科技英语1第一章.ppt

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1、1,科技英语,30学时,English for Science and Technology,2,本课程的主要内容,科技英语的特点 16学时 科技英语中常用概念的英译 10学时 科技英语中的非谓语动词 4 学时,3,前言,Preface,科技英语的含义 科技英语与其它英语的区别 科技英语的重要性,4,科技英语的含义 不同于普通英语； 更不同于文学英语； 也不完全等同于专业英语。 English for Science and Technology 专门服务于理工科专业和各行业的科技人员。,5,科技英语与其它英语的区别,文学英语：需了解美国文化背景，语言漂亮 普通英语：以语法为主线，基础词汇 科

2、技英语：注重翻译技巧，严谨，忠于原文，但不一定要直译， 如:英文中的被动句中文中的主动句。,6,科技英语的重要性,国际间的科技情报和资料交流； 世界上科技杂志有六万多种，一半以上是英文刊物； 各国科技人员学习的需要； 交流的需要；,7,1 科技英语的特点,1.1 科技英语的特点概述 1学时 1.2 科技英语的特殊语法现象 6学时 1.3科技英语中的一些常用句型 4学时,8,1.1 科技英语的 特点概述,一、科技英语在词汇方面的特点 二、科技英语句法上的特点 三、科技英语修辞上的特点,9,一、科技英语在词汇方面的特点, 专业词汇出现率低； 词义专一； 多来源于拉丁语和希腊语； 广泛使用缩略语；

3、前后缀出现率高,10,缩略语,普通英语中的缩略语：i.e.即，etc.等，co.公司； 科技英语中缩略语多为单位名称、设备名称，仪器，方法，药剂等，一般在上下文中有原型。如： 英国电气工程师学会 Institution of Electrical Engineers 简称 IEE 美国科学情报研究所 Institute for Scientific Information 简称 ISI 核磁共振 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance简称 NMR 聚丙烯酰胺 PAM,11,前缀,Semi-半，部分的,Micro-小，微,Thermo- 热,Auto- 自，自身,Semi-cond

4、uctor 半导体 Semicircle 半圆,Microbiology 微生物学 Microchemistry 微量化学 Microelectronics 微电子学 Microfilm 缩微胶卷,Thermodynamic 热力学的 Thermometer 温度计,Autobiographic 自传的 Automat 自动售货机 Automation 自动化,12,后缀,-ance -ity -ment -ness -sion -tion -th(序),-ure -able -ible -ant -al -ic -ive -ous,13,二、科技英语句法上的特点, 长句多； 大量使用被动语态

5、； 常用形容词短语做后置定语； 使用非谓语动词的频率特别高。,14,三、科技英语修辞上的特点, 时态运用有限； 修辞手法简单； 逻辑-语法词使用普遍，如：,表示原因,caused by, as because of, due to owing to, for as a result of, because,表示逻辑顺序,however, but nevertheless otherwise,表示限制,only, if only except besides unless,suppose supposing assuming provided providing,表示假设,2,15,1.2 科技

6、英语的特殊语法现象,五、关于动作主体的问题 六、命令句的用法 七、by, with的用法 八、关于“名词+名词”的问题 九、很少用“s”表示所有 十、定语从句中与which、when连用的介词位置,一、关于be going to 表示未来的问题 二、will, can, may的用法 三、无人称被动句的用法 四、should的用法,16,特殊语法现象,十一、关于if 子句的问题 十二、从句的紧缩式 十三、完成时的用法 十四、as的用法,十五、such that, such as to 的用法 十六、关于抽象名词的用法 十七、动词+后缀当形容词 十八、常用的前缀 十九、多用正规动词，少用“动词+

7、副词”,17,一、be going to 表示未来的问题,科技英语中很少用be going to 表示将来。,The new aircraft is going to fly for the first time on Monday.,The new aircraft will fly for the first time on Monday.,这架新飞机将在礼拜一首次航行。,18,二、will, can, may的用法,The new motorway will have three traffic lanes in each direction。,Production of the new

