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1、,By Zhang Xiaobo,Practical,Functional Translation Course,2,Translation is as old as a language itself , probably starting from thousands years ago . It has been used as an indispensable means of mediation , a useful aid to preaching and teaching , and to the social and culture , and commercial excha
2、nges and mutual understanding between different peoples and different countries . It has become part of human life.,3,The translators role is felt everywhere : not only in literature but also in such areas as science and technology , administration , foreign trade , cultural activities and tourism;
3、not only in a particular country when translation or the oral form of it is called for , but also in such international bodies as the UN and the EEC where the translating and interpreting is part of routine work .,4,1) Why do we need to study translation ? 2) What is the nature of translation ? 3) W
4、hat are the criteria for adequate and acceptable translation? 4) What are the problems which a translator ought to be able to recognize and resolve in order to produce a satisfactory translation?,5,The 21th century has been called “ the age of translation” , with rapid increase of economic contact a
5、nd cultural exchange between peoples , the significance of translation has been recognized by more attached to the study of translation theories and practice.,6,翻译的信度：可译性与不可译的文化探索,7,一名之立，旬月踌躇。- 严复,英语遍世界，翻译是桥梁。-周恩来,8,1).密碼 (f) secret code (r) password 2)拳头产品 (f)fist product (r) knockout product 3) 救火
6、 (f) to save fire (r) to fight fire,4)初恋 (f)early love (r) puppy love 5)青春痘 (f)youth spot (r) whelk 6)隐形眼镜 (f)invisible glasses (r) contact lenses,9,No admittance! (one- member sentence.) 闲人免入（SV） It rains cats and dogs. (s.v.o) 大雨滂沱。 Where there is a will, there is a way. (complex) 有志者事竟成。 It s an
7、ill wind that blows nobody good.(complex) 对于某些人有害的事可能对于另外一些人有利,10,世上只有神仙好，惟有功名忘不了. Men all know that salvation should be won. But the ambition wont have done， have done To train for a saint we know is best， But lone of fame distracts our nnnd All men spiritual life known to be good， But fame to disr
8、egard to neer succeed! They all know the freedom of the immortals, But Reward and Fame they cannot forget,11,子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？”,12,The Master said,“Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application ？Is it pleasant to have friends coming from distant quar
9、ter? Is he not a man of complete virtue, who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him?”,Confucius remarked, “It is indeed a pleasure to acquire knowledge and, as you go on acquiring, to put into practice what you have acquired. A greater pleasure still it is when friends of congenial
10、 minds come from afar to seek you because of your attainments. But he is truly a wise and good man who feels no discomposure even when he is not noticed of men.”,13,傅雷： 1)以效果而论，翻译应当象临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。 2)即使是最优秀的译文，其韵味较之原文原仍不免过或不及。翻译时只能尽量缩短这个距离，过则求其勿太过，不及则求其勿过于不及。,严复： 信、达、雅。,14,钱钟书： 文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。把作品从一
11、国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算得入于“化境”。十七世纪有人赞美这种造诣的翻译，比为原作的“投胎转世”(the transmigration of souls)，躯壳换了一个，而精神姿致依然故我。换句话说，译本对原作应该忠实得以至于读起来不象译本，因为作品在原文里决不会读起来象经过翻译似的。,15,“忠实”(to be faithful to the original) “通顺”(to be smooth in reading) “易懂”(to be easy in understanding).,.,16,“信” (to be
12、 faithful to the original) “达” (to be expressive) “切” (to be close to the original style),17,美国翻译家、翻译理论家奈达博士 语言学、人类学、通讯工程学 精通多种语言， 圣经 原作 译文读者,18,奈达在论述翻译的性质时曾说：“翻译是指接受语复制源语的信息的最近似的自然等值，首先在意义方面，其次在文体方面。”（Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the
