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1、英国文学史与选读 讲座课件,汤富华 2004年3月,通过作品找意境，通过中西文学对比，让文学课升华至文化课，让我们的学生成为自己的主人。,Early and Medieval English Literature,Geoffrey Chaucer, the founder of English poetry, was born, about 1340, in London. He was the son of a wine merchant who had connections with the court.,Francis Bacon,“Of Studies”,Studies serve
2、for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring, for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For different expert man can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; But the general
3、 courses and the plots and marshalling of affaires, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time on study is sloth, to use them too much for ornament, is affectation, to make judgment only by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature and are perfected by experience
4、, for nature abilities are like nature plants, that need to be pruning by study, and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large.,Of Studies,君子曰：学不可以已。青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝；冰，水为之，而寒于水。木直中绳，揉以为轮，其曲中规，虽有槁暴，不复挺者，輮使之然也。故木受绳则直，金就砾则利。君子博学而日参省乎己，则知明而行无过矣。 吾尝终日而思矣，不如须臾之所学也。吾尝跂而望矣，不如登高之博见也。登高而招，臂非加长也
5、，而见者远。顺风而呼，声非加疾也，而闻者彰。假舆 马者，非利足也，而致千里。假舟辑者，非能水也，而绝江河。君子生非异也，善假于物也。 积土成山，风雨兴焉。积水成渊，蛟龙生焉。积善成德，而神明自得，圣心备焉。故不积跬步，无以至千里；不积小流，无以成江海。骐骥一跃，不能十步；驽马十驾，功在不舍。锲而舍之，朽木不折；锲而不舍，金石可镂。蚓无爪牙之利,筋骨之强，上食埃土，下饮黄泉，用心一也。蟹六跪而二螯，非蛇蟺之穴无可寄托者，用心躁也。,荀子劝学,Thomas More(1478-1535),He was born in a middle-class family.his father was a p
6、rominent lawyer,and later a judge.A scholar by nature ,he became a lawyer.Quite early he was elected to Parliament and he acted as the spokesman of London merchants who were on e of the principal stays of the Tudor monarchy.,Daniel Defoe: 1660-1731,Son of James and Mary Foe, a merchant family commit
7、ted to Puritanism (Presbyterians) Sound education at Mortons Academy. Only Anglicans could graduate from Oxford or Cambridge. 1684: Marries Mary Tuffley, an heiress with 3,700 a year.,Fought briefly in the Duke of Monmouths rebellion against James II. Bankruptcy and debt turned him towards writing.
8、1701: writes “The True Born Englishman” 1703: Pilloried for writing “The Shortest Way with Dissenters.”,Defoes Robinson Crusoe,1719: First volume of Robinson Crusoe. A hit with lower and middle classes. Based on the experience of Alexander Selkirk. 1722: Moll Flanders. A novel that draws on his own
9、experience in Newgate prison.,Crusoe: 1810 edition,Samuel Johnson (170984) lexicographer, critic and poet, was born in Lichfield, Stafforshire, the son of a poor bookseller. After studying at Oxford for little more than a year, he was forced to leave the university by poverty. Then followed his long
10、 struggle as a hack writer. In 1741, some booksellers asked Johnson to compile a dictionary or the English language. It took him eight years to finish this enormous work, and in 1755 his “Dictionary” was published.,Johnson thought that “all was false and hollow” despised the honeyed words, and wrote
11、 a letter to Lord Chestfield, saying “ when I had once addressed your lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art or pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess.” Letter to Lord Chestfield,文艺复兴,最后的晚餐 （意大利） 达 芬奇画 1495 - 1497年 米兰圣玛利亚格拉契修道院藏,文艺复兴美术三杰,西斯廷教堂天顶画局部 壁画 36541314米 米开朗期罗 （意大
12、利） 梵帝冈西斯廷教堂藏 （1475 - 1564年）,西斯庭教堂内景,椅中圣母 （油画） （意大利） 拉斐尔 （1514 - 1516年）,选自http:/,William Shakespeare 1564-1616,“All the world s a stage, And all the men and women merely players.”,Born in Stratford The 3rd of 8 kids Married at age 18 (his wife was 26) Worked as an actor By 1594 at least 6 plays had b