8、 machine will commence next year.,明年开始生产这种新机器。,新高速公路的两侧各有三条相反方向的交通线。,表示纯粹未来用will,（1）,19,二、will, can, may的用法,These planes will fly at,这几架飞机的飞行速度可达到每小时800英里。,表示能力用will, can,capable,和be able to,（2）,can fly are capable of flying are able to fly,800 miles per hour.,20,二、will, can, may的用法,This solid will

9、vaporize when we heat it.,Friction will cause the bearings to become heated.,摩擦会使轴承变热。,当我们给它加热时，这种固体会汽化。,表示经常发生的事用will,（3）,21,will, can, may的用法,Metal which cools rapidly Unguarded belts or chains The testing of new machines,may can,cause fracture. cause accidents. take a long time.,表示有时发生的事用may, can

10、,（4）,22,二、will, can, may的用法,We can easily calculate the friction losses.,Work on the new engine can start in a few weeks.,几周内可以开始这种新型发动机的工作。,我们可以很容易的算出摩擦损耗。,表示能够用can,（5）,23,will, can, may的用法,This problem Low-speed bearings The steel Thermo-couples,may be can be,approached in several ways. lubricated

11、 with grease. quenched in either water or oil. used to measure high temperatures.,表示可能性用may, can,（6）,24,三、无人称被动句的用法,The driver starts the engine.,The engine is started.,（司机）开动发动机。,He welded the plates together.,The plates are welded together.,把钢板焊接在一起。,The furnace smelts the ore.,The ore is smelted

12、in the furnace.,高炉熔化矿石。,25,三、无人称被动句的用法,The man sharpened his tool.,His tool was sharpened.,那人磨尖了它的工具。,We must lubricate bearings.,Bearings must be lubricated.,（我们）必须润滑轴承。,A lathe can cut screws.,Screws can be cut on a lathe.,车床能加工螺丝。,26,或,三、无人称被动句的用法,Attention should be paid not to damage the machin

13、e.,（操作者）应当注意不要损坏了机器。,The heat in the center of the earth is being made use of in some countries.,在某些国家，人们利用地球中心的热。,Use is being made of the heat in the center of the earth in some countries.,27,四、should的用法,Safety precautions should be obsered at all time.,These machines should be handled with great

14、care.,这些机器应当小心操作。,任何时候都应注意安全措施。,表示“告诫”,（1）,The results of the experiment should be plotted on a graph.,应将实验结果绘在图表上。,28,四、should的用法,Carbon content in steel should not be more than 0.5%.,The steel should not contain more than 0.5% of carbon.,钢里的含炭量不应超过0.5%。,说明某一情况,（2）,The maximum internal diameter sho

15、uld be 40 thousandths of an inch.,最大内径应为40/1000英寸。,或,29,四、should的用法,This building should be completed by the end of next year.,The process of cooling should continue for several hours.,冷却过程要延续好几个小时。,这座大楼应在明年年底前竣工。,表示“期待”,（3）,30,五、关于动作主体的问题, 动作主体是人时，句末不用by短语； 动作主体不是人时，句末应用by 短语； 动作主体为人，但省去影响句子的意思时，应加

16、by短语。,2,31,Agriculture cannot be developed without sufficient water.,Explosion is caused,动作主体,没有足够的水就无法发展农业。,爆炸石油燃料与空气中的氧迅速化合而引起的。,动作主体是人，不用by,动作主体不是人，用by,combination of the fuels with the oxygen in the air.,by the rapid,32,Three machines can be controlled,All responsibility for the accident must be

17、 accepted,动作主体,一个操作者可以同时控制三台机器。,设计者应承担产生事故的一切责任。,by the designer.,by a single operator.,强调动作 主体，用by,33,六、命令句的用法,表示无人称指令,Allow Let Take 祈使句 动词开头,Should 命令句,e.g. Water should be heated before The bearing should be lubricated before,34,命令句,Let me by! 让我过去！ Let it alone! 别管它！ Let him be! 别打扰他！,日 常 英 语,将