13、 sourcelanguage message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style） （Nida， 1969 12）,19,“译者必须努力求得等值而不是同一。从某种意义上讲，这是强调复制信息而不是保留话语的形式。”（The translator must strive for equivalence rather than identity In a sense this is just another way of emphasizing the reproducing of the message rather
14、 than the conservation of the form of the utterance,20,在论述形式和结构等值时，奈达还提出“尽可能”在形式和内容上“复制原文”，而不是“绝对对称”。the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language to reproduce as literally and meaningfully as possible the form and content of t
15、he original Nida 1964： 159）,21,从一种语言到另一种语言（From One Language to Another） （ 1986）中提出了内容与形式兼顾的翻译论点，即所渭“功能对等”（functional equivalent）: 在词汇、语法，语义和文体等方面，通过改变原文形式表达原文内容，用译语最切近而又最自然的对等语（the closest natural equivalent in the target language）把原文内容表达出来，以求“功能对等”,22,Thought or Reference,Symbol,Referent,Linguisti
16、c elements such as words or sentences,concept,语言共核（common core）的存在,object, etc, in the world of experience,23,对翻译功能对等的影响： 语用环境、社会文化、背景知识等,Chinese people and English people say: “I love you with my heart.”. But Eugene. A Nida notices that the people in different places say: I love you with my liver,
17、love with my stomach, and even more , love with my throat.,24,Every nation has its own culture which is formed in a certain natural circumstances, history, geography and reality of the society. You have to get familiar with speciality of the culture and difference between the other cultures.,25,对牛谈琴
18、 Cast pearls before swine. 众人拾柴火焰高. Many hands makes light work . 水中捞月 To fish in the air 牛饮 To drink like fish 山穷水尽 To be at the end of ones rope,26,all at sea 不知所措 odd fish 怪人 fresh fish 新囚犯 big fish 大亨 dull fish 枯燥乏味的人 loose fish 放荡的人 poor fish 愚蠢易欺的人 Shy fish hoist your sail when the wind is fai
19、r. 好风快扬帆。 A small leak will sink a great ship. 小洞不堵沉大船。,27,这是一家以外贸为龙头、以实业为基础的企业集团. This is a group enterprise with foreign trade as the key line and industry as the basic root. 该厂形成了产供销一条龙. This factory has formed an integrated system for the procurement of production, supplies and marketing.,28,9.
20、Even in Old Chinese in which words of single characters prevailed, as “和”（peace）,“战”(war), instead of“和平” and “战争”in Modern Chinese,there were a great number of dissyllables.,29,Disyllables 政治( politics) 经济(economy) 掌握(grasp; master) 权利(power),30,Trisyllables 现代化(modernization) 委员会(committee 灵活性(fle
21、xibility),Polysyllables 言外之意(implication) 异乎寻常(unusual) 意识形态(ideology),31,By connotativization（引伸化）: 交情很深(intimate friendship) 关系很深(close relationship) 意思很深(profound thought) 功课很深(abstruse lessons),32,By Verbalization（动词化）: 端正态度(correct ones attitude) 纯洁思想(clean ones thought) 明确目的(make ones aim defi
22、nite),33,乐 (le) adj.; 快乐 (happy) 乐 (yue)n.; 音乐 (music) 乐 (yao)v.; 仁者乐山，智者乐水The good find pleasure in the hill, while the wise find it in the streams.,34,There are no-subject sentences in Chinese; as “ 下雨了”，“还早”，“离北京不远”，etc. Such construction is familiar to us Chinese, no subject being necessary here
23、. But there is no such conception in the minds of the English-speaking people. “ It is raining”, “It is still early”, “It is not far from Beijing”,35,It is with words as with sunbeams; the more they are condensed, the deeper they burn. 文字像日光一样：愈精炼，愈有力。 It is not in him to be depended upon in time of
24、 danger. 危急时候此人靠不住。 It is not in gold to be oxidized. 黄金不会氧化。,36,There are always more round pegs than round holes. 僧多粥少。 There are friends and friends. 朋友有各种各样的。 There are lees to every wine. 白圭有玷。 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王, In the land of blind, the one-eyed man is king. 开门红 making a good beginning 天网恢恢，疏而不漏 Ju
25、stice has long arms.,37,A thousand mustaches can live together, but not four breasts. 千条汉子能相处，两个婆娘难相容。 This is an “egg-and- hen”question. 这是一个长期争论不休的问题。 It was an old and ragged moon. 这是一弯下弦的残月。 The alternatives are now clear to see. 现在有两条路清楚地摆在我们的 Unemployment has stubbornly refused to contract for
