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1、,静态图表 graph / chart,不同图形特点,动态变化图(重变化) Line：分单根和多根,变化较曲折。 Pie：经常跟其他图像混搭,本身包含信息不多。 静态图(重比较) Table：数字众多,信息量巨大,必须要有取舍,要把握变化最明显的。 Column：提供信息大,对比明显。,题目归类,题型本质上分为两种动态图和静态图 动态图(数字变化)最好用数字变化来表达 静态图(数字不变)则是静态表格（纯比较）的写作模式,雅思留学小作文写作评分准则之内容,Contents: 如实还原图表 1.无任何个人评价,严禁出现表示观点的词和个人推断. 2.不要描写全部信息(数字,事物),分清主次,动态图重
2、在顶点底点及转折点和交汇点等4类特征数据maximumminimum-intersection- trend；静态图重在比较关系,评分准则之结构,1.分段准确 2.body段落的展开方式：动态图(线,饼)利用主语句型的不同和衔接关联词来展开；静态图(柱,表格)利用比较句式和排序方式而展开 3.总结:对比不同研究对象之间关系或找到隐藏在图形中的变化趋势,评分准则之词汇语法,1.词汇的diversity尤为重要. 2.时态:总体趋势的时态为一般现在时,一般在第一段和结尾比较段出现.具体数字变化用一般过去时,一般在中间段出现.,小作文基本词汇收集,从时态,词性,难易搭配和趋势四点来考虑单词 上升:
3、increase / grow / rise / jump / go up / climb up / soar / expand/ rocket /hike / ascend/ surge /boom/ escalate/ swell 下降: decrease / fall / drop / decline / go down / climb down / slip /shrink / descend / slump/ ebb/ crash /collapse / plunge,稳定,震动,大约,hold steady, level off, stabilize, remain steady,
4、 stay constant, keep stable, be/remain static,be consistent, stagnate Fluctuate,wave,vibrate, Vary from, Swing, Rise and fall, Increase and decrease 大约：about / around / approximately / roughly / in the neighborhood of,幅度副词,显著significantly,noticeably,obviously,sharply dramatically, rapidly, steeply,
5、immensely, considerably, markedly, unexpectedly, 平缓稳定 slowly,gradually,steadily, slightly, gently,moderately,subtly, modestly, smoothly, marginally 波动 fluctuately, wavily , flexibly,数字,趋势,顶点,低点,数字: figure/ data/ statistics / number / percentage 趋势: trend / tendency/ tend to be 顶点: be at its highest
6、level/top position, reach/attain/to a peak of (maximum/peak/summit/zenith/apex/climax),或peak at这里的peak是动词 底点:Hit/reach a floor/ bottom/ base/ valley，或者:bottom out（动词短语）,显示,Predict, indicate, display, expose, reveal,depict ,illustrate, demonstrate , reflect, unfold,take up / make up contribute / occu
7、py / represent / account for 涉及到百分比的时候才出现,只针对于pie 和 table,线状图(动态),永远不变的小作文句型结构: 主语+变化+到具体数字+时间段 主语变化体现的四种变句模式(句式灵活) 研究对象做主语/There be做主语/时间段(period 做主语/变化趋势做主语/地点做主语,句型必杀技之研究对象主语,研究对象做主语 The figure/data/percentage(图单位) of/in/ about 研究对象 dropped/increased/fluctuated/ leveled off/remained stable/was up
8、ward(图趋势) from _ to _ (具体数字波动)during/ betweenand, and it reached the maximum/minimum of,句型必杀技之there be主语,研究对象做主语 Attention should be drawn to the continuing rise/drop/wave in/of _ from _ to _ . There be 作主语 There was steadying/waving/sharp/slight(用形容词表趋势) increase(名词)/upward trend in/of _ from _ to
9、_ ,reaching the bottom of _ .,句型必杀技之时间主语,The last half of 2008 saw the most savage decrease in demand for motor vehicles since the second world war. The biggest/quickest/most noticeable increase occurred in 2000, which saw/witnessed a growth(替换increase) from _ to _ . The year between 1980 and 2000 w
10、itnessed a huge/ flexible change from _ to _ .,举行必杀技之趋势,地点作主语,地点做主语 The place witnessed a sharp increase in sth fromtoin certain year. “趋势”做主语 A very noticeable trend was the steady increase in the number of _ from _ to _ in _. The trend showed the steady increase in the number of _ from _ to _in _.
