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1、动词的时态和语态, 动词的时态：,时态是一种语言的手段，因语言的不同而有区别。英语时态以动词形式变化表示句中谈到的动作、状态的时间关系和说话的时间。,一般现在时的用法 表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。 every, sometimes, often, usually, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning. He is alone. 2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 The earth moves around the sun. 3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before
2、 a fall. 骄者必败。,4. 表现在的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I dont want so much. 。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. I like singing. He believes he can achieve his goal one day. 5. 用在时间和条件状语从句中表将来 Ill participate in the game if it doesnt rain. Ill let him know as soon as he comes. 6. 表根据时间表的安排将要发生的事件，日程一般不可变更
3、，语气比较肯定。 The trains arrives at 18:40.,一般过去时的用法,1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有： yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 I stayed up last night, for I had a lot of homework to do. Where did you go just now?,2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the st
4、reet. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.,3）有时过去的时间隐含在情景里 I hardly recognized you, Marry. 4) 用在一些句型里： It is time you went to bed. I wish I were a bird. Id rather you came tomorrow., 比较： 一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。 Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
5、 Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) ( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去), 一般将来时 1) 表示未来的动作或状态，常用will / shall + 动词 时间状语有：tomorrow，next week Ill go to your city tomorrow. 2) be doing，表计划的将来，但语气不及一般现在时肯定，安排可以变更。 He is leaving for America on business next month. 3) be going to do，表
6、示将来。 a.主语的打算、意图，即将做某事。 What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 有迹象要发生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.,4) be to do表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. The doctor says the patient is not to be moved. 5) be about to do，意为马上做某事。 He is about to leave for B
7、eijing. 注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。,2.be going to / will 的区别： 用于条件句时， be going to 表将来 will 表意愿 If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mi
8、rror. 3.be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排), 现在进行时, 现在进行时的基本用法： a. 表示现阶段或目前正进行的动作。 We are waiting for you. Mr. Green is writing another novel this month. (说话时并未在写，只处于写作的
9、状态。) b. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。 The leaves are turning red. Its getting warmer and warmer. c. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。 You are always changing your mind.,典型例题 My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it. A. has lo
10、st, dont find B. is missing, dont find C. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found. 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。,过去进行时,过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某时段正在进行的动作。这一特定的时间可用时间状语连用。如：at that time; at 8 oclock; when 也可用上下暗示。 I was having breakfast at 7:30 this morning. They wer
11、e having a discussion the whole morning yesterday., 过去将来时：表示过去某一时刻以后将发生的动作和状态。如： Yesterday we decided that we should go to Shanghai next week. She said she would wait for me at the school gate.,现在完成时 构成： have (has) +过去分词。,现在完成时常与一些时间状语连用, 如：already; yet; by this time; just; ever; never; now; before;
12、 lately 等。,典型例题 (1) -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming,（2)-Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come,1)表示动作发生在过去，但对现在有影响。如： I have j
13、ust come back from America. He has already posted my letter. 2)表示动作或状态自过去某一时间开始，持续到现在，常与since，for等连用。如： He has been ill since last month. Her father has been dead for ten years.,I have received his letter for a month. I havent received his letter for almost a month. 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不
14、发生的状态是可以持续的。,（wrong）,（right）, 过去完成时 构成: had +过去分词 1) 表示动作或状态发生在过去某一时刻或动作之前，即“过去的过去”。在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. The train had left before I got to the station. 2)表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本，未能“
15、 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.,3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 注意： no sooner had than 刚 就 He had no sooner bought the car than
16、he sold it., 现在完成进行时：表示从过去的某一时刻始，一直延续到现在的动作。强调延续过程。如： He has been working at the school for 30 years. 他一直在这个学校工作了三十年。,用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is the th
17、at结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。,比较过去时与现在完成时 1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，ago,
18、in 1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语 共同的时间状语: this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately 现在完成时的时间状语 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 不确定的时间状语,3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, stud
19、y, know. 过去时常用的非持续性动词,有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。 举例： I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了。） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了。） Who hasnt handed in his paper? （强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。） She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴
20、黎回来了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了., 小窍门: 当现在完成时 + 一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。 1) (对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2) (错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six y
21、ears ago, and is still getting married now. 应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years., 延续动词与瞬间动词 1) 用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。 He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历) 2) 用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用
22、于肯定句，表示“做直到” 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示“到，才” He didnt come back until ten oclock. 他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到10点。, 不用进行时的动词 1) 事实状态的动词 have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue e.g. I have two brothers. This house belongs to my sister. 2) 心理状态的动词 k
23、now, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate e.g. I need your help. He loves her very much.,3) 瞬间动词 accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse. e.g. I accept your advice. 4) 系动词 seem, rema
24、in, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn e.g. You seem a little tired.,e.g. The reporter said that the UFO _east to west when he saw it. A.was travelling B. travelled C.had been travelling D. was to travel, 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较 现在完成时着眼于过去发生或开始的动作与现在的联系，而现在完成进行时则着眼于现在以前一段时间内动作一直在进行的过程本身。
25、 I have been reading the book for the whole day. 我整天一直在读这本书。 （一直不停地读，没有说明是否读完。） I have read the book. 我读过这本书了。 （说明读过或读完了。）, 将来进行时：表示将来某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作或者按照计划要做的事情。 如：At this time tomorrow we shall be waiting for you here. 明天这个时候，我们在这儿等你。, 将来完成时：表示将来某一时刻之前已经完成的动作。 如：When you come tonight at 8 oclock, I
26、shall have reviewed ten lessons. 你今晚十点回来时，我已复习完十课书。, 过去完成进行时：表示动作在过去某一时刻之前开始并延续到过去的这个时间，这一动作可能还在进行，也可能停止。 如：He told me that he had been waiting for me for two hours. 他告诉我，他等了我两个小时。 此外，还有将来完成进行时和过去将来完成进行时，两个时态很少使用，在此不作介绍。, 动词的语态：, 动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。 英语主动语态表示句子的主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者。 1.被动语态的构成
27、： be + done(动词过去分词),2. 被动语态的用法： 当不知道或不关心动作的执行者时，当只知道或只想将注意力放在动作的承受者身上的时候使用被动语态。在科技英语中的句子多使用被动语态。, 动词语态的时态体现：, 主动形式表示被动,1. 不定式的主动形式表示被动意义 2. 动名词的主动形式表示被动意义 3. 某些动词主动形式表示被动意义,不定式的主动形式表示被动意义,1.What we need is something to eat. 2.He must have something important to tell us. 3.It is really so simple a pr
28、oblem to deal with. 4.We all think he is a pleasant person to work with.,1）做定语与被修饰的名词呈动宾关系； 2）在形容词hard; difficult; easy; pleasant; nice; simple; comfortable 等 之后的不定式,2. 动名词的主动形式表示被动意义,be worth; need; want; require; demand;,doing,3. 某些动词主动形式表示被动意义,There must be something wrong with the door, it doesnt open easily. The book is written by a unknown novelist but it sells well. The shop opens at 8 am and closes at 9 pm.,sell; open; write; burn; wash; play; cook; keep; eat; wear;,“当主语具有 某种品质” 因而影响、 促进、 妨碍、阻止 谓语动作 的实现。,Thank you!,