13、een published,The Globe Theater 1599,Burned in 1613,The New Globe Theater 1999,Comedies,The Taming of the Shrew Much Ado About Nothing As You Like I Twelfth Night Midsummer Nights Dream,Tragedies,Hamlet Romeo and Juliet Othello King Lear Macbeth,Hamlet,Sonnet 18 William Shakespeare Shall I compare t
14、hee to a summers day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summers lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of the heaven shines And often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or na
15、tures changing course untrimmed; But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst; Nor shall death brag thou wanderst in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou growst: So long as a man can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives live to th
16、ee.,致橡树 我如果爱你/绝不学攀援的凌霄花，/借你的高枝炫耀自己； 我如果爱你/绝不学痴情的鸟儿，/为绿荫重复单调的歌曲； 也不止像泉源/常年送来清凉的慰籍；/也不止像险峰， 增加你的高度，/衬托你的威仪。/甚至日光/甚至春雨 不，这些都还不够/我必须是你近旁的一株木棉， 作为树的形像和你站在一起。/根，相握在地下； 叶，相触在云里。/每一阵风吹过，我们都互相致意， 但没有人/听懂我们的言语/你有你的铜枝铁干， 像刀像剑也像戟；/我有我红硕的花朵，/像沉重的叹息， 又像英勇的火炬/我们分担寒潮风雷霹雳； 我们共享雾霭流岚虹霓；/仿佛永远分离，却又终身相依 这才是伟大的爱情，/坚贞就在这里/
17、爱/不仅爱你伟岸的身躯， 也爱你坚持的位置，/足下的土地。,John Milton (16081674),“Paradise Lost” Its meaning of equity Background： John Milton, the greatest English poet after Shakespeare, was the one great literary figure who want tried seriously to combine Renaissance and Reformation. His rich stories of classical learning w
18、ith revival of deep religious feeling.,Miltons work can be divided into three creative period. The first period was up to 1641, during which time he was to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanity and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism was not absent. Milton is one of the very few truly great Eng
19、lish writers who is also a prominent figure in politics and who is both a great poet and important prose writer.,渡边淳一,The Age of Romanticism 1750-1850,This cultural era is a continuation of, & overlaps with, the Enlightenment. Its characteristics include: Romantic love Liberalism and freedom An upsu
20、rge of nationalism & patriotism Sympathy for the poor & less fortunate. An appreciation of nature A fascination with horror,Romantic Artists,John Constable J.M.W. Turner Eugene Delacroix J.F.Goya,A Romantic Painting by John Constable,Romantic Musicians,Wolfgang Sebastian Bach Ludwig von Beethoven “i
21、mmortal beloved” Johan Brahms; Frederic Chopin Franz List; Peter Tchaikovsky Franz Schubert; Richard Wagner Guiseppi Verdi,Wolfgang Sebastian Bach German composer & organist,Ludwig von Beethoven Great composer of symphonies,Romantic Historians,Georg Hegel - Communism Jules Michelet - Idealization of
22、 French history George Bancroft - Divine Providence for USA Thomas Carlyle - Great Men theory Thomas Billington McCaulay - British history Heinrich von Treitschke - German nationalism,First Bicycle: Germany, 1816 no pedals, chains, or brakes.,First manned Balloon Flight,A 70 ft. tall balloon scended
23、 in Paris in November, 1783. It traveled 7 and reached a height of 3000 feet.,Robert Burns (1759?) “A Red, Red Rose” “Auld Lang Syne”,Romantic Authors,抒发情怀是文人墨客的做派，同时也是所有读书人表达对时事，人生百态的观点的最好的一种方式。中西文化在这一点上是完全相同的。,Burns的A Red, Red Rose是一首难得的好情诗。Auld Lang Syne.更是成了全世界家喻户晓的好歌，很像中国的王洛宾的那首在那遥远的地方。其实，抒发像Au
24、ld Lang Syne这种韵味，无论哪个民族都有，如月光下的凤尾竹由施光南作曲，云南傣族人用葫芦丝演奏的曲调也有异曲同工的效果。 要启发学生读进文学作品，同时也要走出文学作品，将作品给予的启发和感受时刻与现实生活相联系。更要通过阅读脍炙人口的作品提高个人的修养。,Herbert Schiller,German romanticist who idealized heroic deeds and struggles for freedom.,Wolfgang von Goethe, author of “Faust”,Sir Walter Scott,Author of Ivanhoe & R
25、ob Roy. Romantic themes included Scottish nationalism & independence.,Samuel Taylor Coleridge,Used images of phantoms and terrors arising from the depths of the emotions. Author of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.,William Wordsworth romantic poetry,William Wordsworth principal poem： We are seven Lin