11、,句型练习之婚礼费用,上海的婚礼的花费从96年的5万迅猛的震荡上扬到08年的120万,最终达顶点300万在09年 The figure of wedding fee in shanghai boomed rapidly from 50 thousand rmb to 1 million and 200 thousand rmb between 1996 and 2008, reaching the peak of 3 million in 2009.,句型练习之婚礼费用,There was a sharp rocket in the weeding fee in shanghai from 5
12、0 thousand rmb to 1 million and 200 rmb thousand between 1996 and 2008, reaching the zenith of 3 million in 2009. The amazing soar of weeding fee in shanghai occurred between 1996 and 2008, which witnessed the upward trend from 50 thousand to 1 million and 200 thousand ,reaching the climax of 3 mill
13、ion in 2009.,句型练习之婚礼费用,海的婚礼的花费从96年的5万迅猛的震荡上扬到08年的120万,最终达顶点300万在09年 Shanghai saw a tremendous rise of wedding fee from 50,000 rmb in 1996 to 1,200.000 rmb in 2008, peaking at 3,000,000 in 2009. A very noticeable trend was the steady increase in the number of wedding fee from 50,000 rmb in 1996 to 1,
14、200.000 rmb in 2008, peaking at 3,000,000 in 2009.,句型练习之外国国籍,加入外国国籍的百分比从1995的百分之一平稳增长到2006年的百分之六. The percentage of immigrants stabilized (动词)from one percent in 1995 to 6 percent in 2006. There was a steady and smooth rise (形容词+名词) in the percentage of immigrants from one percent in 1995 to 6 perce
15、nt in 2006. The past decade witnessed a stable ascendance in the percentage of immigrants from one percent in 1995 to 6 percent in 2006,句型练习之外国国籍,加入外国国籍的百分比从1995的百分之一平稳增长到2006年的百分之六. Some immigrating countries witnessed a sharp soar of the percentage of immigrants from one percent in 1995 to 6 perce
16、nt in 2006. The immigrating trend showed the steady increase in the one percent in 1995 to 6 percent in 2006.,Structure 结构,Introduction 总起段(介绍图表) Body 主体段(具体数字波动) Conclusion 总结段:趋势或对比,背景句介绍题目四要素:图表类型,图表研究对象,图表趋势,图表时间,万能Opening,Opening的四要素： As is shown/displayed/revealed/in the （1）图的类型,the（2）图的单位(num
17、ber/amount/percentage/figure) of 图的主题（3）图的趋势fluctuate/rise/fall/ change（4）(图的时间) fromto,万能opening,前半句: As we can see from the 图的类型， According to the information described in the 图的类型， 后半句: There is a dramatic/slight/flexible 图的趋势 in 图的主题 in 图的时间,The educational background of employees in a company,T
18、he column graph shows the changes of educational levels of staff members in a company in the year of 1991, 1996 and 2000.,The percentage of energy source in America,According to the pie graphs, there is a dramatic change in the percentage of the energy sources of the united states in 1970 and 1980.,
19、*动态图经典第一段概括趋势句(高分较难),位置:写在第一段第二句 目的:概括出总趋势,给读者以宏观把握 All trends can be categorized into groups(项目)/ stages(时间) with (后面写趋势). 举例:All trends can be categorized into 3 groups with fluctuating in A, rising in B and falling in C.,概括句示范,All the trends can be categorized into 3 groups with a sharp increase
20、in docotor, a fluctuation in bachelor and dramatic decline in secondary.,概括句示范,概括句练习一,概括句答案,All trends can be categorized into 2 stages with the dominance of the proportion of population aged 65 and over in America and Sweden before around 2030 and the prevalence of that in Japan after 2030.,P72 All
21、 statistics can be categorized into 3 stages with the equilibrium均势 of/in the birth and death rates in the first decade of the 20th century, the predominance of birth rate in the following two decades, and the predominance of death rate from 1930 to 1970. All statistics can be categorized into 2 gro
22、ups with general increase in sales from 1991 to 2000 and fluctuating in profits in the same period.,All the statistics could be categorized into 2 stages with the prevalence in cinema specatators before 1960 and the domination in tv popularity after that year. All the trends could be categorized int
23、o 2 groups with a sharp increase in the attendance of tv and a general decrease in the popularity of cinema.,不一定用写总分句的情况,当然也可以简化的写成之表示项目 1.部分饼图和表格(无数字变化的情况下) 2.曲线既没有相交且趋势相同 3.所有静态图且没有特征变化,Body段写法,1.一般来讲,两根线分两段, 如果大于三根线,使用上升下降关系分段,如同为上升或下降则用更相同趋势的线来分段. 2.后面的话参考句型必杀技进分类详细数据描写.,衔接手段,After / before（之后）
