高中英语命题技巧及试题考点分析方法.ppt

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1、2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,1,高中英语命题技巧 及试题考点分析方法,兰 春 寿,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,2,一、英语测试的质量评估,评估英语测试的质量，首先要研究测试的有效性问题，即效度（validity）； 质量评估要考虑的第二个问题，是测试结果的可信（可靠）程度，即信度（reliability）； 还要考虑施测的可行性问题（practicality）； 以及区分力（discriminating power）。,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,3,考试设计与命题:基本原理,信度,试卷结构,是否考了所要考的？,是否保证考试分数的公平性？,分数,

2、准确性,一致性,效度,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,4,考试内容,代表性,覆盖面,考试内容是否是大纲的重点？,考试内容是否涵盖大纲的主要内容？,抽样,数量,质量,考试设计与命题:基本原理,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,5,1. 效度,简单地说，是指某一种/某一次测试能在多大的程度测出预定要测量的东西，或者能在多大的程度完成预期的测量任务。 我们希望通过测试所测量的是我们想要测量的东西，而且仅仅是想要测量的东西，绝对不是不想测量的东西。 例如测“写作能力”，不要牵扯进“阅读能力”的测试或其他能力的测试。 实际上，由于种种原因，常常不能完全如愿。,2019/7/20,高

3、中英语命题与考点分析,6,因此，效度是程度的问题，可以分成若干等级，如高、较高、中等、较低和低。 效度只有高低之分，没有有无之别。 谈效度，不能离开具体的测试以及具体的目标。,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,7,影响效度的因素,1）测试的目标不当。测试目标的确定要在测试能够到达的范围之内。英语测试能揭示的，不是受测者在英语学习中的全部情况，而只是那些可测的，可计数的现象。 2）测试的内容不妥。必须使测试的内容尽可能准确地反映测试的目标。命题实际上是一个抽样的过程，要使抽样合理，每一次测试的题项必须有代表性，侧重点要明确 例如：某一大题以考语法为测试目标，,如何合理抽样？,2019/

4、7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,8,以考语法为测试目标的大题，每小题就要尽可能合理地覆盖想测的那些语法点，每小题应该有特定任务，重点考某个语法点。 命题时要尽量避免别的内容来干扰主要内容。由于重点考语法，不是考词汇，不是考文化背景知识，涉及的词语就不宜太难，太偏，而且要用所谓的culture-free items，以避免考生仅因为不认识某些词语或不了解某种文化而做不好题。 又如，考词汇的试题，,如何回避无关内容？,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,9,同样，测试的内容 太少、 太多、 太易、 太难,样本太少 不足反映整体,题量太大 变成速度测试,测不出考生 的实际水平,测不出考生

5、的实际水平,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,10,3）测试方法不对。测试的方法要与测试的内容相适宜。如：考口试要用口试法。 4）测试组织不好。测试需要严密、科学的组织工作，组织得好将有利于提高测试的效度和信度。 5）没有合理使用分数。要正确有效地使用通过测试获得的包括分数在内的各种数据。 6）考生方面的一些主观因素。如：考生的积极性，情绪等等。,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,11,2. 信度,信度是指考试结果的可信程度，实际上是指考试的一致性，所要了解的是考试在多大程度上具有一致性。 信度的研究必须有比较，通常从三个方面来研究：,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点

6、分析,12,1）测试的稳定性（stability）。常用的方法是测试-再测试法（the test-retest method)，就是用同一套试卷在尽可能相似的环境中对同一批考生测试两次。即第一次测后隔一段时间再测，间隔的长短按需要而定。比较两次测试的成绩，求出相关系数，判定测试的稳定程度。 求相关系数，有pearson的积矩相关系数和spearman排列次序相关系数。 用前一种方法只要知道总人数，两次的分数就可以算出来。 用后一种方法，是研究两次测试的次序相关（rank correlation), 根据成绩把考生两次测试的名次排出来，比较两次名次上的差异。 相关系数最好高于0.9，至少不低于0

7、.8。系数高，测试稳定性就高。,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,13,2）测试的等值性（equivalence）。常用等值（卷）法（the equivalent-forms method)。用同一测试的两份等值试卷对同一批人进行测试，比较两次的成绩，算出相关系数，判断两次测试的等值性。,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,14,3）测试的内部一致性（internal consistency）。测内部一致性用得比较多的方法是分半法（split-half method）。用一份试卷施测，然后把试卷分成题数相等的两个部分，求这两部分分数的相关系数。（奇数题与偶数题、前一半题与后一