26、es Written in Early Spring To the cuckoo I Wondered lonely as a cloud The Solitary Reaper Intimations or Immortality The Prelude,I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud -William Wordsworth,I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high oer vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden da
27、ffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the tress, Fluttering and dance in the breeze.,Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in the never-ending line Along the margin of a bay; Ten thousand say I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.,The waves besid
28、e them danced; but they Outdid the sparkling waves in glee; A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company; I gazed and gazed but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought:,For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the b
29、liss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dance with the daffodils.,1,2,3,4,轻轻的我走了， 正如我轻轻的来； 我轻轻的招手， 作别西天的云彩。 那河畔的金柳 是夕阳中的新娘 波光里的艳影， 在我的心头荡漾。 软泥上的青荇， 油油的在水底招摇； 在康河的柔波里， 我甘心做一条水草,再别康桥,那树荫下的一潭， 不是清泉，是天上虹 揉碎在浮藻间， 沉淀着彩虹似的梦。 寻梦？撑一支长篙， 向青草更青处漫溯， 满载一船星辉， 在星辉斑斓里放歌 但我不能放歌， 悄悄是别离的笙箫； 夏虫也为我沉
30、默， 沉默是今晚的康桥！ 悄悄的我走了， 正如我悄悄的来； 我挥一挥衣袖， 不带走一片云彩。,徐志摩,徐志摩是20世纪初中国杰出的诗人、散文家,是一个值得敬佩和怀念的名字。他不仅在五四新文学史上是“新月社”的巨挚、“新月诗派”的祭酒, 在新文学创作上所发射的光芒,如日中天,久而不晦; 而且他风流、浪漫的人生,同样是那样传奇瑰丽, 又富有诗情画意,可与中国的李商隐、温庭绚、杜牧 ,英国的拜伦、雪莱、济慈相媲美。悲喜交织的爱情,放荡不羁的生活,外圆内方的交际,惊世骇俗的创作,绝顶天才的智慧 ,卑己自牧的性格,浪迹天涯的漫游,构成了徐志摩的卓尔不群,更为中国文坛平添了不少佳话。,徐志摩的一生,是浪漫
31、不羁的一生,虚无缭纱的一生,耐人寻味的一生,所以有人说他胸襟开阔,心灵纯洁,人格高尚,作品光辉,举世无双,名垂千古;也有人说他颓废堕落,道德败坏,色情猥亵,风花雪月,风流倜傥。徐志摩逝世70年来,人们仍没有真正地了解和认识他。那些“评传”之类的书籍,就像流水账一样 , 记录了徐志摩支离破碎的一生,却未能深入地剖析当时中国知识分子所面临的种种磨难,特别是对西方文化的接受;至于徐志摩的作品如何融合东西方文化的格调和趣味,研究的人更少。,徐志摩原名章垿, 号志摩,浙江海宁人。1920 年获美国哥伦比亚大学社会学硕士,后转英国剑桥大学取得特别生资格,在王家学院随意选课听讲。从此他抛弃了以往攻读的社会学
32、、经济学,改学文学,他的思想和生活发生了很大变化。徐志摩在剑桥期间致力于西洋文学的钻研,历时两年。这个时期,他的感情如山洪暴发,生命受到一种伟大力量的震撼。缤纷的花雨,不成熟的意念,新诗的心境,我们可以从他的那篇想飞看出这时候他思想生活的轨迹。这时的徐志摩已由一个单纯的爱国青年, 转变成为一个浪漫诗人,并创立了 “生活是艺术”的所谓“艺术的人生观”。,刘心皇曾这样评价说,徐志摩之所以可爱,除了徐志摩绝没有一般文人的小气、多疑、嫉妒、搬弄是非,或是今日连甲攻乙 , 明日连丙攻甲的毛病之外 , 尤其在于(1) 性格好:热情诚挚,淳朴天真,有赤子之心,是一团同情,是一团爱。(2)对朋友好:他有同情心
33、,是朋友之间的连锁。(3)对一般人好:他对任何人任何事绝没有怨恨,永不恨人,也永想不到人会恨他。(4)极风趣:很自然地讨人欢喜 , 他一生决不让人苦闷。这是对徐志摩其人的一个极好的概括,入微入妙,逼真逼肖。,摘自：风流才子徐志摩,O blithe new-comer! I have heard, I hear thee and rejoice. O Cuckoo! shall I call thee Bird, Or but a wandering Voice? While I am lying on the grass Thy twofold shout I hear; From hill
34、to hill it seems to pass At once far off, and near.,Though babbling only to the Vale, Of sunshine and of flowers, Thou bringest unto me a tale Of visionary hours. Thrice welcome, darling of the Spring! Even ye thou art to me No bird, but an invisible thing, A voice a mystery;,And I can listen to the
35、e yet; Can lie upon the plain And listen, till I do beget That golden time again. O blessed Bird! the earth we pace Again appears to be An unsubstantial, faery place; That is fit home for thee!,The same whom in my schoolboy days I listened to; that Cry Which made me look a thousand ways In bush, and
36、 tree, and sky. To seek thee did I often rove Through woods and on the green; And thou wert still a hope, a love; Still longed for, never seen.,George Gordon, Lord Byron: 1788-1824,Acquires his title at age 10 from his great-uncle the “Wicked Lord Byron.” Moves with his mother to Newstead Abbey, nea
37、r Nottingham 1801: attends Harrow 1805: Cambridge Meets his half sister Augusta during this period. 1807: First volume of poetry Hours of Idleness.,Byron: 1807-1815,1807: Byron departs on his grand tourto Lisbon, Spain, Greece and Albania. Begins work on Childe Harolds Pilgrimage. 1810: Visits Turke
