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1、1,Grammatical issues (3),Presented by Lu Xin,2,A host of childish of combination of this type are used in ordinary conversation, such as fill up, fill in, fix up, melt down, melt up The fact that up and down can be used without changing the meaning indicates that the preposition has lost its signifi
2、cance; indeed, much of this is baby talk, entirely unsuited to technical matters; it should be shunned in serious writing. -Rickard,3,Grammatical issues,Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions,4,Adjectives 形容词,定义 分类 形容词的排列顺序 形容词和副词的比较级最高级 非等级形容词的用法与特点,5,Adjectives 形容词,定义： 形容词是用来描写或修饰名词的一类词，多数形容
3、词具有比较的语法特征。形容词的位置一般在其所修饰的名词之前。 分类： 1）性质形容词：hot, quick 2）叙述形容词：,6,2）叙述形容词： A 某些以a-开头的形容词： afraid alive alone ashamed asleep awake Dont be afraid. Now the baby is asleep. 。 He was alone in the house. Notice:若要用作定语且具有以上意义，可改用其他 误：an asleep child, an ashamed girl, an alive poet 正：a sleeping child, a shy
4、 girl, a living poet B.某些表示健康的形容词： fine ill well He was ill and couldnt come.,7,C.某些描述感觉或心情的形容词： glad pleased sorry Im glad to hear that. You will be sorry about this later. We are very pleased with the plan. D.其他表语形容词： certain sure fond ready unable Im certain sure he will come. He is fond of music
5、. We are ready to do it.,8,形容词的排列顺序 限定词-性质-形状-颜色-来源-材料-基本特征和用途-n “限冠形龄色国材” e.g. A very pretty purple silk dress e.g.Those beautiful large square old brown wood tables e.g. Radio, television and press _ of conveying news as information. A) are the most three common means B) are most three common mean
6、s C) are the three most common means D) are three the most common means .,9,形容词的比较级最高级 1 比较级与最高级的形式变化 1） 规则变化 tall, taller, tallest nice, nicer, nicest big, bigger, biggest busy, busier, busiest clever, cleverer, cleverest important, more important, most important,10,2） 不规则变化 good, better, best bad/
7、ill, worse, worst old, older/elder, oldest/eldest much/many, more, most little, less, least far, farther/further farthest /furthest,11,A as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so as。 He cannot run so/as fast as you. 2）as +形容词+ a +单数名词/ as + many/much +名词。 This is as good an example as the other is. I can c
8、arry as much paper as you can. 3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时放在as前 This room is twice as big as that one. Your room is the same size as mine.,12,4）倍数+ as + adj. + as 倍数+ the + of： This bridge is three times as long as that one. This bridge is three times the length of that one. Your room is twice as large as
9、 mine. Your room is twice the size of mine. Americans eat _ as they actually need every day. A twice as much protein B twice protein as much C twice protein as much D protein as twice much After the new technique was introduced the factory produced _ tractors in 1988 as the year before. as twice man
10、y B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as,13,B 比较级形容词或副词 + than You are taller than I. The lights in your room are brighter than those in mine. Notice: 1）要避免重复使用比较级。 He is more cleverer than his brother. He is more clever than his brother. He is clever than his brother. 2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。 C
11、hina is larger than any country in Asia. China is larger than any other countries in Asia.,14,3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out. 4）要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。 比较： Which is larger, Canada or Australia? Which is the lar
12、ger country, Canada or Australia? She is taller than her two sisters. She is the taller of the two sisters.,15,C可修饰比较级的词 1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。 2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。 3）以上词（除by far）外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。 - Are you feeling _? - Y
13、es，Iam fine now. A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better The experiment was_ easier than we had expected. A. more B. much more C. much D. more much If there were no examinations, we should have _ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much h
14、appier time,16,D the + 最高级 + 比较范围 1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。 The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. Notice:形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示“非常“。 It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. Notice: 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。 Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. Tom is th
