) Mansfield Park (Pub. 1814) Emma (Pub. 1815) Persuasion (Pub. 1818),She first gave the novel i
6、ts modern character through the treatment of everyday life.,In all of Austens novels her heroines are ultimately married.,Austens plots, though fundamentally comic, highlight the dependence of women on marriage to secure social standing and economic security.,Pride and Prejudice, originally called F
7、irst Impressions,described the clash between Elisabeth Bennet, the daughter of a country gentleman and an intelligent young woman, and Fitzwilliam Darcy, a rich aristocratic landowner.,Their relationship starts from dislike, but Darcy becomes intrigued by her mind and spirit. At last they fall in lo
8、ve and are happily united.,It portrays life in the genteel rural society of the day,The five daughters of the Bennets,Jane Bennet, seeing only the good in others, marries Bingley,Elizabeth Bennet, with liveliness and quick wit, marries Mr. Darcy,Lydia Bennet， frivolous and headstrong Later elopes wi
9、th Wickham, causing embarrassment to the whole family,Mary Bennet, bookish,Catherine Bennet immature,Charles Bingley, handsome, good-natured, and wealthy and more popular than his friend Darcy ,who is more intelligent and wealthier but more arrogant,Jane Bennet,Elizabeth Bennet,Mr Bennet A bookish a
10、nd intelligent gentleman somewhat withdrawn from society dislikes the frivolity of his wife and three younger daughters Love and respect Jane and Elizabeth, two eldest daughters,Rather than trying to lead his younger daughters down a more sensible path, he is rather content to laugh at them.,The int
11、errelated issues of financial security and marriage are at the heart of the novel.,Mr. Bennet is a gentleman, a term used in Austins time to denote a man who has sufficient income from property he owns not to have to work in a profession or trade to support his family. He has inherited a small estat
12、e that supplies enough money to provide for his family during his lifetime; however, since he has no son, the estate will pass, after his death, to his cousin, Mr. Collins. As a result, his wife and daughters will not have sufficient income to support themselves comfortably after Mr. Bennet dies. Th
13、is fact leads Mrs. Bennet to focus all her attention on getting husbands for her daughters so that they will be provided for later in life.,In early nineteenth-century England, appropriate romantic behaviors were highly structured by gender. For example, it was acceptable for a woman to refuse a mar
14、riage proposal, but improper to propose to a man. It was considered proper for her to feel admiration for a man before he loved her, but improper to love him until he had asked her to marry him.,Social position tended to be established in terms of families, not individuals.,Any scandal commited by o
15、ne member of a family implicated alland could literally destroy the chances of the unmarried women in the family to find respectable mates. Thus, Lydia Bennets running off with Mr. Wickham presents a danger not only to her own reputation and her own future but to those of her sisters as well.,The li
16、nes of class are strictly drawn. While the Bennets, who are middle class, may socialize with the upper-class Bingleys and Darcys, they are clearly their social inferiors and are treated as such.,Through the Darcy-Elizabeth and Bingley-Jane marriages, Austen shows the power of love and happiness to o
17、vercome class boundaries and prejudices, thereby implying that such prejudices are hollow, unfeeling, and unproductive.,It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理 However little known the feeling
18、s or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters.,Appreciate the language,The title pride and prejudice refers to the ways i
19、n which Elizabeth and Darcy first view each other.,The two major themes are summed up in the title.,It should be pointed out that the qualities of the title are not exclusively assigned to one or the other of the protagonists; both Elizabeth and Darcy display pride and prejudice.“,Here comes the con
20、versation between Mr. and Mrs. Bennet,Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week.,What is his name? Bingley. Is he married or single? Oh! Single,
21、my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls! How so? How can it affect them? My dear Mr. Bennet, replied his wife, how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.,Is that his design in set
22、tling here? Design! Nonsense, how can you talk so! But it is very likely that he MAY fall in love with one of them, and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes. I see no occasion for that. You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for
23、as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley may like you the best of the party.,They have none of them much to recommend them, replied he; they are all silly and ignorant like other girls; but Lizzy has something more of quickness than her sisters. Mr. Bennet, how CAN you abuse your own child
24、ren in such a way? You take delight in vexing me. You have no compassion for my poor nerves. You mistake me, my dear. I have a high respect for your nerves. They are my old friends. I have heard you mention them with consideration these last twenty years at least.,Mr. Bennet was so odd a mixture of
25、quick parts, sarcastic humour, reserve, and caprice, that the experience of three-and-twenty years had been insufficient to make his wife understand his character. HER mind was less difficult to develop. She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. When she was di
26、scontented, she fancied herself nervous. The business of her life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news.,Charles John Huffam Dickens 7 February 18129 June 1870,pen-name “Boz“, most popular English novelist of the Victorian era, one of the most popular of all time. create
27、d some of literatures most iconic characters, with the theme of social reform running throughout his work. The continuing popularity of his novels and short stories is such that they have never gone out of print,An 1839 portrait of a young Charles Dickens by Daniel Maclise,Oliver Twist 1837-39 Old C
