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1、Chapter 8 History of Britain,The beginning of Britain The Early settlers (-55B.C.) Roman Britain (55B.C.-410A.D.) Anglo-Saxon Britain (410- 871) Viking Britain (871-1042) Norman Conquest (1066),The Early Settlers (-55 B.C.) 8,000 years ago Great Britain became an island Natives of Britain Iberians (
2、3000BC-2000BC) The first settlers of Britain from the Mediterranean area,Stonehenge in Southwest England Built between 3000 BC and 1000 BC The most famous prehistoric monument and tourist attraction,The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC. tall and golden-haired from Central Europe farmers wa
3、rlike people,Roman Britain (55 B.C.- 410),British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.,Roman Invasion,Roman Civilization The month “July” is named after Julius Caesar himself. Christiani
4、ty to Britain Extraordinary achievement in building roads “All Roads Lead to Rome” Hadrians Wall Englands great wall 2000 years ago,Roman influence on Britain was limited. First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 centuries did the Ro
5、mans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.,Anglo-Saxon Britain (410-871) Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons The Angle, Saxon, and Jute tribes invaded in 5th and 6th centuries The Anglo-Saxons left their home in northern Ge
6、rmany and Denmark. The Heptarchy: seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria contended for hegemony,St. Augustin The first Archbishop of Canterbury in 601 He built the Canterbury Cathedral. He introduced Christianity to England. The founder of the En
7、glish church,King Arthur The best-known English legend The 5th century Story King Arthur united the British His famous round table“ knights Drove the Saxons back with his magical sword A hero of British, who leads the defense against the Anglo-Saxon invaders in the early 6th century,Viking(871-1042)
8、 Invasion time In the late 8th century From Denmark Norsemen, “people from the North” From 1017 to 1041 England was ruled by Danish kings.,Alfred the Great The king of Wessex The father of British navy A capable military leader and administrator,Westminster Abbey In 1042 By Edward, King of England,
9、a faithful Christian One of the oldest buildings in London A living monument to British history Almost all English kings have been crowned there.,Influences of the Danish Invasion Many Danish words became a part of the British vocabulary. Such as: sky, they, their, them, bank, gate, guess etc. Briti
10、sh system of counting was adopted from the Danes. Like: dozen, penny, foot. Many names of English towns are borrowed from the Danes.,Norman Conquest The last foreign invasion in England The best-known event in English history Duke William of Normandy, from northern France William is often referred t
11、o as William the Conqueror. ,On October 14, 1066 William and his army defeated the English army in the battle of Hastings. William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey, known as William I of England. This invasion is called Norman Conquest.,Influences of Norman Conquest Language - French
12、 replaced English as the language of the ruling classes. -The period of Middle English began., Architecture The Tower of London (The most famous castle) England became a land of castles Doomsday Book - the base for future taxation - a useful source of information for the monarchs,Robin Hood Englands
13、 best-loved legend Heroic Saxon noblemen oppressed by the Normans “Merry men” robbed from the rich to give to the poor.,British Invasion History,Part II The Feudal Britain (1066-1485) Key Points: 1. Common Law 2. The Magna Carta 3. The beginning of Parliament 4. The decline of feudalism,Feudal Brita
14、in Norman Conquest marked the establishment of feudalism in England 1. After the Norman Conquest, feudalism was established in England. 2. The nobility gradually gained power. 3. State mechanism was gradually established such as the parliamentary system and the common law.,The succession of monarchs
15、 Kings: William I(1066-1154)-(grandson)- Henry II(1154-1189)-(son)- Richard I(1189-1199)-(brother)- King John(1199-1216)-(son)- Henry III(1216-1272)- Edward III-,Achievements: Norman conquest-the common law-crusades-the Magna Carta-the beginning of parliament- the establishment of parliamentary syst
16、em.,The beginning of the parliament When? -1264, The nobles defeated the king Who? -Simon de Monfort VS Henry III,How? Simon de Monfort made changes in the formation of the Great Council - added some commoners into the council Significance? - laid the foundation for the development of the English pa
17、rliament,The decline of Feudalism Root: the foundation of the manor system was shaken Several events shook the foundation of the feudal society. The Hundred Years War The Black Mouth Tylers Rebellion The War of the Roses,The Hundred Years War Time: 1337-1453 Event A series of wars between England an
