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1、1,第三章：词语的翻译,教学目的：旨在帮助学生了解词义的多样性（引申、褒贬）；并掌握词语翻译的选词技巧。 教学内容： 1. 词义的选择 2. 词义的引申 3. 词义的褒贬 4. 翻译练习,2,第四章：句子翻译技巧（上）,一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技巧，从而在英汉翻译时做到通顺、准确。 二、教学过程： 1. 增译法 省译法 词类转换 正说反译、反说正译法 翻译练习1、2、3、4,3,第五章：句子翻译技巧（下）,一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技巧，从而在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。 二、教学过程： 重译法 语态变换法 词序调整法 拆译法 翻译练习1、2、3、4,4,第六章：常见句型/
2、文体的翻译,一、教学目的：要求理解并熟悉常见文体（含旅游景点、欢迎词/祝词、广告等）的翻译，力求在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。 二、教学过程： 常见句型的翻译 科技文体的翻译 法律文书的翻译 翻译练习,导学课程要求,Meeting Time & Classroom:,Description: This course named Translation Theory and Practice aims at cultivating the SS ability of translating between E-C and C- Ethey have the ability to understan
3、d and master some basic theories and techniques about translation. E.g. the brief history of Chinese and western translation theory, the differences between E and C, the eight basic techniques in translation, some methods to deal with the special sentences, etc. In a word, the SS will have the first
4、 impression to English language and Chinese, and through these discussions they will have a higher ability in their English writing. It will take us at least a span of 4 lectures to finish one topic in the syllabus.,Course Description & Requirements,To pass this course, students must attain an avera
5、ge of 60% in the following categories: Participating: 10% Participating is vital to the learning process and it includes attendances, being on times, coming to class prepared, interacting with other students, and participating in classroom discussions. Students who are frequently absent, tardy, or r
6、efuse to participate will receive a poor participation grade. Note: there are NO excused absences. Any absences or tardy will result in a lower participation grade.,Requirements and Grading:,8,Homework: 20% Students will have to complete periodic homework assignments related to this course. (Includi
7、ng reviewing and previewing the text, etc) The teacher may also give homework/ assignments on each topic discussed in the class if there is a need. Tests: 70% There will be only one test: a final. But there may also be several short quizzes through the term. Attendance: Daily attendance will be reco
8、rded. Each day a student will get 1.5 points. 0.5 point for attendance, 0.5 point for being on time, and 0.5 point for participating in discussion and interacting positively with fellow classmates.,Classroom polices: Late work: Assignments must be turned in on the due date for full credit. Unless ot
9、herwise indicated, all assignments will be due at the beginning of the class period. Assignments that are turned in late will lose 5% per day. Copying and Plagiarism: Students should do their own work in order to maximize learning. Collaborating on assignments is permitted, but copying another stude
10、nts work is prohibited. Similarly, students who are caught copying or plagiarizing will fail the assignment.,10,译者的素质： 外语素质 母语素质 语言敏感度 百科能力 心理素质 政治素质 翻译的辅助工具： 工具书 百度 电子辞典 在线词典,译者素养：,11,提高方法：,翻译理论+翻译技巧+翻译实践 研究有关翻译的论述，弄懂翻译的基本问题。 （ 阅读理论著作；专题论文；翻译教材；译品的前言后语） 研究译作范本 从中摸索翻译的规律和技巧，对比不同译本的处理和效果。 研究典型译例，注意翻译
11、技巧的说明和译句的得失，为翻译实践打好基础 不断进行翻译实践 （1） 依照词语-句子-段落-语篇的顺序； （2） 选择不同题材和体裁的练习材料； （3） 难易循序渐进； （4） 译文反复修改，不断提高译文质量； （5） 选择有参考译文的文本，进行对比学习； （6） 可请别人修改或校正。,Tips： read more; practice more; think more; discuss more,12,英汉互译实用教程，郭著章、李庆生 编著，武 汉大学出版社，2005年。 英汉汉英翻译教程，张春柏 编著， 高等教育出版社，2006年。 英汉翻译概要，靳梅林 编著， 南开大学出版社，1998年