24、There was a rise, before(然后)the number went down. After a rise, there was a decrease, before the number remained stable. which was followed by There was a rise, which was followed by a decrease.,衔接手段练习,before 乘客人数在1974年和1991年由于衰退和海湾战争而下降，之后持续上升。 The numbers of passengers fell in the recession year o
25、f 1974, and in 1991, the year of the Gulf war, before continuing upward.,衔接手段练习,自从八十年代早期，铁路使用一直增长；然而当地的公车使用却一直下降到99年，之后小幅增长。 从1997/1998年开始到2000/2001年一直下降，在接下来的4年中每年都维持在21%水平，然后继续下降至2004/2005年的19%,Rail use has been increasing, in general, since the early 1980s, while the number of journeys on local b
26、uses continued to fall until 1999, before increasing slightly. It fell from 1997/98 to 2000/01, and then levelled off at 21 per cent for each of the four years to 2003/04, before falling again by 2004/05 to 19 per cent.,小作文练习P83,Direction: The graph represents birth and death rates in a developing c
27、ountry. As can be seen from the diagram, the two curves illustrate the fluctuation of birth and death rates in the first seventy years of this country in a developing country.,Over the period from 1900 to 1910 the death rate remained constant. In 1910, however, it rose rapidly and reached the peak o
28、f 60 per thousand in 1920. From 1920 to 1940 the death rate fell down sharply. There was a slight increase between 1940 and 1950, and after 1950 it began to decline again.,On the other hand, before 1920 birth rate almost leveled off. Then 1930 witnessed a drop in the per thousand of 30 roughly. From
29、 1930 to 1940 there was a significant growth,which followed by a steady shrink after 1940. From the chart, it can be seen that the birth rates and the death rates had different trends. When the birth rates jump, the death rates go down accordingly.,两根线图,The graph below shows radio and television aud
30、iences throughout the day in 1992. Radio and television audiences in the UK, October-December 1992,Radio and television audiences in the UK, October-December 1992,首段,The graph shows the percentage of radio and television audiences over 4 years old in the UK throughout the day from October to Decembe
31、r 1992(总趋势). The figure reveals that before 2:00 pm there were more radio audiences, while after 2:00 pm more people turned to television. (总 结),广播听众,The data indicates that radio listeners increased substantially before 8:00 am, when the percentage amounted to a peak of 27%. The percentage then dec
32、lined steadily to 11% at 4:00 pm, which was followed by a slight increase to 15% at 5:00 pm. However, from then on, there was again a gradual decrease to 2% until 4:00 am, when the percentage bottomed out. The period from 4:00 am to 6:00 am saw another slight rise to 4% in radio listeners.,电视观众,As f
33、or TV viewers, the percentage went up from 6:00 am to 8:30 am, when there was a leveling off at 8% until 10:00 am. After a slight decrease, the percentage rose sharply to 15% between 12 pm and 2 pm, before it dropped slightly. The peak (45%) was reached at 8:00 pm after a massive rise from 14% since
34、 3:00 pm. However, the period between 8:00 pm and 3:00 am saw a Slump in television viewers. The percentage reached the bottom of 3% at 3:00 am, when there was a slight rise afterwards.,结论,Through the line chart, we can easily draw the conclusion that before 2:00 pm, the number of radio audiences wa
35、s larger than that of TV viewers. After that, more UK residents chose to watch TV instead of listening to radio. Overall, in these 24 hours, the TV viewers were more than the radio audiences.,首段,The line diagram shows the proportion of people in Japan, Sweden, and USA aged 65+ from 1940 and the expe
36、cted proportions up to 2040.,From 1940-1990, the proportions of people aged 65+ in the USA and Sweden are similar and follow the same trend. In 1940 the figures were 9% and 7% respectively, rising to15% and 14% respectively in 1980, before dipping to 14% and 13% respectively in 1990. Thereafter, Ame
37、ricans proportion of people aged 65+ leveled out and is forecast to remain at 14% until 2020, after which it is expected increase to 23% in 2040. However, Swedens proportion of people aged 65+ began to rise after 1990. This increase is forecast to continue until 2010 when the proportion is estimated
