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1、英语语法 ENGLISH GRAMMAR,主讲人 钱丰收,安徽电大 直播课堂,Name : Qian Feng-shou Teacher of Anhui TV University Tutor of English Grammar Way to contact me: Tel: 0551-3638362 Email: ,Self Introduction,References,安徽电大 教学资源、VOD点播 安徽电大在线 网上讨论、网上留言、 中央电大在线 英语语法课程页面http:/ Grammar,A basic knowledge of Grammar is absolutely
2、 necessary if you want to understand, especially use the English language. Our mother tongue is Chinese which is quite different from English we are learning now. Knowing the differences and culture shocks will help you become a successful language user of English.,第一讲 名词和冠词,一、名词(nouns)的语法知识 二、冠词(ar
3、ticles)的语法知识,1、名词(nouns),名词（nouns) : 1.kinds and function 2. Countable And Uncountable Nouns 3. Number of Nouns 4.The form/use of the possessive case and of + noun,1.1 kinds and function of nouns,A) There are four kinds of noun in English: Common nouns: dog,man, table Proper nouns: France, Madrid, T
4、om Abstract nouns: beauty, charity, fear, joy Collective nouns: crowd, group, team,B) the function of nouns 1. The subject of verb: Tom arrived. 2.The complement of the verbs be, become, seem: Tom is an actor. 3. The object of a verb: I saw Tom. 4. The object of a preposition :I spoke to tom. 5. A n
5、oun can also be in the possessive case: Toms books.,1.2 Countable Nouns and Uncountable Nouns,Countable nouns Uncountable nouns Nouns that can be Countable and Uncountable,1.3 Number of N (名词的数),英语可数名词有单数(singular)和复数(plural)两种形式, 表示一个人或事物用单数形式, 表示一个以上的人或事物用复数形式。 名词的单数形式就是词典上所出现的形式,没有变化, 如: a pen, a
6、 bed, a room, an English book。 名词复数形式有着规则的(Regular plurals)与不规则的(Irregular plurals)变化形式，以及复合名词(compound nouns)特殊的变化形式。,1.3.1 Regular plurals,1.The plural of a noun usually by adding s to the singular: day-days, dog-dogs, house-houses “ -S” is pronounced /s/ after a p, k or f sound. Otherwise it is p
7、ronounced /z/. When -s is placed after -ce, -ge,-se,or -ze an extra syllable(/IZ/) is added to the spoken word. Please turn to page 5.,2.Nouns ending in -o or -ch, -sh, -ss,or -x form their plural by adding -es: tomato-tomatoes, brush-brushes, box-boxes, church-churches, class-classes when es is pla
8、ced after ch,sh,ss or x an extra syllable(/IZ/)is added to the spoken word.And after -o -es is pronounced /Z/.,3. Nouns ending in y following a consonant（辅音） form their plural by dropping the y and adding -ies: baby-babies, country-countries, lady-ladies, fly-flies Nouns ending in y following a vowe
9、l（元音） form their plural by adding s: boy-boys, daydays, donkey-donkeys,4. Twelve nouns ending in f or fe drop the the f or fe and add ves.These nouns are calf, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf, self, shelf, thief, wife, wolf: loaf-loaves, wife-wives, wolf-wolves etc. Other words ending in f or fe add s
10、 in the ordinary way: cliff-cliffs, handkerchief-handkerchiefs, safe-safes,1.3.2 Irregular plurals,1. A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change: foot-feet, mouse-mice, woman-women, goose-geese, man-men, tooth-teeth The plurals of child and ox are children, oxen. 2. Some nouns do not change in
11、the plural: deer-deer, sheep-sheep, Chinese-Chinese, 3. Certain words are always plural: clothes, police, trousers etc.,4. Collective nouns ,crew, family, team, etc., can take a singular or plural verb; singular if we consider the word to mean a single group or unit: Our team is the best. or plural
12、if we take it to mean a number of individuals: Our team are wearing their new jerseys（运动衫).,1. Normally the last word is made plural: boy-friends, break-ins, travel agents But where man and woman is prefixed both parts are made plural: men drivers, women doctors 2. The first word is made plural with