8、半题） 只计算客观题，用Kuder Richardson的 KR21公式，如果是主观题，则用Cronbach的公式。,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,15,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,16,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,17,提高信度的主要方法,1）适当增加题量。题量增加，试题的覆盖面大，题目的代表性好，测量误差就在一定程度上减少。 2）注意各题的同质性。即题目的一致程度，如：题型一样、题量一样、覆盖面一样、指导语一样，编排一样。 3）控制好题目的难易程度，提高区分度。题目难易程度适当，区分度高，对两次或多次测试考生按照成绩高低排列次序就比较任意一致，

9、测试的相关性就可能提高，信度也就提高了。 4）尽可能消除各种干扰因素。使全体考生在十分相似的考试环境中考试。 5）改进评分方法，提高评分的客观性和准确性。 标准化测试在以上5个方面都有切实可行的办法，因此信度高。,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,18,3. 可行性,测试无论规模大小，其过程分为三个阶段：准备阶段、施测阶段和评分阶段，每个阶段都有可行性问题。 对于大规模的考试，命题人员尽可能考虑周到，为后续工作提供方便。 例如：试卷的版面设计要规范、方便考生、阅卷教师和工作人员；为阅卷教师提供的答案要明确、全面，评分标准要详尽，答题卡的设计要方便计算机阅卷。编排,2019/7/20,

10、高中英语命题与考点分析,19,4. 区分性,测试应该要起到能够区分考生能力高低的作用。 测试要具有多大的区分度，视具体情况具体分析。 一般的“过关”考试，希望大部分甚至全部的人都通过考试，这时区分度就不宜太高。 高考是选拔类的考试，区分度应该怎样？,对于具有选拔性功能的高考 来说，考试目的是为了择优，这就需 要有很强的区分力。,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,20,难易度与区分度,测试评分结束后，应依据测试的结果进行题项分析（item analysis），计算每小题的难易度（facility value）和区分度（discrimination index） 难度值：该数值与难度呈反

11、比，范围在01，数值越高，越容易。 把试卷中每道题的难度值加起来除以题数，所得的值为整卷的难度值。,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,21,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,22,区分度：反映的是试题区分力的强弱程度。区分指数为-1 - +1. 在计算区分指数时，把考生按照所得的总分的高低分成人数相等的高低两个组。 当高分组答对某题的人数比低分组答对此题的人多时，区分指数为正数； 当两组人数一样时，区分指数为0； 当前者人数反比后者少时，区分指数为负数。,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,23,高分组答对该题的人数,区分指数,低高分组答对该题的人数,每组人数（高分

12、组和 低分组人数应一样）,区分度,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,24,为了提高试题的区分度，通常在试测之后要修改或删除区分度低的题目，特别是区分度0的。 把所有题目的区分度加起来除以题数就获得整份试卷的区分指数。,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,25,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,26,67. The purpose of the passage is to show you how to _. A. play your cards right B. use your cards abroad C. draw cash with your cards D

13、. pay for goods with your cards,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,27,一道试题至少由以下三个部分组成： 输入 题干（文本、图片、音频、视频等） 过程 （辨析、理解、分析、推理、概括、 产出 ） 输出 答案 (选择式和构建式),二、命题:试题结构,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,28,21. Tom: Mike, our team will play against the Rockets this weekend. Im sure we will win. Mike: _! A. Congratulations B. Cheers C.

14、Best wishes D. Good luck,题干,考点,干扰项,答案,选项,选材 设置考点 设置干扰项,命题的基本过程,无偏颇性、难易适中,考点明确,单维性,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,29,1. 单项填空,本大题的命制要着重考查语法和词汇知识在特定语境中的应用，要特别注意语境的设置，并保证主干知识的覆盖面。,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,30,1. 单项填空,题干 由一个句子或一组短对话构成。题干至少包含一个可作为考点的语法结构或意义关系。 答案 答案选项通常是一个词、短语、结构或交际用语。它是正确理解题干中的语法结构或意义关系的必然结果，也就是，正确答案

15、的选择必须基于对题干结构或意义的正确理解。 干扰项 单项填空中的干扰方式主要包括（1）词形干扰、（2）词义干扰、（3）用法干扰以及（4）结构干扰。,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,31,单项填空: 考点分类,题干,结构,语法属性 结构分析 固定结构,意义,意义理解 逻辑关系,选择项,动词变化 语法辨析 意义辨析 语用辨析,二维分类,I could have been on time for the meeting, but I _ in a traffic jam for over half an hour.,have caught have been caught was cau