18、轮胎里的气放掉！,科 技 英 语,Let the air out of the type！,把瓶子里的水倒出来。,Let the water out of the bottle.,35,每十分钟测一次温度！,Take the temperature every ten minutes.,假设X等于每分钟的转数。,Let X equal the number of revolutions per minute.,记下水面位置。,Take the water level.,让水冷却十分钟，然后再测温度。,Allow the water to cool for ten minutes and the

19、n take the temperature.,计算出将产生的膨胀量。,Calculate the amount of expansion which will take place.,36,七、by, with的用法,by,by means of,用耐火砖可以减少热损耗。,Heat losses can be reduced by fireworks.,Heat losses can be reduced by lining the furnace with fireworks.,The heat loss reduction can be achieved by means of fire

20、works.,with,with the help of,37,The necessary heat for the carbon-steam and carbon-carbon dioxide reactions is commonly generated by burning part of the carbon in the gasifier.,碳和蒸汽以及碳和二氧化碳反应所需的热量通常靠在气化炉中燃烧一部分碳来提供.,传动装置上通常有安全销，防止过载。,The drive units are normally equipped with shear pins for overload

21、protection.,38,By和 with,By means of 后面不能跟动名词短语。,Heat losses can be reduced by means of lining the furnace with firebricks.,Heat losses can be reduced by means of firebricks.,39,八、关于“名词+名词”的问题,表示原材料 表示典型成分 表示工作介质,an iron pipe = a pipe made of iron,oil product = products made of oil,manganese steel =

22、steel which contains manganese,coal mine,a steam engine = an engine worked by steam,表示工作对象,an air compressor = a device for compressing air,40,表示用途 表示方式 表示所属 表示关于 表示形状,a drive motor,= a motor for driving machines,a foot brake,= a brake operated by foot,= molecules of water,the production cost,water

23、molecules,= the cost concerning production,a star wheel,= a wheel shaped like a star,41,ash content,surface property,mineral matter,rate constant,nitrogen dioxide,experiment results,adsorption mechanism,moisture content,air pressure,diamond insert,看看下面的名词组合是什么类型,satellite communication techniques,卫星

24、通讯技术,42,九、很少用“s”表示所有,s一般表示生命体的所有，如：,Marys watch my uncles house the cats food,科技英语中用“名词+of+名词”或“名词+名词”,the property of minerals the surface of the earth,43,有时，为方法、技术、反应、定律、方程式等命名，需特别注意,欧姆定律 ohms law 牛顿定律 New-tons Law 波尔曼技术 Bollmans technique,一个人 发现者,华氏温度计 a Fahrenheit thermometer 本生灯 a Bunhrenheit b

25、urner,一个人发明者,施特芬-波兹曼定律 the Stofan-Boltzman Law 尤利-汤普森反应 the Joule-Thompson effect,两个或两个以上人 用复合结构,44,十、定于从句中与which、when连用的介词位置,45,十一、从句的紧缩式,当主句与从句是同一主语时， 用“连词+过去分词”，或介词+抽象名词。例：,1. 物体放在阳光下时，它会变热。,When an object is placed in the sun, it becomes hot .,An object becomes hot when it is placed in the sun.,

26、An object becomes hot when placed in the sun.,46,2. 安全火柴只有在被擦时才着火。,Safety matches light only when they are stricken.,Safety matches light only when stricken.,3. 当光线聚集在一点时，会产生大量的热。,When light is converged at a point, it would produce large quantity of heat.,When converged at a point, the light would

27、produce large quantity of heat.,47,介词+抽象名词，例：,4. Considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete while it is being compacted.,在压模时，混凝土产生较大的侧压力。,Considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete during compaction.,compact,compaction,5. after it is separated,after separation,48,连词+形容词，

28、例：,6. When necessary,必要时,Once ,If possible,有可能的话,一旦,While ,当时,小结：可用紧缩式的连词或介词有： When, while, once, if, as, after, during等,49,十二、抽象名词的用法,抽象名词的来源：动词、形容词,1. v. n.,consume, separate, emit, produce, apply, communicate, grow, transmit, install .,consumption, separation, emission, production, application, c