38、y. 1811: At 24, Byron returns to London. 1812: The first two cantos of Childe Harolds Pilgrimage published. 1814: The Corsair 1815: Hebrew Melodies,The “mad-bad- and dangerous” Lord Byron,Liaisons with Lady Caroline Lamb; Lady Oxford. Scandal and gossip about his relationship with Augusta, whose chi
39、ld is named Medora (heroine of The Corsair). 1815: Marries Annabella Milbanke. Annabella leaves a few weeks after the birth of Augusta Ada,Byron: 1816-1819,1816: Byron settles in Geneva, near Percy and Mary Shelley, and Claire Clairmont. 1817: begins work on Manfred. Leaves for Venice. Continues wor
40、k on the third and fourth cantos of Childe Harold. Sells Newstead Abbey for 94,500 1819: First two cantos of Don Juan.,Byron: 1819-1824,1819: Meets Countess Teresa Guiccioli and her Carbonari family. 1821: Publishes another mystery play, Cain. Robert Southey follows with his comment on “the Satanic
41、School.” Byron publishes The Vision of Judgment a rebuttal to Southey. 1823: Joins the Greek war of independence. Falls ill in 1824 and dies in April at the age of 36.,The Byronic Hero,Goethes Faust Part one is published in 1808. In Geneva, Byron meets M.G. Lewis author of The Monk who translates Fa
42、ust. Part Two of Goethes Faust is published posthumously in 1832. The figure of Goethes Euphorion is based on Byron. Goethe: “Byron is not antique and is not romantic, but he is the present day itself. Such a one I had to have. Moreover, he was just my man on account of his unsatisfied nature and of
43、 his warlike bent, which led him to his doom at Missolonghi.”,She walks in Beauty,She walks in beauty, like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies; And all that s best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes: Thus mellowd to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies.,One
44、shade the more, one ray the less, Had half impaird the nameless grace Which waves in every raven tress, Or softly lightens oer her face; Where thoughts serenely sweet express How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.,And on that cheek, and oer that brow, So soft, so calm, yet eloquent, The smiles tha
45、t win, the tints that glow, But tell of days in goodness spent, A mind at peace with all below, A heart whose love is innocent!,Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822) “Ode To The West Wind” “Ozymandias”,Percy Shelly, fought injustice;and Greek war of independence from the Turks.,Make me thy lyre, even as t
46、he forest is: What if my leaves are falling like its own? The tumult of thy mighty harmonies Will take from both a deep autumnal tone, Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce, My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one! Drive my dead thoughts over the universe, Like witherd leaves, to quicken a ne
47、w birth; And, by the incantation of this verse, Scatter, as from an unextinguishd hearth Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind! Be through my lips to unawakend earth The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?,Ode to the West Wind Chart 5,John Keats(1795-1821) “T
48、o Autumn”,Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; Conspiring with him how to load and bless With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run; To bend with apples the mossed cottage-trees, And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core; To swell the gourd, an
49、d plump the hazel shells With a sweet kernel; to set budding more, And still more, later flowers for the bees, Until they think warm days will never cease, For Summer has oer-brimmed their clammy cells.,Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store? Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find Thee sitting careless on a granary floor, Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind; Or on a half-reaped furrow sound asleep, Drowsd with the fume of poppies, while t