15、e tallest of the three brothers.,17,2）修饰最高级的词，by far, far, much, mostly, almost This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. Notice: a. very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。 This is the very best. This is much the best. b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。 Africa is the second largest continent.,18,3） 最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。 Mike is the most
16、intelligent in his class. Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class. 4） “否定词语+比较级“，“否定词语+ so as“结构也可以表示最高级含义。 Nothing is so easy as this. Nothing is easier than this. This is the easiest thing.,19,E和more有关的词组， 1） the morethe more The harder you work，the greater progress youll mak
17、e. 2） more B than A=less A than B He is more lazy than slow at his work. Many of them were _ inventors than scientists. A) less B) more C) more D) worse 3） no more than/no less than The officials could see no more than the Emperor. He is no less diligent than you. 4） more than: She is more than kind
18、 to us all.,20,非等级形容词的用法与特点 非等级形容词的主要特点是：通常不与程度副词连用，而且通常也不用于比较级和最高级，atomic physics 英语中的类别形容词(即表示所修饰名词类别的形容词)通常都是非等级形容词： daily monthly yearly north east northern southern Chinese British male female electric medical 3. 等级形容词和非等级形容词的划分也并不是绝对， He is very French. 。 He is more English than the English.,2
19、1,Adverbs 副词,定义： 分类： 几个特殊副词的用法,22,定义：副词是用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句的词，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。 分类： 1） 简单副词：Just ， only, back Notice: 有些简单副词和形容词同形， a near relation to come near a fast car to drive fast a kindly smile to speak kindly a daily newspaper a daily published newspaper 2）复合副词：somehow， somewhere , therefore
20、,23,3)派生副词: interesting-interestingly easy-easily Notice A某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词： friendly，lively， lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly, timely B 兼有两种形式的副词 1)close closely He is sitting close to me. vs. Watch him closely. 2)free freely You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may s
21、peak freely; say what you like. 3)hard hardly; late , lately ;most ,mostly ;wide, widely high, highly; deep, deeply; near, nearly,24,几个特殊副词的用法： (1) enough, too (A) enough放在形容词和副词后; too放在前面。 Shes old enough to do some work. Shes too old to do any work. (B) too.to, enough to + 动词 I am too poor to affo
22、rd such extravagance You are rich enough to keep a maid,25,(2) very, much, (A)very修饰形容词，副词； much (或very much)修饰动词。 He spoke very carefully. It is much talked about these days. (B)Very修饰原级形容词及副词；much修饰比较级，最高级的形容词及副词 Your work is very good. This is much better. This is much (by far) the best.,26,(3) a
23、lready, yet, still, (A)Already vs. Yet I already like him He cant drive yet. Have you already seen him? (B)Still I still like him. Notice：Still放在动词前后，有时句意不同。 He is still standing. (continue to stand) He is standing still. (= standing motionless),27,Prepositions介词,介词的定义 介词的分类 介词的用法,28,介词的用法 1. 名词介词 a
24、cquaintance with attention to contribution to objection to sympathy with It is useful to be able to predict the extent which a price change will affect supply and demand. A) from B) with C) to D) for,29,2. 形容词 + 介词 attitude to/towards absent from afraid of clever at faithful to guilty of opposite to
25、 popular with keen on By 1929, Mickey Mouse was as popular _children as Coca-Cola. A) for B) in C) to D) with Cancer is second only _ heart disease as a cause of death. A) of B) to C) with D) from,30,3. 动词介词 account for aim at begin with depart from lead to persist in He will agree to do what you re
26、quire _ him. A) of C) to B) from D) for,31,4. 介词 + 名词 at hand by accident beyond doubt in addition for the moment from time to time with the purpose of by accident I was _ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived. A) in B) to C) at D) on The survival of civilization as we know is _ threa
27、t. A) within B) under C) towards D) upon Finding a job in such a big company has always been _ his wildest dreams. A) under B) over C) above D) beyond,32,5. 复合介词 according to along with because of by means of in accordance with owing to together with with regard to as for as to（至于） in view of for th
28、e sake of on account of Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to _ the color of his skin A) with the exception of B) in the light of C) by virtue of D) regardless of,33,6常用的短语介词 My father seemed to be in no _ to look at my school report. A) mood B) emotion C) attitude D) fee