12、。 新编汉英翻译教程，陈宏薇 编著，上海外语教育出版社，2004年。 英汉翻译教程，连淑能 编著，高等教育出版社，2006年。,参考书：,13,中国翻译协会 http:/www.tac- 中国科技翻译 http:/ 译路网 http:/ 译商网 http:/ 译龙翻译网http:/ 词汇术语网 http:/www.shuyu.biz/news/a1/1.htm 英语之声 http:/ 舍生取译网 http:/ 我们在任何时候都需要争取外援，特别需要学习外国一切对我们有益的先进事物。 It is necessary for us to try to win foreign aid and , i
13、n particular, to learn all that is advanced and beneficial from other country. 2. 在我们同东欧各国各党的关系这个问题上，我们有相当的责任。 So far as our relations with the countries and parties of eastern Europe are concerned, we are largely responsible for the problems that occurred. We should take considerable ( or a good po
14、rtion of ) responsibility for the problems that arouse.,15,1. What is translation?(翻译的定义),The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another(从一种语言转换成另一种语言); Websters third New International Dictionary of the English Language: to turn into ones own or another language(转换成本族语或另一种语言)
15、。 翻译是一种“语言转换”活动。,16,The definition is:,Translation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language. To be more exact, in Nidas & Tytlers words,17,美国翻译理论家Eugene A. Nida：,Translating consists in reproducing
16、 in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. （所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。),18,A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into anothe
17、r language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. 好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言，以使译人语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。(泰特勒，1790),Alexander Fraser Tytler:,19,综
18、合各家之长:,翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。 Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.,20,2. Scope of Translation,in terms of languages: in terms of the mode: in terms of materials to be translated:
19、in terms of disposal: (full-text translation, abridged translation, adapted translation),1.按语言分类： 语内翻译（intralingual translation）语际翻译（interlingual translation） 2. 按活动形式分类： 笔译（translation） 口译（oral interpretation）： 连续传译（consecutive translation） 和同声传译（simultaneous translation）,3. 按翻译材料的文体分类： 应用文体翻译 科技文体
20、翻译 论述文体翻译新闻文体翻译 艺术文体翻译 4. 按处理方式分类：全译 节译 摘译 编译 译述,21,3. Criteria in China,A. Yan Fus (严复) “three character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, is the principle of “faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance” (信、达、雅). “译事三难：信、达、雅” B. Some revisions such as faithfulness, expressiveness and closen
21、ess (信、达、切); faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness (信、达、贴),22,C. Fu Leis (傅雷) spiritual conformity/resemblance in spirit （神似) D. Qian Zhongshu (钱钟书) transmigration (化境) E. 鲁迅：翻译：一当然力求其易解,一则保存原作的丰姿。反对牛头不对马嘴，提出“宁信而不顺”之原则。 林语堂的“忠实、通顺、美” 梁实秋的“宁错务顺” 瞿秋白的“信顺统一” 许渊冲的“音美、形美、意美（三美）”,Criteria for beginners
22、: Faithfulness Smoothness,23,“泰特勒三原则” 奈达（美）的“动态对等”和“功能对等” 纽马克（英）的“文本中心”论,Criteria in the West (reading after class),24,十八世纪末的英国学者亚历山大泰特勒(Alexander Fraser Tytler, 1747-1814)。他在论翻译的原则(Essay on the Principles of Translation)一书中提出了著名的翻译三原则： （1）译文应完全复写出原作的思想（A translation should give a complete transcrip
23、t of the ideas of the original work.） （2）译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同(The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.) （3）译文应和原作同样流畅(A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.）,Three Principles of Translation:,25,美国翻译理论家Eugene A. Nida：,把翻译中的“意义”
24、概括成“语义”和“语体”: Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. （所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。),26,Peter Newmark,交际翻译注重译文读者产生于原文读者相同的效果,语义翻译注重译出原文的所有含义,
25、它们的根本区别在于交际翻译强调信息产生的效果,语义翻译强调信息内容,但是,它们之间的区别是相对的,在翻译实践中,往往是两种翻译方法交替使用,相辅相成,以期达到译文的最佳效果.,Commenting on these methods, I should first say that only semantic and communicative translations fulfill the two main aims of translation” (Newmark，Peter,2001),27,A. Preparation: basic knowledge about both langu
