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1、English and American Literature,An Outline of English Literature,I. Old English, or AngloSaxon, Era (450-1066) II. Middle English Period (1066-1485) III. The Renaissance Period (1485-early 17th century) IV. The 17th Century V. The 18th Century. VI. The Romantic Age(1789-1837) VII. English Literature
2、 of Victorian Age (1837-1901) VIII. 20th Century Literature,I. Old English, or AngloSaxon, Era (450-1066),This period extended from about 450-1066, the year of the Norman-French conquest of England. The Germanic tribes from Europe who overrun England in the 5th century, after the Roman withdraw, bro
3、ught with the Old English, or Anglo-Saxon language, which is the basis of modern English. They bought also a specific poetic tradition, the formal character of which remained surprisingly constant until the termination of their rule by the Norman-French invaders 6 century later.,Achievements,Poetry
4、Much of old English poetry was probably intended to be chanted, with harp (a kind of instrument in Chinese means 竖琴) accompaniment, by Anglo-Saxon scop (poet in Chinese means 吟游诗人), often bold and strong, but also mournful and elegiac (sad) in sprit. Major achievement: Beowulf,II. Middle English Per
5、iod (1066-1485),Extending from 1066 to 1485, this period is noted for the extensive influence of French literature on native English forms and themes.,Achievements,Literary Trends: Arthurian Legends and Tales of Chivalry and Adventure:,Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales,III. The Renaissance Peri
6、od (1485-early 17th century),Literary Trends: Renaissance and Humanism The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. This period is characterized by the influence of the classics (in literature, language, and philosophy), as well as an optimistic forward-thinking approach
7、 to the potential of humans (known as Renaissance humanism).,Writers and Works:,Thomas More: Utopia 乌托邦 Edmund Spenser: Faerie Queene 仙后 Francis Bacon: Essays 论说文集,William Shakespeare,Works: 154 sonnets, 37 plays, 2 long poems Comedy: A Midsummer Nights Dream, Twelfth Night, As You Like It, Merchant
8、 of Venice Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet History Plays: Henry IV,The earlier seventeenth century, and especially the period of the English Revolution (164060), was a time of intense ferment in all areas of life religion, science, politics, domestic relations, cultu
9、re.,IV. The 17th Century,Writers and works: John Milton: Paradise Lost 失乐园 John Buyan: The Pilgrims Progress 天路历程 (Metaphysical poet) John Donne: Songs and Sonnets 歌与十四行诗,IV. The 17th Century,Literary Traits Enlightenment and Neoclassism , the early age of Romanticism The Enlightenment movement was
10、a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept the whole western Europe at the time . The enlightenmenters celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They called for a reference to order, reason and rule.,V. The 18th Century,In the field of literature, enlighte
11、nmenters believed that the artistic should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy . seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expression, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings. Neoclassicism. A revival in literature in the late 17th and 18th centuries, char
12、acterized by a regard for the classical ideals of reason, form, and restraint.,V. The 18th Century,Poetry: Alexander Pope: The Rape of the Rock 劫发记 Prose: Jonathan Swift: Guillivers Travels 格列佛游记 The Rise of the Realistic Novel Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记,VI. The Romantic Age (1789-1837),Th
13、e literary views: Romanticism constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. It tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. It also places the individual at the center of art.,A: Po
14、etry: William Wordsworth & Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集 Byron: Dan Juan 唐璜 Shelley: Ode to the West Wind 西风颂 John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂,B. Drama: Byron: Manfred Shelley: Prometheus Unbound C. Novel: Jane Austen: Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Emma. Walter Sco
15、tt: Ivanhoe,Features of the Victorian Literature: Realism Victorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided and complex, and reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in peoples life and t
16、hought. Great writers and great works abounded.,VII English Literature of Victorian Age,Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Great Expectations, A Tale of Two Cities William Thackeray: Vanity Fair Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights Thomas Hardy: Tess of the dUrb
17、evilles,The century was a period of great artistic change, and is dominated by the impact of World War I (191418) and World War II (193945), as well as by the artistic concerns of modernism (which affected both themes and methods of writing).,VIII 20th Century English Literature,Literature Before 19