38、 to be 20%. Then, there is expected to be a slight drop to 18% in 2030, followed by a steep climb to 25% in 2040.,日本,The situation in Japan differs considerably, with a fall in the percentage of people aged 65+ between 1940 (5%) and 1960 (3%). The percentage remained steady until 1985, where upon it
39、 began to climb. This rise is projected to continue until around 2030, when the proportion of Japanese aged 65+ is expected to reach 10%. Thereafter, within just a few years, the proportion is forecast to rise dramatically to 25%, with a less dramatic rise to 27% in 2040.,结论,According to the graph,
40、before the year 2030, the portion of population in Japan who aged 65+ was less than that of in Sweden and America, and after that it is more than the others.,多线图,The graphs below show the number of men and women in full and part-time employment in Australia between 1973 and 1993,首段,The curves reveal
41、 the percentage of men and women of different age groups in full and part-time employment in Australia between 1973 and 1993. The data relates that there were always more full-time males and less part-time males than their female counterparts.,The graphs for full-time males show that there were alwa
42、ys more full-time males in 1973 than in 1993. In 1973 the percentage of full-time males increased massively before age 25, when the percentage leveled off at 90%-95% until age 55, which was then followed by a dramatic decrease. The graph for 1993 shared the same tendency, while the percentage began
43、to plummet at the age of 45, ten years earlier than in 1973.,As for full-time females, before age 25 there were more women participating in full-time employment in 1973, while after that age 1993 saw more women. In 1973, the percentage was 47% at age 15 and soon reached a peak of 55% at age 20, whic
44、h was followed by a dramatic drop until age 25. The figure continued to decline to 28% until age 30, when there was a gradual increase afterwards. However, after age 45, full-time females again declined. A similar trend was seen in 1993. Nevertheless, at age 15, only 20% of females participated in f
45、ull-time employment in 1993, 27% less than in 1973.,As to part-time employment, in 1993 both males and females outnumbered their counterparts in 1973 by 10-20%, which was obviously distinct with full-time employment. For males, in 1993, the percentage slumped from 23% at age 15 to 8% at age 25, whic
46、h was followed by a very small decrease until age 40, when there was a gradual rise afterwards. Then the percentage dropped again after age 60. The difference between part-time males in 1973 and 1993 was in 1973 after age 35 the percentage did not decline until age 65. For females, in 1993, the perc
47、entage slumped from 30% at age 15 to 20% at age 20, and then remained stable until age 25, which was followed by a massive rise to 30% at age 35, when the figure dropped continuously afterwards.,In conclusion, the most significant feature reflected by these figures is that the percentage of people w
48、orking in Australia increased in all four groups except the group of full-time males. In addition , the percentage of working teenagers rose in part-time groups while dropped in full-time groups.,线图总结,选择单词(上升,下降,波动,平稳以及表示幅度的副词) 4类句型(There be,横坐标时间,纵坐标数值,地点) 选择关联词(after than, then, before, follow, wh
49、en) 伴随状态表达进一步的说明(with,more specificly) 结论或开头需要点明特殊点,或者作细节总结 两条曲线时:第一条曲线(事物)单独写;描述第二条时适当提及第一条曲线(事物)作对比(或者第二条曲线也单独写,然后在结尾作大致走向的对比),饼状图,占据: take up / make up / occupy/ account for Constitute / be the instrument of 致成物 剩余事物 the rest the remainder Sth is in the charge of due to/owing to/attributed/ascribed to/ forsth,饼状图卓尔不群的表达,60%= three-fifths/three out of five 5/6=five-sixths 史上最难读 a/the majority of = a large portion/ part/ share / proportion/ percentage 80% （93%）= a lions share/maximal proportion of 5%= a minority of, a tiny portion 37.8%= c