16、ght caught,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,32,Faced with Challenges, you should believe your courage is _ makes a difference.,what that which whether,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,33,考点设置突出: 知识链,干扰项设置突出： 相同语法范畴 或 具有某一区别特征,考点明确 分布合理,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,34,单项填空考点分析 （福建2009高考英语）,21. A. I practice every day B. Thank yo

17、u very muchC. No, I dont think so D. Well, its not good enough 22. A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted 23. A. of B. for C. by D. about 24. A. that B. when C. which D. where 25. A. voices had come B. came voices C. voices would comeD. did voices come 26. A

18、. she means B. you mean C. I mean D. we mean 27. A. beg B. hesitate C. desire D. seek 28. A. fight for B. apply for C. call on D. wait on 29. A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration 30. A. exactly B. fortunately C. surprisingly D. hardly 31. A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes 32

19、. A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded 33. A. when B. while C. after D. since 34. A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked 35. A. would not win B. would not have wonC. would win D. would have won,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,35,单项填空考点分析 （福建2009高考英语）,21. A. I practice every

20、day B. Thank you very muchC. No, I dont think so D. Well, its not good enough 22. A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted 23. A. of B. for C. by D. about 24. A. that B. when C. which D. where 25. A. voices had come B. came voices C. voices would comeD. did vo

21、ices come 26. A. she means B. you mean C. I mean D. we mean 27. A. beg B. hesitate C. desire D. seek 28. A. fight for B. apply for C. call on D. wait on 29. A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration 30. A. exactly B. fortunately C. surprisingly D. hardly 31. A. will make B. had made C. was mak

22、ing D. makes 32. A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded 33. A. when B. while C. after D. since 34. A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked 35. A. would not win B. would not have wonC. would win D. would have won,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,36,单项填空考点分析 （福建2009高考英语）,21. A. I

23、practice every day B. Thank you very muchC. No, I dont think so D. Well, its not good enough 22. A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted 23. A. of B. for C. by D. about 24. A. that B. when C. which D. where 25. A. voices had come B. came voices C. voices woul

24、d comeD. did voices come 26. A. she means B. you mean C. I mean D. we mean 27. A. beg B. hesitate C. desire D. seek 28. A. fight for B. apply for C. call on D. wait on 29. A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration 30. A. exactly B. fortunately C. surprisingly D. hardly 31. A. will make B. had

25、made C. was making D. makes 32. A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded 33. A. when B. while C. after D. since 34. A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked 35. A. would not win B. would not have wonC. would win D. would have won,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,37,单项填空考点分析 （福建2009

26、高考英语）,21. A. I practice every day B. Thank you very muchC. No, I dont think so D. Well, its not good enough 22. A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted 23. A. of B. for C. by D. about 24. A. that B. when C. which D. where 25. A. voices had come B. came voices

27、 C. voices would comeD. did voices come 26. A. she means B. you mean C. I mean D. we mean 27. A. beg B. hesitate C. desire D. seek 28. A. fight for B. apply for C. call on D. wait on 29. A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration 30. A. exactly B. fortunately C. surprisingly D. hardly 31. A. wi

28、ll make B. had made C. was making D. makes 32. A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded 33. A. when B. while C. after D. since 34. A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked 35. A. would not win B. would not have wonC. would win D. would have won,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,38,单

29、项填空考点分析 （福建2009高考英语）,21. A. I practice every day B. Thank you very muchC. No, I dont think so D. Well, its not good enough 22. A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted 23. A. of B. for C. by D. about 24. A. that B. when C. which D. where 25. A. voices had come

30、 B. came voices C. voices would comeD. did voices come 26. A. she means B. you mean C. I mean D. we mean 27. A. beg B. hesitate C. desire D. seek 28. A. fight for B. apply for C. call on D. wait on 29. A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration 30. A. exactly B. fortunately C. surprisingly D. h

31、ardly 31. A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes 32. A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded 33. A. when B. while C. after D. since 34. A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked 35. A. would not win B. would not have wonC. would win D. would have won,2019/7/20,高

32、中英语命题与考点分析,39,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,40,22. - Why does the Lake smell terrible? - Because large quantities of water _. 语法属性 A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted 25. For a moment nothing happened Then _ all shouting together. 结构分析 A. voices had come B. came