18、50s Literary Traits: Modernism Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himsel
19、f. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on the objective. They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual.,A. Poetry: T. S. Eliot: The Waste Land B. Drama: George Benard Shaw: Saint Joan C. Novel: Henry James: Daisy Mil
20、ler Joseph Conrad: Lord Jim D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers, James Joyce: Ulysses,154 sonnets,2 long poems,37 plays,Tragedies,Comedies,History plays,Tragi-comedies,Shakespeare (1564-1616),HIS TRAGEDIES,among the most powerful studies of human nature in all literature appropriately as the greatest ac
21、hievements of his dramatic artistry Four Great Tragedies: Hamlet 哈姆雷特 Othello 奥赛罗 King Lear 李尔王 Macbeth 麦克白,HIS COMEDIES,His comedies celebrate human social life even as they expose human folly. Four Great Comedies: The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人 A Midsummer Nights Dream 仲夏夜之梦 Twelfth Night 第十二夜 As Yo
22、u Like It 皆大欢喜,HIS HISTORIES,2 Henry VI 3 Henry VI 1 Henry VI Richard III Richard II,King John 1 Henry IV 2 Henry IV Henry V Henry VIII,Shakespeares Poetry,Poetry Venus and Adonis Sonnets,A mix of old and very new Rural and urban words/images Understandable by the lowest peasant and the highest nobl
23、e,Shakespeares Language,thou=you(主格）,thy=your（物主代词）,thee=you（宾格）,thou art = you are thou wilt = you will thou shalt = you shall thou wert = you were,“Words, words, only words, no matter from the heart”,Meaning: Empty words, not real thoughts or ideas from the heart.,Troilus and Cressida,空话,空话,只是空话,没
24、有一点发自内心.,Match the meaning with the quotation and the play.,Romeo, Romeo, why are you Romeo ? Deny your father, and refuse your name,罗密欧,罗密欧,你为什么是罗密欧?否定你的父亲放弃你的姓氏.,Romeo and Juliet,Version In modern English,“Neither a borrower nor a lender be”,Meaning: It is best not to lend (money) to others and no
25、t to borrow from others. When we lend sth, we risk losing both the thing we lend and the friendship with the other person.,Hamlet,别借债,莫放债.,“To be or not to be: that is the question”,Meaning: That is a question whether to live on in this world or to die, that is, to take action or to do nothing.,Haml
26、et,生存还是毁灭,这是个问题.,Influence,Shakespeares work has made a lasting impression on later theatre and literature. His writing is widely regarded as one of the three main sources of the English literature, while the other two are Greek and Roman myths and the Bible. Shakespeares use of language helped shap
27、e modern English.,The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, or more simply Hamlet, is believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601.,Hamlet is regarded as Shakespeares most popular and greatest play on the stage. It is the first work of literature to show an ordinary person looking at the absu
28、rdness and wrongs in life, asking the toughest questions and coming up with honest semi-answers like most people do today.,Hamlets soliloquy,Soliloquy - Long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage. Soliloquy in Hamlet is a natural means of writing in revealing the princes inner
29、 conflict and psychological predicament in Hamlet.,How many soliloquies does Hamlet deliver?,Hamlet has seven major soliloquies. The most famous soliloquy is perhaps “to be or not to be” in Act III, Scene I, Hamlet.,To be, or not to be: that is the question:,the key sentence dilemma of trying to det
30、ermine the meaning of life and death,suffer the life passively,to end ones sufferings actively?,To be,To live and not to take action,Not to be,To take action and die,Which is nobler ?,Hamlets soliloquy,Main Idea: This is an internal philosophical debate on the advantages and disadvantages of existen
31、ce, and whether it is ones right to end his or her own life. It presents a most logical and powerful examination of the theme of the moral legitimacy of suicide in an unbearably painful world.,It was among Shakespeares most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet and Macbeth, is one
32、 of his most frequently performed plays.,It is a song of youth and true love. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers.,Romeo and Juliet,Quotes from Romeo and Juliet,Whats in a name? That which we call a rose By any other word would smell as sweet. (2.2.45-6), Juliet See h
33、ow she leans her cheek upon her hand! O that I were a glove upon that hand, That I might touch that cheek! (2.2.23-5), Romeo,English Poetry,Shakespeares Sonnets Romantic poetry William Wordsworth Percy Bysshe Shelley John Keats,Introduction to Shakespeares Sonnets,The Sonnets are Shakespeares most p
34、opular works, and a few of them, such as Sonnet 18 (Shall I compare thee to a summers day), Sonnet 116 (Let me not to the marriage of true minds), and Sonnet 73 (That time of year thou mayst in me behold), have become the most widely-read poems in all of English literature.,Sonnet is a very importan
