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1、Unit Fifteen,Contents,Introduction Text (A) analysis Some comments on writing Text (B) analysis Further reading Exercises,Introduction,Text A argues nearly all the sports are competitive and sport is mimic warfare. Starting from the literary neglect, Text B points out swimming is not just a way of b
2、uilding our physiques, but also prompts self-reflections and a sense of elevation.,About the author,Eric Arthur Blair, better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English author and journalist.,He was born in India (June 25, 1903 January 21, 1950), to English parents and was taken to England
3、as a child. He was brought up in an upper-middle class and educated at Eton College. Orwells reputation rests not only on his political shrewdness and his sharp satires but also on his marvelously clear style and on his superb essays, which rank with the best ever written.,The Olympic Spirit,More ge
4、nerally, the term “Olympic spirit“ is an oft-referred to but perhaps vaguely-defined concept associated with the Olympic Games. Some media equate it with Pierre de Coubertins statement that “The important thing is not to win, but to take part“, and view athletes who try their best but finish last as
5、 epitomising the “Olympic spirit“.,The Olympic motto is “Higher, Faster, Stronger.“ 奥林匹克的格言是“更高，更快，更强”。 The Olympic Games help promote a better and more peaceful world. 奥林匹克运动会有助于实现一个更美好、更安宁的世界。,The most important thing in the Games is not the triumph but the struggle; not to have conquered but to h
6、ave fought well. 比赛中最重要的不是胜利，而是奋斗；不是征服，而是奋力拼搏。 The athletes must learn to respect and to cooperate with people from many nations during the Games. 在比赛中，运动员必须学会尊重并与来自许多国家的人们合作。,The five rings represent the close unity and friendly meeting at the Olympics between athletes from five continents. 五环相连象征着
7、五大洲的运动员紧密团结及在奥运会上友好相聚。,Text Analysis,Text A The Sporting Spirit,Part I (para.12),Sport is an unfailing cause of ill will.,Point 1,Now that the brief visit of the Dynamo football team has come to an end, it is possible to say publicly that sport is an unfailing cause of ill will. 1945年苏联的Dynamo足球俱乐部（
8、现在属于乌克兰）访问英国，和英国的足球俱乐部踢了四场比赛，乔治奥威尔就此事为Tribune周刊写了这篇名为 “体育精神” 的文章。 unfailing: never coming to an end ill will: unfriendly feeling,Point 2,Even the newspaper have been unable to conceal the fact that at least two of the four matches played led to much bad feeling. 1) At the Arsenal match, a British an
9、d a Russian player came to blows and the crowd booed the referee.,英超阿森纳足球俱乐部(see note 3) The nickname of Arsenal: the Gunners (枪手),2) At the Glasgow match, there was the controversy, typical of our nationalistic age, about the composition of the Arsenal team. The implication is that sport is bound u
10、p with nationalism composition: the parts of which something is made up,Point 3,Meanwhile the result of the Dynamos tour, in so far as it has had any result, will have been to create fresh animosity on both sides. in such measure as, to the extent that (an example of) powerful, often active hatred,P
11、art II (para. 35),International sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred because spectators and nations believe that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue. Questions: Do you agree with the author? And why? In your opinion, what is the sporting spirit?,orgy: an occasion o
12、n which someone does something in an extreme and uncontrolled way极端放肆的状态或行为 orgies of hatred:疯狂的仇恨,Point 1,I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, the
13、y would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.,good will: a feeling of wanting to be friendly and helpful to someone 善意,友好 show no desire,Point 2,the 1936 Olympics The 1936 Olympics were held in a tense, politically charged atmosphere. The Nazi Party had risen to power in 1933, two years af
14、ter Berlin was awarded the Games. Adolf Hitlers government planned to use the Games to promote Nazi ideology.,Nearly 4,000 athletes competed in 129 events. The track-and-field competition starred American Jesse Owens, who won three individual gold medals and a fourth as a member of the triumphant U.