28、uriosity Shop 1840-41 A Christmas Carol 1843 Dombey and Son 1846-48,Major works,Major works,David Copperfield 1849-50 Bleak House 1852-53 Hard Times 1854 Little Dorrit 1855-57 A Tale of Two Cities 1859 Great Expectations 1860-61,His books are largely set in London, at the time the largest and riches
29、t city in the world, but struggling to cope with a rapidly growing population and a substantial number of desperately poor people.,Victorian London was the largest, most spectacular city in the world. While Britain was experiencing the Industrial Revolution, its capital was both reaping the benefits
30、 and suffering the consequences.,In Little Dorrit Dickens describes a London rain storm:,In the country, the rain would have developed a thousand fresh scents, and every drop would have had its bright association with some beautiful form of growth or life. In the city, it developed only foul stale s
31、mells, and was a sickly, lukewarm, dirt- stained, wretched addition to the gutters.,Dickens applied his unique power of observation to the city in which he spent most of his life. He routinely walked the city streets, 10 or 20 miles at a time, and his descriptions of nineteenth century London allow
32、readers to experience the sights, sounds, and smells of the old city. This ability to immerse the reader into time and place sets the perfect stage for Dickens to weave his fiction.,Much of his work first appeared in periodicals and magazines in serialised form, a popular way of publishing fiction a
33、t the time.,The practice lent his stories a particular rhythm, punctuated by one “cliffhanger”悬念 after another, to keep the public eager for the next installment .,Many of his characters names provide the reader with a hint as to the roles played in advancing the storyline, such as Mr. Murdstone in
34、the novel David Copperfield, which is clearly a combination of “murder“ and stony coldness. His literary style is also a mixture of fantasy and realism.,Dickens Dream by R.W. Buss portraying Dickens at his desk at Gads Hill surrounded by many of his characters,Dickens characters span all social clas
35、ses and he wrote compassionately about the lives of the poor and campaigned for better conditions for them,Tiny Tim in A Christmas Carol,Bill Sikes from Oliver Twist,Wilkins Micawber,a character from David Copperfield.,He is famous for frequently asserting his faith that “something will turn up.“ Hi
36、s name has become synonymous with someone who lives in hopeful expectation.,His novels were heralded early in his career for their ability to capture the everyday man on paper and thus create a memorable character to whom readers could relate, and envision as a real person.,“Please, sir, I want some
37、 more.“ From Oliver Twist,Dickensian charactersespecially their typically whimsical namesare among the most memorable in English literature,They can be believed to be living a life outside the novels that their stories have been continued by other authors.,Vices are sometimes only virtues carried to
38、 excess! Dombey and Son (1848) I love these little people (children); and it is not a slight thing when they, who are so fresh from God, love us. The Old Curiosity Shop (1841) The children of the very poor are not brought up, but dragged up. Bleak House (1852),Quotations by Dickens,It was the best o
39、f times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, w
40、e had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.,A Tale of Two Cities (1859),Great Expectations,first published in serial form in All the Year Round from 1 December 1860 to August 1861. It has been adapted for stage and screen over 250 times.,Great
41、 Expectations,the story of the orphan Pip, writing about his life from his early childhood until adulthood and attempting to become a gentleman along the way. The novel can also be considered semi-autobiographical of Dickens, like much of his work, drawing on his experiences of life and people.,On C
42、hristmas Eve of 1812, Pip, an _aged 7, encounters an _convict in the village churchyard while visiting his familys many graves. The convict scares Pip into stealing food for him and a file to grind away his leg shackles. He threatens Pip not to tell anyone and do as he says or his friend will cut ou
43、t Pips liver.,escaped,orphan,Pip returns home, where he lives with Mrs. Joe, his older sister, and her husband Joe Gargery. His sister is very cruel and _him and Joe regularly, while Joe is much more kind to Pip. Early the next morning, Pip steals food and drink (including a _for their Christmas fea
44、st) and sneaks out to the graveyard.,beats,pie,It is the first time in Pips life hes felt truly _. This is an important event in the book because the convict will never forget the _that Pip showed to him. The convict, however, waits many years to fully show his_.,gratitude,guilty,kindness,Pips Uncle
45、 Pumblechook gets Pip invited to the house of a rich old woman named Miss Havisham, who lives in the village in Satis House.,Miss Havisham is a spinster who wears an old _dress with one shoe on and has all the house clocks stopped at 20 minutes to nine.,wedding,She hasnt seen sunlight in years and c
46、laims to have a _heart and just wants to see Pip play cards with Estella, a young girl she has adopted.,broken,After this first meeting, Pip frequently visits Miss Havisham and Estella. He begins to tenaciously learn everything he can from Biddy in school, in an effort to _Estella who called him a c
47、ommon labouring boy.,impress,Pip visits Miss Havisham on her birthday where she shows him her wedding cake, which is being eaten by mice, and where she will be laid out when she is dead, a death she looks forward to.,a London lawyer, Jaggers, approaches Pip, revealing very startling news: Pip has in
48、herited a large sum of money from an _benefactor. The conditions of the receipt of said money require him to leave for London immediately, buy some clothes and become a_. Pip, because he has always wanted to become a gentleman, gratefully accepts these terms.,anonymous,gentleman,One stormy night, Pi
49、p learns the true identity of his benefactor. It is not Miss Havisham, as he had always thought, but rather a criminal named Magwitch, the convict Pip helped feed in the churchyard many years ago and he left all his money to Pip in gratitude for that kindness and also because Pip reminded him of his own child, whom he thinks is dead.,The news of his benefactor crushes Pip - hes _of Magwitch, and Magwitc