35、t form of English metrical poetry. It has 14 lines written to a regular rhyme scheme. Sonnet was invented by the Italian poet, Francesco Petrarch in the early 14th century. Sonnet makes it easier to express deep thought and emotion. The Shakespearean sonnet is made up of 3 quatrains followed by a co
36、uplet. The concluding couplet often comes to be an effective epigram and also makes the theme of the poem clearer. Its rhyme scheme is abab, cdcd, efef, gg.,evenly-tempered; not overcome by passion.,the natural changes age brings.,that beauty you possess.,the beauty of everything beautiful will fade
37、,the sun,a,b,a,c,d,d,f,e,e,f,g,g,b,c,f,白话译本： 我能否将你比作夏天？ 你比夏天更美丽温婉。 狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残， 夏日的勾留何其短暂。 休恋那丽日当空， 转眼会云雾迷蒙。 休叹那百花飘零， 催折于无常的天命。 唯有你永恒的夏日常新， 你的美貌亦毫发无损。 死神也无缘将你幽禁， 你在我永恒的诗中长存。 只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇， 这诗就将不朽，永葆你的芳颜。,Sonnet 18 is the best known and most well-loved of all 154 sonnets. It is also one of the most st
38、raightforward in language and intent. In the sonnet, the poet compares his beloved to the summer season, and argues that his beloved is better. The poet also states that his beloved will live on forever through the words of the poem.,Romanticism,Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intel
39、lectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution. It was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization o
40、f nature embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but can be detected even in changed attitudes towards children and education.,Major Romantic Poets,William Blake 1757-1827 Songs of Innocence William Wordsworth 1770-1850 Lyrical Ballads, I wander Lonely as a Cloud S.T. Coler
41、idge 1772-1834 Lyrical Ballads, Kubla Khan George Gordon Byron 1788-1824 Don Juan Percy Bysshe Shelly 1792-1822 Ode to the West Wind John Keats 1795 1821 Ode to a Nightingale,1798年华兹华斯与柯尔律治共同发表的抒情歌谣集宣告了浪漫主义新诗的诞生。华兹华斯在1800年抒情歌谣集第二版的序言中详细阐述了浪漫主义新诗的理论，主张以平民的语言抒写平民的事物、思想与感情，被誉为浪漫主义诗歌的宣言(manifesto)。,Lyri
42、cal Ballads, with a Few Other Poems is a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, first published in 1798 and generally considered to have marked the beginning of the English Romantic movement in literature. It became and remains a landmark, changing the course of Engli
43、sh literature and poetry.,Romanticism is characterized by the 5 “I”s:,Imagination Intuition Idealism the concept that we can make the world a better place. Inspiration The Romantic artist, musician, or writer, is an “inspired creator” rather than a “technical master.” Individuality,Romantics celebra
44、ted the individual.,emphasized over “reason”,William Wordsworth(1770-1850),William Wordsworths poems have two major subjects. One is about nature. The other is about common life of ordinary people. Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshipper of nature.“ Works: I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud Also known as
45、Daffodils Ode: Intimations of Immortality The Solitary Reaper,华兹华斯的诗以描写自然风光、田园景色、及乡民村姑、少男少女等普通人的生活闻名于世。 文笔朴素清新，自然流畅，一反新古典主义平板、典雅的风格，开创了新鲜活泼的浪漫主义诗风。,华兹华斯: 英国诗人，与柯尔律治、索塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。,Percy Bysshe Shelley,珀西比希雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley，1792年8月4日1822年7月8日），一般译作雪莱，是英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一，更被誉为诗人中的诗人。其一生见识广泛，不仅是柏拉图
46、主义者，更是个伟大的理想主义者。 创作的诗歌节奏明快，积极向上。,One of the major English Romantic poets,Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792 - 1822),most famous for poems such as “Ode to the West Wind”, 西风颂 “To a Skylark”, 致云雀 for his association with John Keats and Lord Byron; for his untimely death at a young age, like them,One of the ma
47、jor English Romantic poets,Ode to the west wind Shelley,Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is: What if my leaves are falling like its own! The tumult of thy mighty harmonies Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone, Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, spirit fierce, My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous
48、 one! Drive my dead thoughts over the universe Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth! And by the incantation of this verse. Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind! Be through my lips to unawakened earth. The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind, If winter c
49、omes, can spring be far behind?,最后一节,像你以森林演奏，请也以我为琴， 哪怕我的叶片也像森林的一样凋谢! 你那非凡和谐的慷慨激越之情， 定能从森林和我同奏出深沉的秋乐， 悲怆却又甘洌。但愿你勇猛的精灵 竟是我的魂魄，我能成为剽悍的你! 请把我枯萎的思绪向全宇宙播送， 就像你驱遣落叶催促新的生命， 请凭借我这单调有如符咒的韵文， 就像从未灭的余烬飏出炉灰和火星， 把我的话语传遍天地间万户千家， 通过我的嘴唇，向沉睡未醒的人境， 让预言的号角奏鸣!哦，风啊， 如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗?,Ode to the West Wind,In this poem, the poet praises the west wind as a powerful phenomenon of nature that is both destroyer and preserver, that enjoys boundless freedom and that has the power to spread messages far and wide. It is