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1、English Writing,Zhao Xiaojun Foreign languages School Inner Mongolia Normal University,Ideas & Improving,Zhao Xiaojun College of Foreign Languages ,2019/7/3,Free template from ,3,Teaching Aims,Ways to generate ideas for a given-titled composition Ways to improve the draft Improve the writing ability
2、,2019/7/3,Free template from ,4,Three ways to generate ideas,Questioning Listing & grouping Free-writing,2019/7/3,Free template from ,5,Questions you may ask about the topic,1. “What”questions: Whats the problem? Whats the reason? Whats the answer? Whats my opinion? What can I do about it? 2. “Who”
3、questions: Who was involved? Who did it ? Who was affected ? Who do I believe ? 3. “Why” questions: Why did it happen? Why did it change ? Why did I do it ? Why do I care? 4. “When” questions: When did this happen ? When did I realize this ? When did it change? 5. “How” questions: How did it happen
4、? How did it get started? How was I affected ? How was others affected? How can I change this situation ?,2019/7/3,Free template from ,6,Questioning-“My biggest problem this semester”,1.Whats the problem?,2.In what courses?,3.How did it get started?,Questions,ANSWERS,Often get poor grades .,Compulso
5、ry courses such as Writing and Intensive Reading,I didnt take the courses seriously and did not think them useful. I didnt try to memorize new words and didnt do all the assignments .,2019/7/3,Free template from ,7,Questioning-“My biggest problem this semester”,4.Why didnt I memorize the new words?,
6、5.How do I feel about them now?,6.What can I do about it?,Questions,ANSWERS,Boring work.Thought I could always depend on dictionaries in the future .,I realize one can not learn the language well without the basic vocabulary .,Ill attend the classes regularly and do every assignment as required,2019
7、/7/3,Free template from ,8,Listing & Grouping “The pleasure of having a bicycle”,I. List all words or phrases related to the topic: 1. not very costly ; 2. easy maintenance ;3. one will never forget the skill; 4. exercise the whole body ; 5. personally satisfying ; 6. freedom to move around ; 7. eas
8、y to learn ; 8. no need for a big shelter ; 9. see the beauty of nature better ;10. stop at any place ; 11. no pollution ; 12. in close contact with nature ; 13. reduces stress ; 14. can be lent to others ; 15. may be stolen easily ; 16. can do the repairing job oneself ; 17. anyone can afford it,20
9、19/7/3,Free template from ,9,Listing & Grouping “The pleasure of having a bicycle”,II.Examine the list, and cross out the ones which do not fit . III. Group the remaining points,1.Relatively inexpensive,2.Healthy,3.Flexible,1, 17,4, 11, 12, 13,6, 8, 10, 14, 15,4.Personally satisfying,5, 9,2019/7/3,F
10、ree template from ,10,Free-writing,1. Brainstorming 2. Choosing 3. Working out an outline 4. Doing free-writing,2019/7/3,Free template from ,11,A brainstorm describes a state of mind when one is hit with an inspiration or many sudden and exciting ideas .,1. Brainstorming,2019/7/3,Free template from
11、,12,2. Choosing ideas,Choosing ideas is to narrow down the scope and decide which ideas you are going to use in your composition .,2019/7/3,Free template from ,13,3. Working out an outline,A. Pattern of an outline Topic Thesis: I. Introduction II.Main ideas 1. Sub-idea 2. Sub-idea a.Supporting detai
12、ls b.Supporting details III. Conclusion,2019/7/3,Free template from ,14,3. Working out an outline,B. Two types 1). Topic outline : fragments 2). Sentence outline : complete sentences,2019/7/3,Free template from ,15,Example: topic outline,Topic:My neighbors were moving away I. My neighbors getting re
13、ady to move II. My neighbors being a family of two A. The wife ,Wang , “head” of the family 1.A good cook 2.A good dressmaker 3.A peasant woman B.The husband , Fan, a typical peasant III. My loss of Wangs friendship A. The cause B. The consequence VI. My regrets and the lesson I have learned,2019/7/
14、3,Free template from ,16,Topic My neighbors were moving away I. My neighbors were getting ready to move . II. My neighbors were a family of two . A.Wang , the capable housewife, was actually “head” of the family. 1. She could make all kinds of delicious dishes. 2. She could cut clothes as fashionabl
15、e as those sold in town and had made nice trousers for my daughter. 3. Wangs family were completely country folks B.Fan, the husband, was a soft-spoken and timid man of few words 1. He had the habit of squatting down at the threshold when having his meals 2. He ( more facts should be supplied ) III.