13、 compounds formed of verb+er nouns + adverbs: hangers-on, lookers-on, runners-up and with compounds composed of noun + preposition + noun: ladies-in-waiting, sisters-in-law,1.3.3 Compound nouns,1.4 The form of the possessive case,A. S 所有格构成法 1. S is used with singular nouns and plural nouns not endi
14、ng in s: a mans job, mens work, the peoples choice 2.A simple apostrophe () is used with plural nouns ending in s: a girls school, the eagles nest, the Smiths car 3. The names ending in s can take s. Mr Joness house, Thomass brother 4. With compounds, the last word takes the s: my brother-in-laws gu
15、itar,B. of + noun 所有格的用法 1、用于无生命的东西 eg. the rocket of the space shuttle 2、用于名词化的形容词 eg. the happiness of the old 3、 名词的修饰与较多时 eg. the very long and graceful tail of the old black cat.,C. 双重所有格(Double Possessive Case) 所有格所修饰的名词前面有一个数量词或一个指示代词that时，要用双重所有格（数量词包括 a，two，some，no，any，few等）。 a friend of Ma
16、rys（=a friend of Marys friends） 玛丽的一个朋友 some books of the teachers 老师的一些书 that son of Mr.Smiths史密斯先生的那个儿子 that smile of the boys 那个孩子的微笑 （注：双重所有格修饰的名词不能与定冠词 the 连用） 双重所有格的作用请参看教材13页。,2、冠词(Articles),There are definite, indefinite and zero articles in English. The indefinite article (a/an) The definit
17、e article (the) The zero definite(omission of a/an/the),2.1 The indefinite article (a/an),1. The form a is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound: a man, a hat, a university, a European The form an is used before words beginning with a vowel sound: an apple, an uncle, an egg, an hour, a
18、n island,2.Use of a/an A. Before a singular noun which is countable when it is mentioned for the first time and represents no particular person or thing: eg. I need a visa. He bought an ice-cream. B. Before a singular countable noun which is used as an example of a class of things: eg. A child needs
19、 love = All children need love. A horse is a useful animal=All horses are useful animals.,C. With a noun complement.This includes names of profession: eg. It was an earthquake. Shell be a dancer. D. In certain expressions eg. a lot of, a hundred, a great deal of, in a word, a dozen,3. Omission of a/
20、an A/an is omitted: A. Before plural nouns B. Before uncountable nouns C. Before names of meals, except when these are preceded by an adjective: eg: We have breakfast at eight. He gave us a good breakfast.,2.2 the definite article (the),1.use of the definite article A. When the object or group of ob
21、jects is unique or considered to be unique: eg. The earth, the sky, the stars B. Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned a second time: eg. His car struck a tree; you can see the mark on the tree.,C. Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or clause: eg
22、. the girl in blue, the place where I met him D. Before superlatives(最高级) and first, second etc. used as adjectives or as pronouns, and only: eg. the first (week), the best day, the only way E. The + singular noun can represent a class of animals or things. Eg. The lion is the king of animals.,F. Th
23、e + adjective represents a class of persons: eg. the old = old people in general G. The with names of people has a very limited use. The + plural surname can be used to mean “the family”: eg. the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith( and their children),2.3 Omission of the,1.Before abstract nouns except when t
24、hey are used in a particular sense: eg. Men fear death. 人怕死。 2. Before names of the meals : eg.The Scots have porridge for breakfast. 苏格兰人早餐吃麦片粥。 3. Before parts of the body: eg. Raise your right hand.,4.Before names of games: eg. He plays golf. 5. Omission of the before home, before church, hospital, prison, school etc.and before work, sea and town eg. go home /at home go to church/ hospital/prison/school /work/sea/town,Review,Review the content of nouns and articles. Do the exercises in the workbook.,Goodbye!,