15、S. 4 100-metre relay team. Altogether Owens and his teammates won 12 mens track-and-field gold medals; the success of Owens and the other African American athletes, referred to as “black auxiliaries” by the Nazi press, was considered a particular blow to Hitlers Aryan ideals.,Jesse Owens, a black at
16、hlete from the United States, was the star of the 1936 Olympic Games. Owens, the “Tan Cyclone,“ brought home four gold medals: the 100-meter dash, the long jump (made an Olympic record), the 200-meter sprint around a turn (made a world record), and part of the team for the 400-meter relay.,Point 3,Y
17、ou play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win. Try your best to 如果不尽全力去赢，比赛就没有什么意义了。,Point 4,At the international level sport is frankly mimic warfare. 在国际比赛中，体育简直是一场模拟战争。,Point 5,But the significant thing is not the behavior of the players but the attitude of the
18、spectators, and, behind the spectators, (the attitude) of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contest, and (who) seriously believe-at any rate for short periods-that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue. (translate),work oneself into: get oneself
19、 into a different position or state使自己进入不同的状态 使他们自己对荒唐的比赛产生强烈的感情,以致到了如痴如醉的程度。 跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是对一个民族品德素质的检验。,Point 6,Every kind of game, whether it demands grace of strength, can cause much ill will.,当我听人们说体育运动可创造国家之间的友谊，还说各国民众若在足球场或板球场上交锋，就不愿在战场上残杀的时候，我总是惊愕不已。一个人即使不能从具体的事例（例如1936年的奥林匹克运动会）了解到国际运动比赛会导致疯狂的仇
20、恨，也可以从常理中推断出结论。,现在开展的体育运动几乎都是竞争性的。参加比赛就是为了取胜。如果不拚命去赢，比赛就没有什么意义了。 在乡间的草坪上，当你随意组成两个队，并且不涉及任何地方情绪时，那才可能是单纯的为了娱乐和锻炼而进行比赛。可是一量涉及到荣誉问题，一旦你想到你和某一团体会因为你输而丢脸时，那么最野蛮的争斗天性便会激发起来。即使是仅仅参加过学校足球赛的人也有这种体会。在国际比赛中，体育简直是一场模拟战争。但是,重要的还不是运动员的行为，而是观众的态度，以及观众身后各个国家的态度。面对着这些荒唐的比赛，参赛的各个国家会如痴如狂，甚至煞有介事地相信 至少在短期内如此 跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是对
21、一个民族品德素质的检验。,Part III (para. 69),The fierce passions for sport are bound up with nationalism.,Point 1,In England, the obsession with sport is bad enough, but even fiercer passions are aroused in young countries where games playing and nationalism are both recent developments. obsess: fill someones m
22、ind continuously,Point 2,As soon as strong feelings of rivalry are aroused, the notion of playing the game according to the rules always vanishes. As soon as fierce passions of competition are aroused, the notion of playing the game according to the rules no longer exists.,Point 3,In other words, sp
23、ort is war minus the shooting. without,Point 4,It is more useful to inquire how and why this modern cult of sport arose. devotion to,Point 5,There cannot be much doubt that the whole thing is bound up with the rise of nationalism-that is, with the lunatic modern habit of identifying oneself with lar
24、ge power units and seeing everything in terms of competitive prestige. is closely connected with mad,identify (oneself) with: be associated with, feel close to seeing everything in terms of competitive prestige: perceiving everything in the perspective of competitive prestige,Point 6,Also, organized
25、 games are more likely to flourish in urban communities where the average human being lives a sedentary or at least a confined life, and does not get much opportunity for creative labor. grow, prosper sedentary: see note 13,Point 7,Big-scale sport is itself, I think, merely another effect of the cau
26、ses that have produced nationalism.在我看来,大规模的体育运动本身，就是那些造成民族主义的诸多因素所引发的另一个结果。,Writing,In May,2009, the Chinese team scooped almost all the medals at the 49th World Table Tennis Championships in Yokohama, Japan. While some people are cheering the victory, others see the scooping as a bad thing. Walkin