29、ommunication, growth, transmission, installation,50,抽象名词的来源：动词、形容词,2. a. n.,responsible accurate efficient,responsibility accuracy efficiency,51,emit emission,transmit transmission,consume consumption,1. 一年四季的日常用水量不同。,The daily consumption of water varies with the season.,2.送电时广泛使用变压器。,Transformers

30、are widely used in the transmission of electrical power.,3. 原子裂变能放出中子。,Nuclear fission results in the emission of neutrons.,52,install installation,specify specification,4.厂家负责安装这种新设备。,The installation of the new equipment is the responsibility of the manufactures.,5. 所有有关的资料均应在规格中详细说明。,All the rele

31、vant information should be detailed in the specification.,53,6.用这种方法试验机器需要消耗电力。,If machines are tested by this method, there will be some loss of power.,The testing of machines by this method entails some loss of power。,7.用泵能抽取油箱中的油。,The contents of the tank are discharged by a pump.,Discharge of th

32、e contents of the tank is performed by a pump.,用抽象名词或动名词代替动词,test,testing,discharge,discharge,54,8.有必要检查一下这些结果是否准确。,It is necessary to examine whether these results are accurate.,It is necessary to examine the accuracy of these results 。,9. 需要有关哪种燃料最合适的情报。,Information is needed as to which type of f

33、uel is most suitable.,Information is needed as to the most suitable type of fuel.,用抽象名词或动名词代替从句,55,10. 不清楚这些结果有多么准确。,It is doubtful how accurate the results are.,The accuracy of the results is doubtful.,11. 工作的进展取决于这个机构的效率如何。,The progress of the work will depend on how efficient the organization is.

34、,The Progress of the work will depend on the efficiency of the organization.,56,十三、as的用法,“认为”“称为”“表述为”“定义为”“看成是”“作为”“当作”,1.This type of motor is know as an induction motor.,这种发电机称为感应发电机。,2. Electric current may be considered as a flow of electrons through a medium.,电流可看成是穿过介质内的一股电子流。,3. These materi

35、als may be classified as conductors.,这些材料可以归在导体类。,57,“以的形式（或形态）”,4.The steam is cooled and condensed as a film of water.,蒸汽冷凝成一层水膜。,5.The carbon in cast iron is present partly as free graphite.,铸铁中的碳部分以自由石墨的形式存在。,58,“正如 ”、 “如”、“如图”、“如上”、“如前”,6. As Fig.1.2 shows As we have just proved As we have stat

36、ed in the previous chapter,As is shown in the illustration As is know As was mentioned a short time ago,As shown in the table As pointed out by professor Smith,As above As before,as + 主动句,as + 被动句,as + 过去分词,as + 其它词,59,as不翻译出来,7. The bridge, as originally planned, would have been too expensive.,原来设计

37、的那座桥造价太贵。,8. The uranium, as used in the reactor, is the form of a thin rod.,在反应堆中用的铀是一种细棒。,as不翻译出来,60,因此,as + such,9. The earth is a conductor of electricity and as such may form part of an electrical circuit.,地球是一种导体，因此就可能形成部分电路。,10. A simple governor is dependent on gravity as such it must be kep

38、t vertical.,一个简单的调速器是依靠重力工作的，因此必须将其竖立放置。,因此,61,普通英语中,十四、such that, such as to,1. Her excitement was such that she shouted.,她兴奋地叫起来。,2. It was such a lovely day that everybody was feeling happy and cheerful.,那是一个如此美好的日子，人人都感到快乐高兴。,如此以至于,3. His illness was not such as to cause anxiety.,他的病还没严重到令人忧虑的地步

39、。,4. I am not such a fool as to believe that.,62,科技英语中,1. The size of the flow-meter is such that the flow is unaffected by it.,流量计的大小是这样设计的，即它不影响流速。,或 The size of the flow-meter is such as to have no effect on the flow.,2. The job is such that it demands the greatest skill.,不翻译出来,这是一项需要高度技艺的工作。,或 T