16、 I lost Wangs friendship A. Wangs nasty relatives destroyed my garden. B. I didnt accept Wangs apology. IV. Im sorry to see them go and regret having lost Wangs friendship just because I was too angry.,Example: sentence outline,2019/7/3,Free template from ,17,Rules for writing an outline,1. The two
17、types cant be used together in the same outline; 2. Parallel structures are used for the headings of the same rank; 3. Use the same signals to mark the equal important parts, such as Roman numerals, capital letters or Arabic numbers.,2019/7/3,Free template from ,18,Topic : Contrast between my roomma
18、tes Jenny and Linda,I. Interests 1.Jenny , inactive type Reads , watches TV, likes talking 2. Linda , “outdoors” type Jogger, swimming II. Attitude toward schoolwork 1. Jenny grows tense before exams , studies for hours , takes notes carefully. 2. Linda takes things easy before tests, and surrounds
19、herself with food, can never sit still .,2019/7/3,Free template from ,19,4. Doing free-writing,Rules : Dont stop to correct mistakes or consult your friends or dictionaries.,Compensation strategy Overcoming limitations in writing Switching to the mother tongue 2. Coining words 3. Using a circumlocut
20、ion or synonym,2019/7/3,Free template from ,20,How to revise the draft ?,1. Content: look at the composition as a whole. A. What is the topic of the composition? Does the draft fulfill the assignment? B. Is the thesis clear? Is it supported by enough facts (details, examples, reasons, etc)? C. Is th
21、ere irrelevant material that should be removed? D. Is the logic sound? Are there gaps in the logic?,2019/7/3,Free template from ,21,How to revise the draft ?,2. Organization: look at the arrangement of the materials. A. Does the introductory paragraph lead to the main point of the paper? B. Does eac
22、h paragraph have a separate central idea? Does it relate to the papers main idea or to the previous paragraph? Are there proper transitions between sections? Are the paragraphs arranged in climactic order? C. Does the concluding paragraph give the reader a clear impression of what the paper intends
23、to say?,2019/7/3,Free template from ,22,How to revise the draft ?,3. Sentences: make correct & good sentences A. Is each sentence clearly related to the sentence before it and to the sentence after it? B. Are there unnecessary sentences that may be removed? C. Are there structural mistakes? D. Are t
24、here wordy and redundant sentences? E. Is there variety in sentence type?,2019/7/3,Free template from ,23,How to revise the draft ?,4.Diction: A. Are there words that are not appropriate for the topic or the style of the whole paper? B. Are there words or phrase which are directly translated from Ch
25、inese but which may mean something different in English ? C. Are there collocations which may be incorrect because they are taken from Chinese?,5.Mistakes in grammar, spelling, punctuation, word-division and other mechanics.,2019/7/3,Free template from ,24,What do we learn ?,Three ways to generate i
26、deas questioning, listing & grouping, and free-writing. II. Four steps to do free-writing brainstorming, choosing , working out an outline , doing free-writing III. Outline topic & sentence IV. Ways to revise the draft content, organization, sentences, diction, and mistakes,2019/7/3,Free template fr
27、om ,25,Suggested Reading,Ding Wangdao. (2005).A basic Course in Writing. Chapter 6 Yang Junfeng. (1999). Basic Writing in English. Part Two- I,2019/7/3,Free template from ,26,Thank you! Bye-bye!,EMail me : ,2019/7/3,Free template from ,27,Types of words,mon words:a few thousand words ,used by ordina
28、ry people for ordinary purposes. 2.formal and technical words:words used by people of special professions or fields,on special occasions or for special purposes.These words are political,legal,scientific,technical,business and literary words. Here are examples of the first and second kinds of words:
29、same, speech, learned, destroy.piece.endeavor,fragment 3.nonstandard words:used by people who are not well-educated or by people of special groups,such as people of a particular region or an age group.,2019/7/3,Free template from ,28,Types of words(continued),Some of these words may not be understan
30、dable to people in general,and may disappear after a short period of time.These words are slang, jargon, dialectal,and obsolete words. eg. aint ( am not, isnt, hasnt); deal (agreement);neat(nice),2019/7/3,Free template from ,29,How to achieve accuracy and appropriateness,1).Use common or informal wo
31、rds for general purposes;use formal or nonstandard words only on special occasions or for special purposes; 2).Use specific and concrete words when giving details;use general or abstract words when making summaries; eg. general specific animal tiger, fox, insect laugh giggle,roar,grin 3).Use idiomat