26、 more than a decade. 失业人数总是居高不下，已经有十多个年头了,38,He was seized with the despairing sense of his helplessness. L他被束手无策的绝望感觉抓住了。 F. 他忽然产生了束手无策的绝望感觉。 The communiqu stirred a belated reaction. L公报引起了过晚的反应。 F. 公报发表后迟迟才有反映。 The bitter weather had driven everyone indoors. L寒峭的天气已经把每个人赶到室内。 F. 天寒冻峭，人人都躲在室内。 The
27、 explanation is pretty thin. 这种解释很单薄。 这种解释十分牵强。,39,这里百嶂千峰，石林峥嵘，瀑布飞泉，幽谷奇洞，被人们称为风景明珠。 This place has odd peaks, fantastic rocks, water-falls and springs, and aboriginal caves. It is praised by the people as a scenic pearl. It comes by the name of Wonder Land for its numerous waterfalls, fantastic moun
28、tain-ridges, towering rocks,and deep valleys and caverns.,40,让世界了解湛江，让湛江走向世界. Let Zhanjiang be known to the world and move to the world. Make Zhanjiang known to the world by enlightening its role in the global. I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife me old age. 我把青春献给海洋，我回家的时候便把
29、老年给了我的妻子。 我把青春献给海洋，等我回家見到妻子的時候，已經是白髮蒼蒼,41,The burning question of my childhood had been richly answered. L. 我儿童时代在我心中燃烧的问题，终于得到了充分的回答。 R. 我小時候夢寐以求想得到答案的問題，终于得到了圓滿的回答。,42,马致远天净沙.秋思 枯藤老树昏鸦， 小桥流水人家， 古道西风瘦马。 夕阳西下， 断肠人在天涯。,43,Crows hovering over rugged old trees wreathed with rotten vine -the day is abou
30、t done. Yonder is a tiny bridge over a sparkling stream, and on the far bank, a pretty village. But the traveler has to go on down this ancient road, the west wind moaning, his bony horse groaning, trudging towards the sinking sun, farther and farther away from home. _ _tr. By Weng Xian-liang（翁显良）,A
31、utumn,44,Tune: Tian Jin Sha By Ma Zhiyuan Withered vines hanging on old branches, Returning crows croaking at dusk. A few houses hidden past a narrow bridge, And below the bridge quiet creek running. Down a worn path, in the west wind, A lean horse comes plodding. The sun dips down in the west, And
32、the lovesick traveller is still at the end of the world. tr. By Ding Zuxin and Burton(丁祖馨),45,. Tune to “Sand and Sky” Dry-vine, old tree, crows at dusk Low bridge, stream running, cottages, Ancient road, west wind, lean nag, The sun westering And one with breaking heart at the skys edge. -tr, by Wa
33、yne Schlepp,46,Tune :”Sky-pure Sand” Dried vines, an old tree, evening crows; A small bridge, flowing water,menhomes; An ancient road, west winds, a lean horse; Sun slants west: The heart-torn man at skys end. -Tr. by Wai-lim Yip,47,Autumn Thoughts Withered vines, olden tree, evening crows; Tiny bri
34、dge, flowing brook, hamlet homes; Ancient road, wind from west, bony horse; The sun is setting, Broken man, far from home, roams and roams. _ tr. By Zhao Zhentao (赵甄陶),48,沙滩雪里点点足印， 不幸的父母好不伤心； 足印点点又往前引， 引到了断踪绝影。,49,.Wrong comprehension in literal translation 1) Lucy Gray (by W.Wordsworth) 徐志摩译： They
35、followed from the snowy bank , 沙滩雪里点点足印， Those footmarks, one by one, 不幸的父母好不伤心； Into the middle of the plank; 足印点点又往前引， And further there were none! 引到了断踪绝影。,50,百花齐放，百家争鸣 a hundred of flowers can blossom brilliantly and a hundred schools of thought can freely contend.,51,A word is dead When it is s
36、aid, Some say. I say it just Begins to live That day. _Emily Dickinson,有人说， 词说出 即逝。 而我说， 词出之时 诞生之日。 艾米丽 狄金森 张小波译,A Word,52,Lazy she lazy waits lazy and lazy waits lazy and lazy waits Jane, and she waits wants and a waits drink for of it water to so rain.,Lazy Jane -Shel Silverstein,懒虫珍妮 小小懒虫叫珍妮， 懒呀懒得真出奇， 她想喝上一口水， 于是一直等呀等， 等到天上落雨水。,53,Friendship is both a source of pleasure and a component of good health. 友谊既是快乐之源泉，又是健康之要素。 Ralph Waldo Emerson（美国思想家爱默生） Experience is what you get when you dont get what you want. 经验是当你没得到想得到之物时所得到的东西。 Desiderius Eramus（荷兰人文主义者伊拉莫斯）,54,55,Thank you!,