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1、非,谓语动词,动名词 gerund,不定式 infinitive,分词 participle,非谓语动词,1性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。,1 动词-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。 Seeing is believing.= To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。 2 为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。 It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。 Its a waste o
2、f time arguing about it. 争论这事是浪费时间。,必 背 动词-ing形式作主语的几个常用句型。 Its no good talking to him. 和他谈话是没有用的。 It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come. 给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。 Its worth making an effort. 努力一下是值得的。 There is no saying when it will stop raining. 无法断定这场雨什么时候会停。 There is no joking about such
3、 matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。,1 表示主语的内容 Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. 她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。 2 表示主语具有的特征 The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令困惑。,1. Her work is _( look )after the children. 2. My aim is _( go ) to Tsinghua University. 3. One of my bad habit is _(bite ) nails（指甲）.,动词-ing形
4、式既可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。 1 能用动词-ing形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类，一类是只能用动词-ing形式作宾语，另一类是既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语。 只能用-ing形式作宾语的动词(这类动词只能用-ing形式作宾语，不能用不定式作宾语。) Fancy meeting you here! 想不到在这儿见到你了！ I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。,必 背 只接动词-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有：admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 put off 推迟
5、 keep 保持 consider 考虑 delay 耽搁 dislike 嫌恶 resist抵制 mention 提及 enjoy 喜欢 escape 避免 excuse 原谅 practice 练习 mind介意 fancy想不到 feel like 意欲 finish 完成 risk 冒险 include 包括 forgive 原谅 give up 放弃 suggest 建议 miss 逃过 imagine 设想 cannot help 情不自禁,1.He was in low spirits and even consider _(go ) away. 2.Practise _( pu
6、t ) your hand to the ground. 3.I cant help _( have ) the trip to Britain. 4.Dont tell me you always escape _( fine) because you have a fast sports car. 5.Leave off _(bite) your nails! 6.He didnt feel like _( work ), so he suggested _( spend ) the day in the garden. 7.You certainly mustnt miss _( see
7、 ) the wonderful film.,8.The doctor advised _( stay ) longer in hospital. 9.We appreciate your _( want ) _( help ) us in our difficulties. 10.Michael has delayed _( write ) to her till today. 11.The law forbids _( sell )liquor to children. 12.They all suggested _( give ) more chances. 13.Can you ima
8、gine _( leave ) standing outside for a whole night. 14.They built the banks to prevent the area from _( flood)., 既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语 有些动词，如attempt, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer等，后面接动词-ing形式或不定式区别不是很大。 They prefer spending/to spend their summer vacation in Dalian. 他们更喜欢在大连度暑假。 I in
9、tend to buy/buying an English-Chinese dictionary. 我想买一本英汉词典。 提 示 应尽量避免接连出现两上动词-ing形式。 I am starting to learn Russian. 我开始学俄语。 避免说：I am starting learning Russian. 我开始学俄语。,有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有所不同。,有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有所不同。 come to do表示一个渐渐发展的过程 I hope we shall be friends and come to underst
10、and one another.我希望我们会成为朋友并互相了解 come doing表示陪衬性的动作 It was already two oclock when she came hurrying in. 她急急忙忙跑进来时已经两点了。,go on to do做完一件事后，接下去做另外一件事 Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit. 做完练习以后，我们继续学习下一单元的单词。 go on doing继续做同一件事。 Though it was raining heavi
11、ly, they went on working, 尽管天下着大雨，他们仍然继续工作。 mean to do想要做某事 I didnt mean to hurt you. 我并不想要伤害你。 mean doing意味着要有一个结果 Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。,regret to do对即将要做的事表示遗憾 I regret to say I must leave tomorrow. 很遗憾，我明天必须离开了。 regret doing对所做的事感到后悔 I regret not havin
12、g told her earlier.没能更早地告诉她，我很后悔。 remember to do 讲的是将来的事，表示“不要忘记” Remember to lock the door when you leave. 离开时记得要锁门。 remember doing 讲的是过去的事，表示“记起来” I remember posting that letter. 我记得寄了那封信。,forget to do忘记要做某事 She nearly forgot to give the porter a tip for his service. 她几乎忘记给行李搬运工付小费。 forget doing忘记
13、以前曾做过的事 Ill never forget meeting my school headmaster for the first time. 我永远忘不了和我小学校长初次见面的情景。 stop to do停止原来做的事，开始做另一件事 While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times. 工作的时候，他不时停下来和汤姆谈话。 stop doing停止正在做的事 When the teacher came into the classroom, the pupils stopped talking. 教师走进教室的时候，小学生们停止了说话
14、。,try to do设法做某事 I must try to get everything ready before he arrives. 在他到来之前，我必须尽力把一切都准备好。 try doing试验做某事 Would you please try doing that again? 请你再试一次好吗？,need, require, want作“需要”解时，后面接动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式，意义上并无差别，但用动词-ing形式比较普通。 Your composition needs correcting / to be corrected. 你的作文需要修改。 His
15、coat wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 他的外套需要洗了。 The old woman requires looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully. 这个老大娘需要细心地照料。 2 作介词宾语 动词-ing形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关。,1 动词-ing形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。 We he
16、ard the children shouting upstairs. 我们听见孩子们在楼上叫喊。 I felt my heart beating violently. 我觉得我的心在猛烈地跳动。,2 动词-ing形式和不定式作宾语补足语的区别。 在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用动词-ing形式构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用动词-ing形式时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。 He saw a girl getting on the bus. 他看见一个女孩在上公共汽车。 H