27、g away with all the medals hurts the confidence of other teams and stunts the growth of the sport, said a Chinese coach. Please write an essay of 300 words to brood over Chinas dominance in this sport.,Text B Reflections on Swimming,Questions for comprehension 1. Why is swimming forgotten by the wri
28、ters after the 19th century? 2. What kind of feeling does the writer derive from swimming outdoors in the fall? 3. How does swimming affect the human senses?,4. According to the writer, what are the differences between swimming and other activities such as running or walking? 5. What did Kellerman s
29、ay about swimming? 6. How do you understand religious aspects in swimming?,No. 1,Because it is the loneliest among various sports activities. It excludes husbands and wives, lovers, everyone else in the world, indeed everything else except for ones thoughts.,No. 2,He felt as if the entire world belo
30、nged to him while swimming. There was nothing but him and the cosmos, together.,No. 3,First, swimming diminishes and almost eliminates the sense of sight, our primary means of engagement with the physical world. Second, hearing undergoes some change too. What we hear are the constant rush of the wat
31、er and the sounds of our own movement and breathing. Third, touch becomes virtually metaphorical as we pull, push, and otherwise make our way through a fluid medium.,No. 4,Swimming requires not only instruction but also a kind of courage. For most people, it is not innate.,No. 5,The experience of sw
32、imming is both sexual and spiritual. The sensation of water flowing over the body is dynamic, erotic, enlivening, and yet it awakens, at every moment, our consciousness of the fragility of our breath.,No. 6,With its cleaning, purifying powers, swimming can expand our mind through contemplation. Buoy
33、ancy keeps our spirits, in the religious sense, up.,Further Reading,1. genetics 2. identified 3. power 4. injuries 5. films 6. mathematical 7. equipment 8. variables,E-C,想赢得比赛是一种强大的动力。不仅教练员、管理者，而且运动员都研究过诸如最有效的领导模式和赛前压力状态方面的问题。心理学家对此的看法也不同。但是部分专家认为民主式的领导会让运动员感到满意，而绝对权威式的领导则能带来“结果”。许多心理研究表明，女性运动员容易将失败
34、归咎于自身的努力不足或者技能欠佳，而男性运动员则将失败归咎于运气不好或者对手太强大等外部因素。人们同样认为，赛前理想的压力度是在过度放松和紧张之间，而且还要部分取决于运动项目。比如，射箭要想出好成绩，就不需要有打橄榄球赛前那种咄咄逼人的气势。而在诸如高尔夫球、网球、跳水和撑杆跳这些运动中，把握状态和时机则非常重要。运动员运用一种通常称作“映像”或“想象”的心理方法。这种方法注重赛前在大脑中预演动作要领，做好充分准备，而不仅仅是一种咄咄逼人的气势。,C-E,To participate and to win that is the Olympic spirit. It finds express
35、ion in the weak daring to defy the strong, and strong striving for ever better performance. Even better the ideal always luring a sportsman forward. He will do everything he can for it, never relax, never give up. It is said that none of the competition can avoid being defeated even the best is boun
36、d to be surpassed by someone still stronger. This is the rule of sports thousands of losers to set off one victor who in turn will eventually be replaced by someone on the honor list. However, undaunted by the inevitable failure, he is always striving to do the best he can.,C-E,When the time comes a
37、nd he knows he cant, he will step down happily to give place to the younger winner, aware contentedly of the fact that he has done his bit for the “even better” records of the Olympic Games. He will say proudly that he has not lived his youth in vain. Chances to compete for championship are few and
38、far between. Life is short. Still short is the time for an athlete trying to win games. None other than an athletic contestant feels so keenly about the rarity of opportunity and the fleeting of time.,Topics for research and presentation,1. My Favorite Sport 2. Gold Medal Tally 3. Anti-Doping Program,