32、ic expressions and words in acceptable collocations;avoid combinations that are unidiomatic;,2019/7/3,Free template from ,30,4).When there are synonyms,choose the word that expresses the meaning most exactly and that suits the content and style.,2019/7/3,Free template from ,31,Types of Verbs,Transit
33、ive verbs Intransitive verbs Ditransive verbs Phrasal verbs Link verbs Auxiliary verbs and Modal verbs,2019/7/3,Free template from ,32,Transitive Verbs,1.often followed by objects eg. The temperature rose 10 degrees. 2.used together with prepositional phrases or adverbs eg. She always reminds me of
34、her mother. 3.delexical verbs (have the same meaning with +v./n.) a.+v.(n.) b.+n.,2019/7/3,Free template from ,33,Intransitive Verbs,1.no objects following. eg.He was shivering all over. 2.followed by objects a.changed from vt. eg. He runs a store./He runs fast. b.followed by objects of the same ori
35、gin.eg.live a happy life.,2019/7/3,Free template from ,34,Ditransive verbs,1. usual pattern:vt.+indirect o +direct o 2.vt. +direct o+to/for +indirect o eg.Sing us a song,please. Sing a song for us ,please. We owed him $100. We owed $100 to him. 3.rarely change the order eg.I wish you good luck.,2019
36、/7/3,Free template from ,35,Phrasal Verbs,Phrasal verbs have a certain meaning 1.vi.+adverbs eg.break in; come about 2.vi. +prep. eg. account for; call on 3.vt.+adv. eg.bring about; hurry up 4 .v.+adv.+prep. eg.put up with,2019/7/3,Free template from ,36,Phrasal verbs containing n.,1. V.+n. eg.chang
37、e ones mind 2.v.+n.+prep. eg.get hold of 3.v.+prep.+n. e into being,2019/7/3,Free template from ,37,Two Forms of Verbs,Finite Forms Non-finite Forms,2019/7/3,Free template from ,38,Finite Forms of Verbs,Features 1.the verb will be coherent with subject; 2.the verb should represent different tense,vo
38、ice,and mood.,2019/7/3,Free template from ,39,Non-finite Forms of Verbs,Features 1.neednt be coherent with subject 2.can be used as many sentence elements but predicate 3.three types:infinitive,gerund,&participle,2019/7/3,Free template from ,40,Tenses,The present indefinite The present(past) continu
39、ous tense The simple future tense/the past future tense The future continuous tense The simple past tense The present(past) perfect tense The present (past)perfect continuous tense The sequence of tenses,2019/7/3,Free template from ,41,Voices,2019/7/3,Free template from ,42,Moods,The Indicative Mood
40、 The Imperative Mood The Subjunctive Mood,2019/7/3,Free template from ,43,The Present Indefinite,Verbs: stative verbs:love,owe. inatantaneous verbs:declare Usage: 1.经常发生或反复发生的动作。 eg. He gets up at six. 2.现在的情况或状态。 eg.She knows several languages. 3.永恒的真理。 eg.It snows in winter.,2019/7/3,Free template
41、 from ,44,一般现在时表示现在动作,1.球赛解说egnow YaoMing gathers the ball. 2.演示说明egwatch,I switch on the current. 3.动作描述或舞台动作描述He sits down. 4.表示一些没有时间性的动作 a.剧情介绍eg.How does the story end? b.转述书面材料的内容eg.The notice says, c.指路eg.How do I get to?/You go down . d.图片说明eg.The wounded child stands e.用在here和there的后面eg.Her
42、e comes the,2019/7/3,Free template from ,45,Sentences,1.What is a correct sentence? 1) . It should be structurally correct complete; 2).It should begin with a capital letter; 3).It should end with a full stop,or a question mark,or an exclamation mark; 4).It should express a single complete idea.,201
43、9/7/3,Free template from ,46,2.Improve the following sentences,1).How to operate this computer? 2).Have lost my key. 3).Because he didnt finish his assignment. 4).The old man returning home after 8 years absence to find that all the neighbors he had known were no longer there.,2019/7/3,Free template
44、 from ,47,3.Types of sentences,1). The Periodic Sentence: the sentence that is not complete in structure or meaning until it reaches the last word,which is the most important word of the sentence. 2)The short and long sentences a. short sentences:powerful,effective,clear and easy to read in ads and
45、speech. b. long sentences :effective and adequate. c.alternating short and long sentences,2019/7/3,Free template from ,48,3).Simple,Compound, Complex,and Compound-Complex sentences,a.The simple sentence has a single subject-verb combination. Eg. Tom and Mary went to the park,ate there and came back
46、late yesterday. b.The compound sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences.Two forms: coordination conjunctions and semicolon.,2019/7/3,Free template from ,49,Complex&Compound-Complex sentence,A complex sentence is made up of a simple sentence and a statement that begins with a dependent word.eg. Because I got up late, I didnt have breakfast. (subordination),A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences and o