26、ages as well as the background knowledge; basic skills in translation are necessary; B. Comprehension: understanding accurately the meaning of the source language; How? C. Expression/Representation: try to express the meaning in idiomatic Chinese; D. Revision /proofreading: check again and again to
27、polish the language.,The Process of Translation,28,Eugene A. Nida 的翻译过程,29,4. History of Translation in China,1)佛经翻译时期，从东汉开始至唐宋，1000余年（支谦、道安，鸠摩罗什、真谛、玄奘） 2）明末清初：西方科技翻译 （徐光启、利玛窦；李之藻） 3）清朝后期：西方哲学、文学翻译 重要人物：林纾、严复 4）中国近代翻译史：“五四”运动是分水岭； 重要人物：鲁迅、瞿秋白、林语堂、朱生豪 5）繁荣阶段：新中国的成立,30,Western translation history (rea
28、ding after the Class),第一个高潮是在公元前3世纪中叶。 第二个高潮发生于公元4世纪至6世纪之间。 第三个高潮是11世纪至12世纪之间。 第四次高潮是14-16世纪的欧洲文艺复兴时期。 第五次高潮，是第二次世界大战结束以来。,31,a.) word meaning in context-No context, no text. 维特根斯坦（1953：31）: The meaning of a word is its use in the language. 一个词的意义就是它在语言中的运用。 Hymes (1972: xix ) points out, “The key t
29、o understanding language in context is to start not with language, but with context.” Each word when used in a new context is a new word.（J.R. Firth,1890-1960,a famous linguist in England P.30）,How to understand?,32,Dear Mark, New York is finally getting a real sales manager. Congratulations on your
30、 new promotion. Your marketing ability has put you well above everyone else in the company, and probably everyone else in the industry. The company will benefit from the enthusiasm and intelligence youve always shown, and I imagine that before long youll be moving the whole firm into the number - on
31、e position. Version,33,亲爱的马克: 纽约终于有了位真正的 销售(部)经理， 祝贺你(的)又一次高升。 你所具有的市场营销知识(能力）使你 在公司里出人头地，很可能 在整个营销业中 你也 高人一筹。 你一贯表现出来的 热情 及 聪明才智将会 使你的公司受益匪浅，我想 不久你就会使你的公司名列同行之首。 Original,34,As you know, our native language Chinese is quite different from English. There is really a big gap between the characteristi
32、cs of the two languages. In order to learn the translation course better, we have to study the comparison between the source language and the target language. Just because all the theories, methods, techniques concerning English-Chinese translation are based on the comparison, it is very important,
33、so to say, to master the languages peculiarities.,35,Only by doing so can we raise our distinguishing ability, have a good command of the characteristics and apply the techniques consciously in our translation. Thus we can achieve better comprehension and better representation. The comparison here w
34、ill be shown in the following points:,I. Language Families (语系),36,English belongs to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family(印欧语系). Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family（汉藏语系）. It is well known that English has the richest vocabulary of any European language. On the b
35、asis of Angles language (Anglo-Saxon), English was built by absorbing words in various languages: E.g. Latin: Pen, pencil, cup, butter, silk French: pork, feast, sir, noble, Italian: piano, solo, studio, opera, umbrella, pilgrim,37,Spanish: cargo, cigarette, cigar, Greek: paper, alphabet, dialogue,
36、comedy Chinese: tea, chow mein, kowtow, toufu, Originally English had its gender, case, number, conjugationthese complicated changes. Because of the wide borrowings, English couldnt keep the changes, case disappearing, gender being not so strict as some other languages, only subjective case and obje
