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1、Knowing When to Breed (Timing of Insemination) 知道何时配种 (输精时间),Vocabulary 词汇,WEI = wean to estrus interval (time from weaning to onset of estrus) WEI = 断奶到发情间隔 (从断奶到开始发情的时间间隔) WSI = wean to service interval (time from weaning to standing estrus at the 1st estrus following weaning) WSI = 断奶到配种间隔 (从断奶到第
2、1次发情后的呆立反应的时间间隔) WCI = wean to conception interval (time from weaning to time when sow actually conceive) WCI = 断奶到受胎间隔 (从断奶到母猪实际受孕的时间间隔),Insemination Timing 输精时间,Time of insemination relative to ovulation affects: 和排卵相关的输精时间会影响到: Percentage of eggs fertilized, 受精卵的比例; Normal embryos, 正常胚胎数; Concept
3、ion and farrowing rate, and 受胎率和分娩率; Litter size. 窝仔数 Consequently proper timing is very important in obtaining high reproductive efficiency. 因此要获得高繁殖效率, 正确的输精时间非常重要,Effect of insemination timing relative to ovulation on fertilization rate (Seode et al., 1995) 和排卵相关的输精时间对受精率的影响,Insemination Timing 输
4、精时间,If fertilization rate is highly dependent upon 1st insemination being within 0-24 h prior to ovulation and ovulation is related to estrus duration then it is important to determine when estrus begins. 如果受精率极大地取决于第1次输精, 即排卵前的0-24小时, 而排卵又和发情期有关, 那么确定发情何时开始就很重要 How frequently should you check for e
5、strus to help assure that the 1st insemination is within the desire time frame? 查情几次才能有助于确保第1次输精在需要的时间段内呢?,Insemination Timing: estrus determination (7 commercial farms; Knox et al., 2002) 输精时间: 确定发情(7家商业猪场),Insemination Timing 输精时间,Ovulation is normally thought to take place approximately 70% of th
6、e way through estrus. 通常排卵发生在发情期的70%段 But can vary from 39 to 133% for individual sows. 但个体母猪的差异可达39-133% In addition the duration of estrus can vary from 10 - 96 h 除此之外发情时间可有10-96小时不等,Suggested intervals for inseminating weaned sows when detecting estrus once or twice per day 每天查情1或2次时断奶母猪建议输精时间,In
7、semination Timing 输精时间,High variation in duration of estrus 发情期长短的高差异 + Wide variation in when ovulation occurs in relation to the onset of estrus 和发情开始相关的排卵开始时间的巨大差异 = Onset of estrus alone is not a very good predictor for optimal time of insemination. 仅把发情开始的时间一项作为输精最佳时间的指标是不够的,Farrowing Rate 分娩率,
8、Boar Stimulus 公猪刺激,Ovulation 排卵,Lactation Length 哺乳期长短,Litter Size 窝仔数,Estrus Duration 发情期,WSI 断奶到配种间隔,Estrus duration influenced by factors such as: 发情期长短的影响因素： Parity, 胎次 Genetics 品种 Season, 季节 Stress, 应激 Boar effects, 公猪的使用效果 WEI (WSI) 断奶到发情间隔(断奶到配种间隔),Insemination Timing 输精时间,Time of ovulation r
9、elated to estrus duration (Soede et al., 1995) 排卵时间和发情期的关系,Relationship between WEI and estrus duration (Nessin et al., 1997) 断奶到发情间隔和发情期长短的关系,Relationship between WEI and time of ovulation (Nissen et al., 1997) 断奶到发情间隔和排卵时间的关系,Y = 84.2 0.46X, P0.0001,Effect of WSI on Duration of 1st Estrus after We
10、aning (15,186 sows Steverink, 1999) 断奶到配种间隔对断奶后第1次发情期长短的影响,Effect of WSI on Litter Size Steverink et al. 1999) 断奶到配种间隔对窝仔数和分娩率的影响,Effect of WSI on farrowing rate and remating rate (Tummaruk et al., 2000) 断奶到配种间隔对分娩率和再配种率的影响,Within a farm duration of estrus appears to be less variable. The average du
11、ration of estrus was consistent from month to month within a farm (if you know average duration determined one month it is repeatable the next month, repeatability 86%). 在一个猪场内情期长短差异相对较小。在同一场内母猪平均情期每月相对一致（如果你知道某月的平均情期，下个月的重复性可达86%）,Insemination Timing 输精时间,Suggested intervals for inseminating weaned
