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1、四级阅读长难句分析,1、句子种类和类型,（一）按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。 1）陈述句（Declarative Sentences/Statement）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如： Light travels faster than sound. （说明事实） The film is rather boring. （说明看法） 2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentences/Question）：提出问题。有以下四种： a. 一般疑问句（General Questions）： Can you finish the work in time? b. 特
2、殊疑问句（Wh-Questions）： Where do you live? c. 选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）： Do you want tea or coffee? d. 反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）： He doesnt know her, does he? 3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences/Command）：提出请求，建议或发出命令。例如： Dont be nervous! 别紧张！ 4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences/Exclamation）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如： What good
3、news it is! 多好的消息啊！,（二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类： 1）简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如： She is fond of collecting stamps. 2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如： The food was good, but he had little appetite. 3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。例如： The f
4、ilm had begun when we got to the cinema.,2. 句子成分,1. 组成句子的成分叫句子成分。 2. 在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。 3. 句子成分由词或词组充当。 4. 英语句子的基本成分有六种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）和状语(adverbial)。,同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。同位语的表现形式有以下几种： (
5、1) 名词： Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. (2) 代词： I myself will do the experiment. (3) 数词： She is the oldest among them six. (4) 从句： He told me the news that the plane had exploded. (5) 由such as, that is引导 Some subjects, such as maths and physics, are very difficult to learn. (6) 由 of 引导 The city
6、of Beijing has been greatly changed since 2000. (7) 由 or 引导 The freezing temperature, or freezing point, is the temperature at which water freezes under ordinary pressure.,同位语 the Appositive,3、简单句6种基本结构。 1主语系动词表语（A is B.） Harvard is among the first American universities to accept Chinese students. 哈
7、佛是最早接受中国留学生的美国大学之一。 2主语及物动词宾语（A does B.） These traditions have exerted a profound impact on the values and way of life of the Chinese people, and on Chinas road of development today. 这些传统，对今天中国人的价值观念、生活方式和中国的发展道路，具有深刻的影响。 3主语不及物动词（A leaves.） In 1847, Chinese student Rong Hong and others came to the
8、United States as the first group of Chinese students to study here. 1847年，中国最早的一批留美学生容闳等人赴美求学。,4主语及物动词双宾语（间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物）（A gives B something.） My visit to IBM, AT&T and the Bell laboratory yesterday gave me some first-hand knowledge of the latest successes in modern science and technology. 昨天，我参观了国际
9、商用机器公司、美国电话电报公司和贝尔实验室，领略了当代科技发展的前沿成就。 5主语及物动词复合宾语（即宾语宾语补足语）（A tells B to do something） Today, the Chinese people who are struggling to achieve modernization have made the opening-up a basic state policy. 今天，正在为实现现代化而奋斗的中国人民，把对外开放作为一项基本国策。 6There系动词主语（There is a man.） There are many types of business
10、es in a free-market economy. 在自由市场经济国家企业类型有多种多样。,4、并列句,并列句: 用并列连接词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接在一起的句子叫并列句. 常用的连接词如下: also, and, but, either . or, however, not only.but also, or, or else(否则，要不然), so, still（仍然；但是；尽管如此 ）, yet, neither.nor. 并列句的构成: 简单句 + 连接词 + 简单句。 1. He studied hard and he passed the examination. 2.
11、Lets hurry, or well be late. 3. I have been to Beijing many times but my parents have never been there.,5、复合句,复合句是由两个或两个以上的有主谓结构的句子用从属连词连接起来的句子。其中一个句子是主体,叫做主句,而其他的句子叫做从句。 从句由连接词引导, 它们是: that, before, whether, if, although, because, as long as, as soon as, since, after, who, which, whom, what, whose,
12、 why, where, how, when 。 从句尽管有主谓结构,但不能单独成为一个句子,在句中, 从句仅担任某个成分,根据担任的成分从句可分主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,定语从句,同位语从句，状语从句。 因为一般可以充当句子的主语、宾语、同位语和表语，所以这四种从句可以统称为名词性从句。,主语从句：在句中起主语作用的句子叫做主语从句. 主语从句一般放在句首。引导主语从句的词有下列: that, who, whether, if, what, which, when, where, how, why. Who cleaned the blackboard is not known yet.
