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1、完成式,虚拟语气 与过去事实相反 If 条件句 主句 had done would should could might,have done,含蓄条件句 1 用without 或 but for引出 Without your help, I would have failed. But for the storm, we should have arrived. 2 省去 if,把 were 或 had 或 should提前到句首的倒装 Were I a student again, I would study harder. Should he come tomorrow, I would
2、tell him about it.,3 利用上下文或其它方式 （整个从句不写出） I was busy ; otherwise , I would have joined you. If only he had not left ! That would be fine. ( if you should do it. ),情态动词与完成式 cant / couldnt have done 不可能做过 must have done 肯定已做过 may / might have done 或许做过 might have done 本来可能，但实际上没有做 should / ought to ha
3、ve done 本来应该做却没做 could have done 可能做过；本来可以做却没做 neednt have done 本来没必要做却已做 shouldnt / oughtnt have done 本来不应该做却已做 would rather have done当时宁愿做了某事（表后悔）,My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he _ your lecture. couldnt have attended B. neednt have attended C.mustnt have attended
4、D.shouldnt have attended 2.Look at Judys red eyes. She _. A. would be crying B. might cry C. must cry D. must have cried 3.Thank you for your birthday gift. In fact, you _ so much money on it. A.must spend B. need to spend C.could spend D. neednt have spent,4.-Did you stay at home last night ? -Yes,
5、 but I _ dancing. A.would rather gone B.would go C.would rather have gone D.would gone,The perfect infinitive - to have done - the action of the perfect infinitive is an earlier action. It happens before the time of the main verb. I am sorry to have kept you waiting. I am glad to have paid a visit t
6、o him last week.,不定式的完成式与 happen, appear, seem, pretend,1.He seems to have been a teacher. -It seems that he was a teacher. Cf. He seems to be a teacher. ( It seems that he is a teacher. ) 2.He pretended to have read the book. -He pretended that he had read the book. 3.I happened to have driven that
7、 kind of car before. -It happened that I had driven that kind of car before.,with the following verbs in the passive voice believe, consider, find, know, report, say, suppose, think You are supposed to have finished your homework. She is known to have received two Nobel prizes.,meant, hoped, desired
8、, expected, planned, promised, wished, wanted to have done sth.,but I hoped to have seen you off yesterday, but I didnt have time. cf. I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment. I had intended to see you off, but I had a very important meeting to attend. 表示愿望，打算一类的词，如：hope, expect, m
9、ean, intend, want, think, suppose 等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。,Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down. No sooner had I got home than the rain poured down. 我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。,This is the first time that I have come here. It was the third time that he had made the same mistake.,If you had taken my advic
10、e, you would not have failed in the exams. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. A.wouldnt have fallen B.had not fallen C.should fall D.were to fall,Present Perfect Continuous Tense has / have been do
11、ing - used to talk about an ongoing state or action which began in the past and is still continuing or has just finished difference between the present perfect - focuses on the fact that an action is completed and the present perfect continuous - focuses on the fact that it is still ongoing,Ive learned how to play chess. ( I can play chess now. ) Ive been learning how to play chess. ( Im still learning. ),