33、voices C. voices would come D. did voices come 31. According to the literary review, Shakespeare _ his charities live through their language in his plays. 语法属性 A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes 32._ not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry. 结构分析 A

34、. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded 34. In April, 2009, President Hu inspected the warships in Qingdao, _ the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy. 意义理解 A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked 35. But for the help of my English teacher, I _ the first pri

35、ze in the English Writing Competition. 特殊结构 A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,41,23. - How amazing it is that astronauts are exploring outer space! - Its a challenge, I guess, _ man against nature. 意义理解 A. of B. for C. by D. about 24. Its hel

36、pful to put children in a situation _ they can see themselves differently. 结构分析 A. that B. when C. which D. where 26. -Your mum is very kind. -Yeah, My mum is pretty considerate, you know what _, she always arranges everything around me. 逻辑关系 A. she means B. you mean C. I mean D. we mean 33. She had

37、 just finished her homework _ her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday. 固定结构 A. when B. while C. after D. since,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,42,27. We are at your service. Dont _ to turn to us if you have any further problems. 意义理解 A. beg B. hesitate C. desire D. seek 28. The Somali rob

38、bers frequent attacks on the sea urged the United Nations to _ all nations to take immediate action. 意义理解 A. fight for B. apply for C. call on D. wait on 29. The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without any _ when the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April,2009. 意义理解 A. delay B. eff

39、ort C. schedule D. consideration,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,43,命题技巧：,(a) 考点与答对概率 Youre going to the movies, _? arent you dont we arent they arent I Youre going to the movies, _ you? arent dont are do,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,44,Dont you find it surprising that such a nice house _ uninhabited by its owner ev

40、er since the time it was built? would have been leaved should have been left should be leaved would be left,命题技巧：,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,45,22. - Why does the Lake smell terrible? - Because large quantities of water _. A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted,2

41、019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,46,(b) 干扰项的相容： 对于不懂得正确选项的考生来说，每个干扰项都应该具有似乎可能性,命题技巧：,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,47,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,48,(C)答案的唯一性 Which do you think tastes _, the chicken or the fish? well good better best Frankly only one of these two dishes tastes good. The other tastes awful. Which do you thin

42、k tastes good, the chicken or the fish? These two dishes, the chicken and the fish, both taste better than all the others. But we must choose one for the first prize. Which do you think tastes best, the chicken or the fish? Youve tried my wifes two famous dishes the chicken and the fish. Which do yo

43、u think tastes _?,命题技巧：,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,49,(d) 消除提示正确选项的线索 Some people think that they have a _to the problems of car crowding and pollution in large cities. A. solution B. answer C. advice D. suggestion He is a brutal man and so everybody _ him. A. dislike B. respects C. pities D. praises,命题技

44、巧：,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,50,(e)避免诡题 When I met Tim yesterday, it was the first time I _ him since Christmas. saw have seen had seen have been seeing I would say it is not impossible for someone not as careful as you are to _ this not very important point. overdo overlook overrate overstate,命题技巧：,201

45、9/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,51,(f) 注意口语与书面语的使用 -The meeting has been canceled. -_ I would not have come. A. Have I know earlier B. Had I know earlier C. Knowing that earlier D. Know that earlier,命题技巧：,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,52,命题技巧：,(g) 题干与选项的简洁 I _ this time yesterday. A. am writing to my parents B. was writ

46、ing to may parents C. has been writing to my parents D. wrote to my parents,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,53,完型填空试题结构,线索词语,考试词语,干扰,短文,答案,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,54,考点设置：突出关联性,考点词语 选择考试词语的原则是：它必须可以根据篇章结构、意义连贯或其它上下文信息进行推导的词语。 线索词语 线索词语或结构主要来源于词语搭配、句子结构、篇章衔接和意义连贯等信息。 干扰项 完形填空的干扰项主要从搭配、结构、意义或连贯四个层面对答案进行干扰。,2019/7

47、/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,55,完形填空题：考点分类,词：词语搭配 句：结构和意义 篇：衔接和连贯,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,56,考点层次与焦点因素,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,57,考点分布,2019/7/20,高中英语命题与考点分析,58,The position of children in American family and society is no longer what is used to be. The 36 family in colonial North America was mainly concerned with su

48、rvival and 37 that, its own economic prosperity. Thus, children were 38 in terms of their productivity, and they played the role of producer quite early. 39 they fulfilled this role, their position in the family was one of subordination. 36. A. poor B. ordinary C. happy D. wealthy 37. A. except B. for C. beyond D. through 3