13、 Its very good that he has passed the exam. 宾语从句：在句中起宾语作用的句子叫做宾语从句，宾语从句放在动词后面。引导宾语从句的词有下列: that, who, if, whether, what, which, when, where, how, why. I didnt expect that he had broken the glass. Could you tell me who is your teacher?,表语从句: 在句中起表语作用的句子叫做表语从句，表语从句放在系动词的后面。引导表语从句的词有下列: that, who, if,
14、whether, what, which, when, where how, why等. The question is whether he will join us next time. 同位语从句：位于同位名词之后，说明同位名词的内容的从句。引导词一般仅有that. Do you know the news that the Chinese Womens Volleyball Team has won the world championship?,定语从句:在句中起定语作用的句子叫做定语从句，定语从句放在被修饰的名词后面。 引导定语从句的词有下列。 who, whose, that,
15、which, whom, when, where why. Do you know the man who is in the car. This is the place where I was born. 状语从句:在句中起状语作用的句子叫做状语从句，状语从句一般放在句后,强调时放在句首。 He opened the windows since it was hot. When he was young, he couldnt go to school。,6、句子原则,句子原则1：一个句子只能有一个谓语，谓语由动词构成。 句子原则2：如果一个句子有多个动词，只有一个是谓语动词，其它为非谓语
16、动词。 句子原则3：如果一个句子有多个谓语，那么这个句子可能是并列句或者是复合句。如果有并列连词，就是并列句，如果没有就是复合句。,7、句子分析方法, 1、无论句子多么复杂，先找到主谓结构，忽略插入成分及次要成分。 2、根据句子原则判断是否为简单句、并列句还是复合句。 3、如果为复合句，根据关系词找出从句和主句。 4、分析主句是否完整：如果主句不完整，从句为名词性从句；如果主句完整，从句为定语从句或状语从句。 5、根据关系词或从属连词推导出究竟是哪类从句。,8.阅读理解长难句的六大特点,1、 主语拉长,一般来讲，汉语主语比较简短。相比之下，英语中主语一旦拉长，就会增加读者的理解难度。 解决方法
17、：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。例如： The streams, lakes, meadows(草地）, mountain ridges and foreststhatmake the Poconos an ideal place for balck bears have alsoattractedmore people to the region. （2005.6） 首先，把原句子分解为两个简单独立的句子： （1）The streams, lakes, meadows(草地）, mountain ridges andforeststhat make the Poconos an ide
18、al place forbalckbears溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉、森林，使得Pocono成为黑熊理想的栖息地 （2）have also attracted more people to theregion.吸引了越来越多的人们来到这里。 其次，句子整合翻译： 溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉、森林，这些不仅使得Pocono成为黑熊理想的栖息地，而且吸引了越来越多的人们来到这里。,2、分词短语打头，句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式,分词短语（包括现在分词和过去分词）做状语，这一句式比较常见，读者阅读时由于要区分短语和主语之间的逻辑关系，所以理解上有难度。并且分词短语本身往往由于掺入了插入语成分，理解上
19、就更为困难。 解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。 例如： Operating out of a century-old schoolhouse inthevillage of Long Pond, Pennsylvanis, the Conservancys Bud Cook is working withlocalpeople and business leaders to balance economicgrowthenvironmental protection. （2005.6） 翻译： 在宾西法尼亚州的朗庞德村庄有一栋
20、上百年历史的校舍，大自然保护协会的成员巴德-库克就在这里办公，他与当地人民和商业领导合作，以努力平衡好经济发展与环境保护之间的关系。,注意：介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。例如： In a time of low academic achievement by children intheUnited States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of highacademicachievement and economic success, for possibleanswers.（2005.1） 翻译： 有一段时间，美国的儿
21、童学业表现不尽如人意，许多人于是转向日本，想从中寻求可能的解决办法，因为日本不仅经济实力强，而且学术成就也很高。 特别注意不定式to 位于句首表目的，一定是考试重点。例如： 原文：To prepare children for successful careers infirstgrade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, andmathematics,but rather skills such as persistence, concentration,and theability to n as a m
22、r of a group. （2005.1） 翻译：为了使孩子能在一年级和以后有良好的表现，日本的学校并不教授阅读、写作、和算数，而是教孩子们诸如毅力、注意力和群体合作能力等技巧。,3、多个谓语动词连用,简单句之所以简单是因为成分单一便于读者理解。而四级阅读理解中，出题人为增加阅读难度，就会把几个谓语动词放在一个句子当中。但是无论局势如何变化，英语句子本身就犹如一棵大树，只能有一个主干起支撑作用，其他起辅助作用。 解决方法：遇到多个谓语动词连用情况要分清主句谓语动词和从句的谓语动词。剔除细枝末节之后，句子也就好理解了。例如： Scratchy throats, stuffy noses and
23、 body aches all spellmisery,but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu(流感） maymake adifference in how long the misery lasts. （2005.1） 解析： 此句是由but引导的并列句。前面一句话容易理解，谓语动词是spell,关键看后一句话。but引导的句子黑体下划线是主语，该句子真正谓语动词是maymake，如下面所示： but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu(流感） may make a