18、d France, Unexpected benefits The ruling Normans began to regard England as their home. English was reestablished as the official language.,Joan of Arc A famous peasant girl Under Joan of Arc, French won a number of victories. Regarded as a national French heroine.,The War of the Roses A series of c
19、ivil wars between supporters of Lancaster and York. The badges a red rose Vs. a white one Reason In 1455 the Duke of York tried to displace the Lancaster king, Henry VI. Result In 1485, Henry Tudor, as Henry VII, founded the Tudor Monarchy.,The Beginning of the Modern World From the 16th to the 20th
20、 century,Part III House of Tudor,Key points: The Enclosure Movement Geographical Discovery The Renaissance The Reformation Henry VIII Bloody Mary The Elizabethan Age,1.The Enclosure Movement,In the 16th century, the development of textile industry pushed up the price of wool. Landlords began to turn
21、 large areas of arable land into sheep grazing land.,2. Geographical Discovery Why? - A shortage of gold & silver caused by the increase in production & the expansion of trade in Europe. When? In the 15th century How? rush for gold -rush for spice-geographical discovery Who? - Portugal, Spanish, Bri
22、tain,British expansion In 1497,John Cabot sailed to New-found land in North America Sir Francis Drake, the first Englishman who sailed round the world. Chartered Companies. - The East India Company,3. The Renaissance When? late 14th C the early 16th C Where? Italy-the rest of Europe What? The rebirt
23、h of interest in classic cultures of ancient Greece and Rome which were neglected by the Europeans in the Middle Ages.,Who? - many literary figures William Shakespeare Thomas More, Edmund Spencer, Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe,What do they have in common? - praised life and attacked feudal crue
24、lty, ignorance and destruction of human rights - promoted education and reform - voiced enduring ideas,4. The Reformation When? 1517-1646 Who? Martin Luther Where? West Europe What? A great revolution in the Christian church, Results? - it ended the supreme power of the Pope of the Christian church
25、- two religious camps were formed: Catholic and Protestant,The English Reformation Who? King Henry VIII Why? Henry VIIIs divorce Results? Married six times,- the King declared himself as the supreme Head of the Church of England - the religious authority was transferred successfully from the Pope to
26、 the king.,Bloody Mary Who? - Mary Tudor, a sincere Catholic Why bloody? - she persecuted true Protestants and executed more than 300 people,Elizabeth I (1553-1603) The last Tudor monarch The Golden Age The English navy defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588 The flourishing of English drama,Part IV Hou
27、se of Stuart,Key points The Divine right of Kings Charles I The Civil War Cromwell Restoration The Glorious Revolution,Charles I (1625 - 1649) Belief Believed in the old theory “Divine right of Kings” The kings power came directly from God, not from the people. Dismissed parliament for 11 years,The
28、Civil War (1642-1649) Event Charles I burst into the Houses of Parliament to arrest leading members of the Parliament. Between The Roundheads (supporters of Parliament) The Cavaliers (supporters of the King),Result of the Civil War The execution of Charles I Oliver Cromwell formed republican England
29、, the Commonwealth of England. English monarchy was abolished.,Restoration Who? Charles II When? 1661,4,23. How? - politically, restore the old social order - religiously, reestablished a new system - economically, established English colonies in America,The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830) The ind
30、ustrial Revolution refers to the mechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.,Consequences of the industrial Revolution 1 Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”; 2 Towns grew rapidly and became
31、 the source of the nations wealth.,3 Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appallingconditions. 4 The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.,The Glor
32、ious Revolution When? 1688 Why? -The parliament did not want a Catholic succession after the Kings death. What? - The parliament invited Mary and William to rule England together -in 1689, the Bill of Rights became law,Significance? - a new system, the Constitutional Monarchy, was born - the politic
33、al struggle between the king and the parliament came to an end - the end of the divine right of the king - the Act of Succession in 1701, no Catholic monarch,Queen Victoria The Grandmother of Europe” The longest reign (1837-1901) Victorias Time Britain became the most powerful and richest country in
34、 the world. British Empire reached its highest point and was called “the Empire on which the sun never sets”.,Britain in World War I Result - Victorious - A huge national debt - Lost her sea supremacy - Overtaken by the United States,Britain in World War II Borrowed large amounts of debt from the United States and Canada. Over 1,000 million pounds of overseas investments were sold. Economy slid from the 2nd largest economy to the 6th in the world.,