37、ctive case remaining and only pronouns having the changes. As English absorbed foreign words only, without absorbing grammar rules, new words can only be formed by means of derivation, composition and conversion, etc.,38,II. Word-building,The major ways of word-building in English are composition, c
38、onversion, and derivation (affixation). And in Chinese we have the same major ways. English： Composition: motherland, blackboard, waterworks, handwriting, silkworm, outbreak, easy-going, home-made, whitewash; The United Stated is a “do-it-yourself” country. Conversion: paper the window, empty the ba
39、sket, elbow ones way, ups and downs, many ifs; He bicycled off a moment ago.,39,Derivation: able-unable, take-mistake, hope-hopeless- hopelessness, act- inaction,Chinese:,Composition: 并列式：语言，改革，树立，遥远，左右，出入，好歹； 偏正式：学分，本科，红糖，笑声，新衣； 主谓式（主从式）：耳闻，目睹，脸红，胆小，月明； 动宾式：思甜，攻关，灭火，开车，忆苦，踢球； 补充式：提前，救活，改善，说明，调好； 重迭
40、式：平平安安，高高兴兴，懒洋洋，亮晶晶，方方面面,英语中也有主谓式，但较少：eyestrain, heartburn, face-ache 英语中也有动宾式或动补式，但一样较少：do-all, breakneck, make-peace,40,Conversion: 一棵大树， 十年树人； 出售油漆，油漆门窗； 鸡鸭鱼肉，鱼肉百姓； 他在办公室，他在办公室打电话； 安全第一，不太安全； 今天真热，把饭热一下； 廉颇老矣，尚能饭否？,41,Derivation: 前缀 （Prefix） 超 超人，超额，超支，超音速，超短波； 非 非人，非常，非原则，非正式，非军事化， 无 无视，无限，无线电，无
41、名氏，无疑； 汉语中的“非”，“无”相当于英语中的前缀un-,in-, il- 和后缀-less: invalid, inorganic, unconscious, unmatched, informal, illegal, endless, fearless, merciless,42,Derivation: 前缀 （Prefix） 反 反动，反攻， 反驳，反问，反腐败，反法西斯； 可 可亲，可爱，可口，可调整，可怜兮兮； 某些相当于英语的后缀able, 和ful: shameful, reliable, hateful, pitiful, fearful, valuable, consid
42、erable, 后缀（Suffix）： 手 助手，舵手，选手，帮手，一把手； 年 幼年，晚年，青少年，周年，光年； 子 金子，银子，票子，耗子，妻子，爱面子； 头 外头，对头，拳头，风头，枕头，苗头； 其中表示人的后缀有“员，者，家，师，士”等，相当于英语中的后缀：-er, -or, -eer, -ian, -ist等。,43,III. 音节及其他,. 英汉两种语言里都有单音节词（monosyllabic）， 双音节词(dissyllabic) 和多音节词(poly-syllabic): e.g. 我，study 学习，perseverance 锲而不舍； 2. 还有，汉语中既有字也有词，而英
43、语中一般只称作词。如汉语里的连绵词，分开则叫字，合起来才叫词。如：澎湃，鸳鸯，徘徊等； 英语句子中，词与词之间有空格，而汉语句子中，词与词之间无空格，每个字所占位置几乎一样大。 当然在书写成汉语拼音时，词与词之间有空格。 如： Xuexi yingyu yao xia kugong.,44,3. 两种语言中均有拟声词， 如： Tick 嘀嗒（钟表声） baa 咩咩（绵羊或羔羊叫声） 4. 英语中有缩略词，类似汉语中的简化字或缩略语，如： Advertisementad numberno. 马克思主义、列宁主义马列主义；業业；鞏巩； 高等院校高校， 公共关系公关； 5. 因为汉语中不仅有词，还有
44、字，所以除了构词法外， 还有“六书”构字法，即：指事、象形、会意、形声、转注、假借。这是英语中所没有的。,45,I love my love with an E, because shes enticing; I hate her with an E, because shes engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her names Emily, and she lives in the east. (Dickens, David Copperfield),译文
45、1： 我爱我的爱人为了一个E，因为她是Enticing (迷人的)；我恨我的爱人为了一个E, 因为她是Engaged (订了婚的)。我用我的爱人象征Exquisite (美妙)， 我劝我的爱人从事Elopement (私奔)，她的名字是Emily (爱弥丽)，她的住处在East (东方)。（董秋斯）,R,46,译2： 我爱我的爱人，因为她很迷人；我恨我的爱人，因已许配他人；他在我心中是美人，我带她私奔，以避开外人；她名叫虞美人，是东方丽人。（姜秋霞、张柏然）,I love my love with an E, because shes enticing; I hate her with an
46、E, because shes engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her names Emily, and she lives in the east. (Dickens, David Copperfield),R,47,译文3： 我爱我的那个“丽”，可爱迷人有魅力；我恨我的那个“丽”，要和他人结伉俪；她文雅大方又美丽，和我出逃去游历； 她芳名就叫爱米丽，家住东方人俏丽。（马红军）,I love my love with an E, because shes
47、enticing; I hate her with an E, because shes engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her names Emily, and she lives in the east. (Dickens, David Copperfield),R,48,译文4： 我爱我的心上人，因为她那样地叫人入迷（enticing）；我恨我的心上人，因为她已订婚将作他人妻（engaged）；她花容月貌无可比拟（exquisite），我劝她私奔跟我在
48、一起（elopement）；她的名字叫埃米莉（Emily），她的家就在东城里（east）。我为我的心上人呀，一切都因为这个E！（陆乃圣）,I love my love with an E, because shes enticing; I hate her with an E, because shes engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her names Emily, and she lives in the east. (Dickens, David Copperfield),R,49,第三章 词语的翻译词义的选择,词义的选择,英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义。一词多义就是说同一个词在同一个词类中，又往往有几个不同的词义。在英汉翻译过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后就要善于选择和确定原句中关键词的词义。选择和确定词义通常从以下几个方面着手（教材P30