24、 difference inhowlong the misery lasts. 翻译： 喉咙发痒、鼻塞、浑身酸痛都令人痛苦，但是能够确定造成这种痛苦的根源是普通感冒还是流感，对这种痛苦能折磨你多就会起关键作用。,4、举例作为插入语（显著词such as; for example; including etc.）,插入语主要起补充或说明的作用，我们在进行快速阅读的时候通常会把它省略，即忽略不看。但是，笔者在这里要提出的一点是，如果根据文章问题回原文定位句子时，如果定位的关键句子包含了以上插入语中的任何一种形式，则答案往往就在此处。例如： 原文：Finally, other people may
25、give us instrumental supportfinancial aid, material resources, and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems. 考题： Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of A. instrumental support B. informational support C. social companionship D. the s
26、trengthening of self-respect （1） Cold symptoms such as stuffy nose, runny nose and scratchy throat typically develop gradually, and adults and teens often do not get a fever. （2005.1） 翻译：普通感冒患者的一些典型症状，如鼻塞、流鼻涕、喉咙发痒，发作比较缓慢，成人和青少年患者一般不会有发热症状。 （2）And in general, flu symptoms including fever and chills,
27、sore throat and body aches come on suddenly and are more severe than cold symptoms. （2005.1） 翻译：一般来说，流感症状包括发烧、发冷、喉咙发痒、浑身疼痛，比普通感冒的症状来得突然和猛烈。 注意：举例有时可以换成短语，如介词短语、不定式短语等等；还可以换成有两个破折号引起的插入语成分。例如： It is 37 years later. Stokoenow devoting his time to writing and editing books and jounals and to producing
28、video materials on ASL and deaf cultureis having lunch at a caf near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution.(2004.6) 时间过了37年。现在Stoloe致力于撰写和编辑关于美国手语和聋哑人文化的书籍和杂志，以及制作相关的录像材料。,5、并列句连用使得句子变长（主谓宾都可以并列）,并列句是四级阅读理解中的主要句式。出题人会把几个成分相同的并列句子，通过剔除多余成分从而使其合并为一个很长的句子。 解决方法：破解这样句子的关键是要弄清楚两
29、个句子的逻辑关系，补全成分后重新还原为几个单独的句子即可。例如： To make matters worse for the government, it soon emerged that the Princesss trip had been approved by the Foreign Office, and that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British governments policy regarding landmines. (2004.6)
30、翻译：对政府来说，更糟糕的是，不久得知的消息是，王妃的安哥拉之行得到过外事办的批准，并且她事实上非常了解安哥拉的形势和英国政府关于地雷的政策。相当于拆分成三个句子： (1) To make matters worse for the government (2) It soon emerged that the Princesss trip had been approved by the Foreign Office. (3) It soon emerged that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in
31、 Angola and the British governments policy regarding landmines.,6、多重复合句叠加,所谓多重复合句叠加，就是说一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种句式（并列的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等）。 解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子逻辑关系至关重要。通常采用图表法。例如： （1）Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtfu
32、l or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again. (2006.1) 显然，原句子是由有there be引导做主句，后面跟了两个which 引导的定语从句，两者是并列的。比较特殊的是which定语从句中有各自有一个定语从句，像是一个连环套。,总结长难句分析步骤,1、首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。 2、如果是简单句，首先确定主谓结构；接着确定宾语和宾语补足语（如有的话）；然后确定定语和状语等次要成分，即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。按照所确定的各个成分，给出
33、全句大意（可用翻译法）。译文意思应当通顺，并和上下文意义基本吻合。如意义出入较大，文理不通，则分析可能有误，这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析。 3、如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后将全句综合考虑。 4、如果是复合句，首先找出从属连词并确定出主句，这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后确定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构；最后整体考虑全句大意，尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。,例. Recycling also stimulat
34、es the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution control and energy costs of industries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material. 如果没有句子的宏观感觉，在理解的时候就会比较费劲。不少同学是一个单词一个单词往下理解，结果发现很难把分散理解的信息串成一个符合逻辑的整体。如果用图形的方式把句子结构分析出来，我们就能较好理解了。 主语：Recycling 谓语： stimulates t
35、he local economy by and trims the pollution control and energy costs of industries (that)by 显然，这句话是一个主语做了两件事情,每件事情还有by引导的状语，第二件事情还有that引导的定于从句修饰前面的名词。,四级长句结构分析与翻译,1. The fridges effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. 1. 冰箱对人类幸福
