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1、Grammar & usage,Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气,Revision,虚拟语气 1） 概念 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。,2） 在条件句中的应用 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。, if条件句的虚拟语气,1.与现在事实相反时,其表现形式为: if主语+v-ed,主语+would(might, could,should)+ v. Eg: If we left now, we should arrive in good time
2、. If I were you, I would refuse the money.,与过去事实相反时,其表现形式为: if主语+had v-ed,主语+would(或 might, could, should)+ have v-ed. Eg: If we had had time, We would have dropped by. If I hadnt been told ,I wouldnt have known what these were for.,与将来事实相反时,其表现形式为: if主语+should(或were to)v.,主语+Would(或might,could,shou
3、ld)+v. Eg: If you dropped the glass, it would break. If you leaved there for a while, youd change your mind about that place.,虚拟语气假设条件句型注意点：,1. 错综时间句的虚拟语气 当条件从句与结果主句所表的时间不一致时,虚拟语气的形式应当做相应的调整.如: If you had followed the teachers advice, you wouldnt be in the hospital now. If you had come and attended
4、the meeting yesterday, you would know what we are doing now.,2. 假设条件虚拟倒装。 条件从句中有should， were， had三个助动词可以把if省略，并将这三个词提至句首。 If I were you, I would give it up. Were I you, I would give it up. If it were not for your advice, we couldnt have got over the difficulties. Were it not for your advice, we coul
5、dnt have got over the difficulties.,If I had had time, I would have run round that lake again. Had I had time, I would have run round that lake again. If there should be a flood, what should we do? Should there be a flood, what should we do?,注意： 在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用“were“，不用was， 即在从句中be用were代替。,If
6、 I were you, I would go to look for him.如果我是你，就会去找他。,If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。,典型例题 _ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I,在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒
7、装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Werent I to do.,1. Had you listened to the doctor, you _ all right now. A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been 2. _ any change about the date, please tell me immediately. A. Will there be B. Should there be C. There will be D. There should be,Pra
8、ctise,3. _ today, he would get there by Friday. A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leave 4. Should it rain, the crops _ . A. would be saved B. would have been saved C. will be saved D. had been saved,5. You _ come earlier. The bus left a moment ago. A. would B. should h
9、ave C. may D. have 6. What should we do if it _ tomorrow? A. should snow B. would have snowed C. snow D. will snow,7. You _ such a serious mistake if you had followed his advice. A. may not make B. might not make C. shouldnt have made D. might not have made 8. If it were not for the fact that you _
10、ill, I would ask you to do this right now. A. were B. had been C. are D. should be,1. use otherwise, or and phrases beginning with with, without and but for to replace an if-clause in implied conditionals,Without air , there would be no living things. But for your help , I couldnt have done it.,(If
11、there were not air),(If it hadnt been for your help),I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadnt been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadnt been ill, I would have finished the work.),2. In
12、 adverbial clauses introduced by even if, as if, as though and if only we can use unreal conditionals.,即使生了病，他也去办公室。 Even if he were ill, he would go to his office. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。 He treated me as if I were a stranger. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。 She talked about the film as if she had really watched it.
13、,虚拟语气特殊句型：,wish/if only,现在： 过去： 未来：,did（were）,had done,would do,I wish I were a bird.（现在） I wish I hadnt made such a mistake.（过去） We wish our parents wouldnt punish us. （将来）,If only I knew his name! If only we had followed your advice! If only I could see him again!,要是我们的父母能和我们住在一起就好了。 要是我没错过火车就好了！,
14、If only our parents could live with us!,If only I hadnt missed the train!,I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。,He wished he hadnt said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。,I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明下雨就好了。,2）wish to do表达法。 wish sb. / sth. to do,I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.,I wish
15、the manager to be informed at once. = I want the manager to be informed at once.,2. would rather that,现在： 过去： 未来：,I would rather you paid me now.,I would rather you had gone, too.,Dont come. I would rather you came tomorrow.,did,did,had done,3. Its (about/high) time +that,should do,did,你该走了。,我们该去 睡觉
16、了。,Its high time that you went. Its high time that you were going. Its high time that you should go.,Its time that we went to bed. Its time that we should go to bed.,4. 表示要求，命令，建议的虚拟语气。,宾语从句。常见动词： 一个坚持，两个命令，三个建议，四个要求。即 1. insist 2. order, command 3. advise, suggest, propose 4. demand , require, requ
17、est, desire 这些动词后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气用法。即从句中的动词 使用should + 动词原形，或者将should省略。,我们建议Tom 去休息一下。 他坚决要求我到场。 国王命令囚犯明天要实施死刑。 他们要求我们派他们去那儿工作。,We suggested that Tom have a rest.,He insisted that I (should ) be present.,The king ordered that the prisoners be killed the next day.,They requested that we (should) send t
18、hem to work there.,I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.,注意： 如suggest, insist不表示“建议“ 或“坚持要某人做某事时“，即它们用于其本意“暗示、表明“、“坚持认为“时，宾语从句用陈述语气。,1.The guard at gate insisted that everybody _(obey) the rules. 2.He insisted that she _ (be)seriously ill a
19、nd that _(send) to hospitals at once. 3.He suggested that we_(have) a meeting at once. 4.His pale face suggested that he_(be) ill.,obey,was,be sent,have,was,以上动词相应的名词构成的名词性从句包括主语从句，表语从句和同位语也要使用虚拟语气。从句中的动词形式一样。 order, advice, suggestion, proposal, demand, request, desire,Its suggested that the plan b
20、e carried out. My demand is that she should come to see me once a week. All of us are for the advice that the chemical factory should be closed down.,5. Its necessary /strange/ natural/ important + that-Clause 从句中的动词要用虚拟，即（should）+动词原形,It is important that we ( should ) master a foreign language. It is strange that she refuse to come to the party. Its necessary that we should study hard.,6. 某些简单句的固定句型： Heaven help him! God bless you! May you succeed! Long live the Peoples Republic of China!,Thank you!,