29、ling Will all those _ the proposal raise their hands? A) in relation to B) in excess of C) in contrast to D) in favor of _ one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world. A) On B) By C) At D) Of,34,Conjunctions连词,定义 分类 连词的用法 ：并列连词的用法 从属连词的用法,35,并列连词的用法 1. 表示转折关系的并
30、列连词。这类连词主要有 but, yet 等。 Someone borrowed my pen, but I dont remember who. 。 He said he was our friend, yet he wouldnt help us. 2. 表示因果关系的并列连词，for, so The child had a bad cough, so his mother took him to the doctor. You are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors.,36
31、,3. 表示并列关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 and , or , eitheror , neithernor , not onlybut (also) , bothand , as well as 等。 He didnt go and she didnt go either. The weather is mild today; it is neither hot nor cold. Both New York and London have traffic problems. It is important for you as well as for me. People who ar
32、e either under age or over age may not join the army.,37,从属连词的用法 1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词 (1) 表示“当时候” ：when, while, as, whenever。 Dont talk while youre eating. Vegetables are best when they are fresh. He came just as I was leaving. (2) 表示“在之前(或之后)” ：before, after。 Try to finish your work before you leave. A
33、fter we have finished tea, we will sit on the grass (3) 表示“自从”或“直到” ：since, until, till。 Shes been playing tennis since she was eight. Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you.,38,(4) 表示“一就” ：as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once,
34、no soonerthan, hardlywhen e.g. Ill let you know as soon as I hear from her. The moment I have finished Ill give you a call. Once you begin you must continue. (5) 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次” ：every time，each time，(the) next time，any time，(the) last time，the first time Ill tell him about it (the) next time I see
35、 him. We lose a few skin cells every time we wash our hands. You can call me any time you want to.,39,2. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词:if, unless, as so long as, in case 等。如： Do you mind if I open the window? Dont come unless I telephone. As long as youre happy，it doesnt matter what you do. In case it rains they wi
36、ll stay at home. We should be able to do the job for you quickly ， _you give us all necessary information A in case B provided that C or else D as if,40,3. 引导目的状语从句: in order that, in case, for fear Take your umbrella (just) in case it rains. She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he sho
37、uld understand. 4. 引导结果状语从句: so that, sothat, suchthat： I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. I had so many falls that I was black and blue all over. He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. Does Alan like hamburgers？ Yes. So much _5_that he eats them almost every da
38、y. A. for B. as C. to D .so,41,5. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词:because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that) 。 As you are sorry Ill forgive you. Since weve no money, we cant buy it. Seeing that hes ill hes unlikely to come. Now that she has apologized, I am content. 6. 引导让步状语从句的从属连词: although,
39、though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever。 Although they are twins, they look entirely different. I like her even though she can be annoying. Whatever we have achieved, we owe to your support.,42,7. 引导方式状语从句的从属连词:as, as if, as though, the way： Why didnt you
40、catch the last bus as I told you to? He bent the iron bar as if it had been made of rubber. Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 8. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词: where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple. Ill take you anywhere you like. Everywhere I go
41、I find the same thing.,43,9. 引导比较状语从句的从属连词: than; asas She was now happier than she had ever been. I glanced at my watch. It was earlier than I thought. He doesnt work as hard as she does. 10. 引导名词从句的从属连词。主要有that, whether, if ，它们用于引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。 He replied that he was going by train. I wonder if its large enough. I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.,44,If you have any questions: You can visit the website as below : 薄冰语法 http:/ Or write to me: ,45,That s all, Thank you!,