17、e saw a girl get on the bus and drive off. 他看见一个女孩上公共汽车后开走了。,3 动词-ing形式也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等表示“致使“的动词后作宾语补足语。 They should not leave us wondering what they will do next. 他们不应该不让我们知道他们下一步要做什么。 I wont have you running about in the room. 我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。 We kept the fire burning all nigh
18、t long. 我们让火整夜燃烧着。 点 津 坊 如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常只能用不定式来表示，不用动词-ing形式。 I saw him enter the room sit down and light a cigarette.我看见他走进房间，坐了下来，点燃了一根香烟。,1 单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。 说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。 a reading room = a room which is used for reading 阅览室 running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋 a working method =a m
19、ethod of working 工作方法 必 背 a drawing board 画板 a sewing machine 缝纫机 a swimming pool 游泳池 a waiting room 候车室 a dining car 餐车 a driving permit 驾驶许可证 a singing competition 歌咏比赛 a walking stick 手杖, 表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。 developing countries = countries that are developin
20、g 发展中国家 an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子 a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困扰人的问题,必 背 a barking dog 狂吠的狗 a disappointing play 令人失望的戏剧 an astonishing adventure 惊人的冒险 a sleeping baby 熟睡的婴儿 boiling water 正在沸腾的水 failing sight 逐渐衰退的视力 the setting sun 落日
21、 the coming week 下一周,动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。 1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。(= After we have made full preparations.) 2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 Being ill, he di
22、dnt go to school yesterday. 由于生病，他昨天没有上学。(= Since he was ill.),不定式,1不定式作主语： 1) change the following into the infinitive 1. _( die ) for people is a glorious thing. 2. _( talk ) with him is a great pleasure. 3. _( help ) others is our duty. 4. _( see ) is to believe. 2) change the sentences above int
23、o the ones using “it” as informal.,3)A: 如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由for 引起的短语。 It is easy for the students to read. It will be a mistake for us to help you.,在“It is + 形容词 + of sb + 不定式“结构中，形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征，如kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, b
24、old, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。在“It is + 形容词 + for sb + 不定式”结构中，形容词通常表示事物的性质，如important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。 比 较 It is good of you to help me with my English. 你真好，帮助我学英语。 (强调you的特征=You are good to help me.) It is good for you to give up sm
25、oking. 戒烟对你有好处。 (强调的是give up smoking这一行为= For you to give up smoking is good.),2不定式作表语 1. Her work is _( look )after the children. 2. My aim is _( go ) to Tsinghua University. 3. She seemed _( think ) about the problem.,3不定式作宾语： 有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有： want, demand, like, hate, hope, begin, seem, fai
26、l, help, offer, manage, pretend, forget, remember, promise, prepare, learn, expect, agree, determine, prefer, intend, etc.,比 较 一般说来，动词-ing形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作，或抽象性的动作，时间概念不强。而动词不定式表示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。 Smoking is forbidden here. 这里禁止吸烟。(泛指) Its not good for you to smoke so much. 吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。(具体) T
27、hey prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold. 天冷时他们喜欢呆在室内。(泛指) Would you prefer to stay at home this evening? 今晚你想待在家里吗？(具体) I like singing ,but I dont like to sing this night .,4.不定式作宾语补足语 A)1. I didnt want my parents _(help ) me. 2. Wed prefer you _( take ) the job instead of Zhang. 3. The
28、school ordered all the classrooms _( clean ). 4. My parents expect me _( go )to an ideal university. 5. Joan promised the dinner _( cook ) before we returned. 6. The doctor advised the patient _( take ) two pills every four hours. 7. He determined me_( tell ) everything.,不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词名代词之后，与被修饰的名
29、词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。 1 主谓关系 The future to greet us will be bright. 我们的未来会十分美好的。 The next train to arrive was from New York. 下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。 2 动宾关系 On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write. 星期天，他总是有许多信要写。 He can find no one to make friends with. 他找不到可交朋友的人。 3 同位关系 We students shoul
30、d have the courage to face any difficulty.我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。,不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。 1 表示目的 Im saving up to buy a computer. 我在存钱买电脑。 点 津 坊 有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用in order (not) to do, 和so as (not) to do结构 (so as to do不可以置于句首)。 He shouted and waved in order to be noticed.为了引起注意，他又嚷嚷又挥手。 Ill write down hi
31、s telephone number so as not to forget it。我要把他的电话号码记下来，以防忘记,2 表示结果 He got to the station only to find the train had gone. 他赶到车站，发现火车已经开走了。 必 背 ： 不定式表示结果常见于下列句型 1) so.as to do Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle? 把你的自行车借给我好吗？ 2) such.as to do We are not such fools as to believe him. 我们还没蠢
32、到会相信他的地步。 3) enough to do He didnt run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不够快，没赶上火车。 4) only to do He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头砸自己的脚。 5) too.to do His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 他的视力太差了，看不清这么小的字。,“be + 不定式”结构可以表示将来发生的动作，常有以下两种情况： 1 表示命令和指示 The room is