36、贡献不多，但他对环境的影响倒是不小。,2. There is another conversation, which from our point of view is equally important, and that has to do not with what is read but with how it is read. 2. 依我们看，还有另一种对话同样重要，它与所读的内容无关，而与阅读的方式有关。,3. Decision-thinking is not unlike pokerit often matters not only what you think, but als
37、o what others think you think and what you think they think you think. 3. 作决定就像打扑克一样，不仅你心里怎么想，而且别人认为你心里怎么想，以及你认为他们认为你心里怎么想，常常是很重要的。也就是说：作决定就像打扑克，知己知彼非常重要。 (29个词的句子，有四个从句，即：在主语部分中，“but also”后面的“what others think you think”中的“what”是“you think”的宾语，而不是“others think”的宾语。因此，这个从句意为“别人认为你心里怎么想”；“and”后面的“wha
38、t you think they think you think”中的“what”是最后一个“you think”的宾语，而不是前面的“you think”或“they think”的宾语。另外，“they think”是前面“you think”的宾语，“what you think”又是“they think”的宾语。一个双重否定（not unlike），三处省略( matters)。,4. But it will be the drivers responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the fro
39、nt unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind. 4. 但是，驾驶员有责任让座在前排的14岁以下的乘客系上某种安全带，否则不得坐在前排。,5. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let a
40、lone to ask what lay beneath the surface. 5.对大多数人来说，海洋是遥远的，除了早期飘洋过海旅行的人或靠海谋生的人之外，没有什么理由询问有关海洋的问题，更谈不上询问海洋里有什么之类的问题。,6. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all his answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine
41、when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong. 6. 当然，如果计算机得出的全部答案均需复查一遍，花钱买计算机就毫无意义。不过人们也应该信赖自身内部的计算能力，一旦感觉到计算机得出的结果有不对之处，就必须进行复查。,7. Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course, which he attends, gives him a credit, which he may count
42、towards a degree. 7. 大学生通常必须修满一定数量的课程才能毕业，每修完一门课就得到相应的学分，累计到一定量便能拿到学位。,8. It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupils technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the childs deep
43、feelings. 8. 这种评语可能是对该学生写作技巧的严厉批评，但同时也是对那个未曾仔细阅读学生作文的教师令人遗憾的做法的批评，因为作文中包含表达学生深刻感情的一些优美词句。,9. A breakthrough in the provision of(在方面 ) energy from the sun for the European Economic Community (EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EECs resear
44、ch effort in this field, according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EECs scientific laboratories at Ispra, near Milan.,9. 在米兰附近的伊斯普拉的欧共体科学试验室进行太阳能试验的欧洲经济共同体资深科学家认为，只要略微增加欧洲经济共同体在利用太阳能方面的研究经费，就能使这方面的研究提前20年取得突破。,10. Mr.Gretz calculates even though solar energy on
45、ly provided three percent of the EECs needs, this could still produce a saving of about a billion pounds in the present bill for imported energy each year. 10. 格雷茨先生计算得出，即使太阳能只解决欧共体对能源需求的3%，每年也能为其节约价值约10亿英镑的进口能源所需的费用。,11. At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at lengt
46、h with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state. 11. 贝斯以色列医院为每一位病人指派一名责任护士，责任护士要与指派给他的病人做深入交谈，并对病人的身体状况作全面纪录，内容包括从病史到病人情绪的一切事情。,12. Papouseks light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the
47、interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. 12. 巴普塞克将发光器直接放在婴儿面前，他观察到如下有趣的现象：有时婴儿并不回头仔细看灯，但是灯亮的时候就会发出“咯咯的笑声”。,13. Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly
48、, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in question. 13. 通常，投诉如果既有礼貌，又很坚决又极有效，尤其是当消费者能说明有问题的商品的毛病所在时。,14. So we sleep well when we are in a familiar, safe place, but we sleep lightly, if at all, when we fear that bears will nose into the tent. 14. 因此，我们身处熟悉，安全的
49、环境时就睡得好，而担心熊会闯入帐篷时就睡不好。,15. When children understand that the light of the lighting flashing reaches their eyes almost at the same moment, but the sound of the thunder takes about 5 seconds to travel just one mile, they can begin to time the interval between the flash and the crash to learn how close they were to the actual spark.,15. 假如孩子们明白闪电发出的光几乎同时到达他们的眼睛，而雷声约5秒钟才传播1英里，那他们就可以开始给闪电和雷声二者