12、 sows when detecting estrus once or twice per day 每天查情1或2次时断奶母猪建议输精时间,Effect of lactation length on subsequent WCI (Le Cozler et al., 1997) 哺乳期长短对下一胎断奶到受胎间隔的影响,Effect of Lactation Length on Litter Size, Total Born (Le Cozler et al., 1997) 哺乳期长短对窝仔数的影响,Increasing lactation length increases subsequent
13、 litter size 延长哺乳天数增加下一胎的产仔数,Why? 为什么? Sow that is a very good eater is in negative nutrient balance during the first 2 and possibly 3 wk of lactation. 一头吃料非常好的母猪在哺乳开始后2-3周内都处于营养负平衡. Milk production increases very fast, and even fed ad libitum the sows feed consumption does not increase fast enough
14、for her to obtain the nutrients she needs for milk production 产奶量增加非常迅速, 即使自由采食, 母猪的采食量也无法及时提供产奶所需的营养 Some where between the 3rd and 4th week she begins to recover part of the weight loss (not full recovery). This helps to put her back into a positive balance, particularly as relates to insulin. Ins
15、ulin along with other hormones have been shown to be important in reproduction. 在哺乳第3周和第4周中母猪开始逐步恢复损失的体重(不能完全恢复), 帮助她进入营养正平衡, 尤其和胰岛素相关. 研究表明胰岛素和其它激素对繁殖很重要.,May also be related to sub-optimal timing of insemination (AI or mating) relative to ovulation. As indicated WSI has important implications for
16、timing AI, as it affects the interval from estrus to ovulation. 可能还和排卵相关的非适宜输精时间(人工授精或本交)有关. 前面提到断奶到配种间隔和配种时间有很重要的关联, 因为它影响到发情到排卵的间隔时间,Increasing lactation length increases subsequent litter size 延长哺乳天数增加下一胎的产仔数,Progressive De-Materialisation of Reproducing Sows: % Change in 3rd Parity Compared to N
17、on-Pregnant Sows 繁殖母猪体内矿物质流失百分率：第三胎母猪与同年龄非怀孕母猪比较,Mahan and Newton (1995),(%),3rd Litter Sows compared to Non-Gravid, Same Age,Litter weight 窝重,Trace Mineral Requirements for the Sow Reproductive Cycle 母猪生殖周期对矿物质的需求,Body Mineral Pool 体内矿物质池,Cu,Cu,Cu,Mn,Zn,Mn,Zn,Fe,Fe,Fe,Fe,Se,Se,Se,Se,Cr,Cr,Cr,Fe,Ute
18、rine Capacity 子宫容纳,Piglets 仔猪,Weaning 断奶,Farrowing 分娩,Fertilization 授精,Implantation 胚胎植入,Research Trials Using Chelated Minerals for Sows (Spears) 猪场母猪使用螯合物,Results: Sow Productivity Weaning Wt., kg 试验结果：仔猪断奶体重，公斤,Means in a row with different superscripts differ (P.05) 上标不同意味着存在显著差异 (P.05),Results:
19、 Sow Productivity breeding Interval (days) 试验结果：母猪断奶至配种间隔天数,Means in a row with different superscripts differ (P.05) 上标不同意味着存在显著差异 (P.05),Sow Productivity Field Study (Tracy) 母猪繁殖能力田间试验,Results of Sow Field Study (Tracy) 试验结果:母猪田间试验 (特雷西),Sow Field Study (Tracy) 母猪田间试验结果 (特雷西),Effect of Split Weanin
20、g on WSI in Primiparous Sows (Vesseur et al., 1997) 分批断奶对初产母猪断奶到配种间隔的影响,Effect of boar contact on WEI, estrus determination and duration in weaned sows (Langendijk et al., 2000) 公猪接触对断奶后母猪断奶到受胎间隔、查情和发情期的影响,Effect of Housing on Percentage Sows Expressing Estrus Postweaning (Knox et al., 2004) 猪舍对母猪断奶
21、后表现发情比例的影响,Effect of Housing on Estrus Duration (Knox et al., 2004) 猪舍对发情期长短的影响,Effect of boar presence during insemination on breeding score and litter size (Patterson et al., 2002) 输精时公猪在场对配种成绩和窝仔数的影响,Summary 总结,Knowing when to breed/inseminate is an important key to number pigs/sow/year 知道何时配种/输精
22、是提高每头母猪每年出栏仔猪数的重要手段 It is affected by several factors 受几个因素的影响 WSI 断奶到配种间隔 Estrus duration 发情期 Lactation length 哺乳期 Body condition / metabolic state 体况/代谢状态 Boar stimulus 公猪刺激 Varies from farm to farm, but relatively consistent within a farm 因场而异, 但在同一场内相对一致,Knowing conditions on your farm and consequently when to breed/inseminate could increase PSY by 2 5 pigs 解本场的状况及相应配种时间可以使每头母猪每年出栏数增加2-5头,Summary 总结,