33、 to be locked. 这房间要上锁。 2表示计划或安排 We are to begin the work next month. 我们下月开始这项工作。 比 较 be to do表示计划和安排将要发生的动作。 Another new railway is to be built in my hometown next year.明年我家乡又要修建一条铁路了。 be about to do表示最近即将要发生的动作。不能和具体的时间状语连用。 The manager was about to leave when his secretary called him back. 经理正要离开时
34、，他的秘书叫住了他。,有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可被称为插入语。 To be honest, we are not sure to find the girl in the forest. 说老实话，我们不能确保在森林里能找到那个女孩。 He is very honest, to begin with. 首先，他很诚实。 必 背 to tell you the truth 说老实话 to begin with 首先 to say nothing of 姑且不说 so to speak 可以这么说 to be sure 诚然，固然 to be exact 精确地说 to do h
35、im justice 说句对他公道的话 to make a long story short 长话短说 to be frank 坦率地说 to be brief 简言之 to conclude 总而言之,1 不定式做后置定语，与被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，但又与该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时。 Do you have anything to say on this question? 针对这个问题，你有什么要说的吗？ 2 不定式作形容词的宾语，与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时。 The book is difficult to understand. 这本书很难理解。 3 Ther
36、e be结构中，当说话人考虑必须有人去完成某件事时。 There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。 比 较 She has two letters to type. 她有两封信要打。 (自己打) She has two letters to be typed. 她有两封信要打。 (别人打),3 在had better, had best, would rather, would rather.than, would sooner, would sooner.than, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help b
37、ut等结构后直接跟动词原形或“not + 动词原形“。,必 背 常见的带不定式的短语： be supposed to do 应该做某事 be determined to do 决心要做某事 fail to do 未能做某事 go all out to do 全力以赴做某事 have the nerve to do 有胆量做某事 have a great mind to do 很想做某事 make up ones mind to do 决定做某事 make a point to do 坚持做某事 prepare oneself to do 有思想准备做某事 take the trouble to
38、 do 不辞辛苦地做某事,必 背 常见的带介词to的短语： be used to 习惯 be related to 与有关 get down to 着手做 be given to 沉溺于 put ones mind to 全神贯注于 give rise to 引起 be equal to 胜任 devote oneself to 献身于 lead to 导致 be opposed to 反对 look forward to 盼望 object to 反对 stick to 坚持 pay attention to 注意,动词ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种，它具有动词的一些特点，同时也具有形容词、副
39、词的句法功能，在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足等。,1 动词ed形式表示已完成的动作。 除了作形容词用的动词-ed形式外，动词-ed形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有被动的意义。 Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. 由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。 One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。 The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese peop
40、le. 鲁迅写的这些书，受到了许多中国人的喜爱。,2 及物动词的ed形式一般表示被动的意思。 Given more time, I could have solved that riddle. 要是有充足的时间，我就能猜出那个谜语。 (句子的主语I和动词give之间是被动关系。) When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. 你说英语的时候，一定要让人懂得你的意思。 (宾语yourself和宾语补足语understand之间是被动关系。) 3 不及物动词ed形式只表示完成的意义，并不带有被动的含义。 an escape
41、d prisoner 逃犯 = a prisoner who has escaped a retired worker 退休工人= a worker who has retired a newly arrived guest 新来的客人 = a guest who has just arrived People should pay attention to the changed situation. 人们应该注意到变化了的形势。,1 动词ed形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。 The students are fully prepared. 学生们已做好了充分的准备。 When we
42、 got there, the shop was closed. 我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。 2 同一动词的ed形式与ing形式作表语时的区别。 动词-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而动词-ing形式作表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。,当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用动词-ed形式作宾语补足语。 1 在感觉动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find等后作宾语补足语。 I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night. 昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏
43、。 We found all the rivers seriously polluted. 我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。,2 在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足语。 动词-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。 Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。 Ill just get these dishes washed and then Ill come. 我得先把盘子洗了，然后就来。 动词-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。 He raised his voice
44、in order to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。 You should make your views known to the public. 你应该让公众知道你的观点。 动词-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。 They all went home, leaving all the work undone. 所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。 The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night. 侦探和他的助手把自己整夜反锁在房
45、。,1 前置定语 单个动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。 A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。 All the broken doors and windows have been repaired. 所有的坏门窗都修好了。 When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper. 我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。 提 示 如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。 Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。,
46、2 后置定语 作后置定语的动词-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。 We have read many novels written by this author. 我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。 (= that are written by this author),动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。 1 表示时间 动词-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. 从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。 (= When the city is seen from the tower.),