40、he job is such as to demand the greatest skill.,是这样的， 这种意思,63,十五、完成时的用法,多以被动语态出现 描述已经发生的事，时间不明确； 描述不断发生，或到现在为止反复发生的事； 表示“还未”、“自从一直”等； 表示“最近”,64,描述已经发生的事，时间不明确,1.高速公路系统的建设工作已开始。,Work has been started on the new system of motorways.,2. 研究中用了几种来自不同地方的样品。,Samples from different sources have been used in

41、 this research.,3.研究表明吸烟和肺癌之间有一定的关系。,Research has shown a probable connection between smoking and lung cancer.,65,描述不断发生，或到现在为止反复发生的事,4.工程师们遇到许多有关这种材料的问题。,Engineers have encountered many problems with this material.,5. The pyrite/aqueous interaction has been studied extensively in the past due its i

42、mportance in extractive metallurgy.,由于黄铁矿与水溶液的相互作用在提取冶金中很重要，人们对它进行了大量的研究。,66,表示“还未”、“自从一直”,6. 这项工程的设计工作还未开始。,Design on the project has not been started yet.,7. 自从1980年以来一直在进行高速公路的建设。,Work on the motorway has been going on since 1980.,67,表示“最近”,8. 这家公司最近研制出来一种新型的飞机。,The company has just developed a n

43、ew type of aircraft.,9. 由于天气不好，高速公路的建设最近暂停了。,Work on the motorway has recently been held up owing to bad weather.,68,十六、动词+后缀当形容词,后缀：-able, -ed, -ing, -ive, -ent,machinable steel,可加工的钢铁,-able, -ible, -uble,“可以”，“可的”,Noticeable effect,明显的效果,Controllable effect,可控制的反应,Negligible amount,可忽略的数量，一点点,69,后

44、缀：-able, -ed, -ing, -ive, -ent,Heated metal,加热的金属,-ed,“被的”，“被过的”，“经过的”,Corroded iron,生锈的铁,Emitted rays,放射线,treated,处理过的,Effective remedy,有效的医药,-ive,表示性质、特点等,Reactive force,反作用力,Relative motion,相对运动,70,后缀：-able, -ed, -ing, -ive, -ent,Absorbent material,吸附剂，吸附型材料,-ant, -ent,表示性能等,Absorbent charcoal,活性

45、炭,Absorbent paper,吸水纸,Absorbent cotton,吸水棉花，脱脂棉,Conducting medium,传导介质,-ing,表示性质、作用等,Lubricating oil,润滑油,Attendant claim,附带要求,Attendant phenomenon,伴生现象,71,十七、常用的前缀,前缀： inter-, en-, em-, re-, over-, under-, dis-, de-, im-, sub-, super-, counter-,interact,相互作用,Inter-,“在之间”,interconnect,互联,interwave,交织

46、,interwine,互相盘绕,interwork,互相配合,reuse,重用，再用,re-,“重新”、“再”,recharge,再充电，再装料,recreate,再生,regrind,再磨,regroup,重组,recarbonize,再碳化,recreate,取回，检索，二次呼叫,72,前缀： over-, under-,overload,超载，超负荷,over-,“在上”，“过于的”,overall,全部，总的,overhead,架空，高架的,overweight,超重,overgrow,蔓生,undercurrent,低电流,under-,“在下”、“太少”,underground,地

47、下的,undercapitalize,投资紧缩,underlay,从下面支撑,undersize,过小,undersea,海底，水下,underload,负载不足,overseas,海外,overmany,过多,overheat,过热,overwind,上卷式,overtemperature,过热温度,underclass,经济最底层,73,前缀： dis-, de-, im-, in-,ir-, un-,disadjust,失调,dis- 表示反义,de- “使不”“脱”“退”,disjoin,分离,discharge,放电,decarbonize,脱碳,disconnect,解开，折断,i

48、mpure,不纯，含杂质,im-, in-, ir-, un-,“不”、“非”,inaccuracy,不精密,inactive,无效，不活动的,irregular,不规则的,irresponsible,不负责任的,inaccessible,不可达的,demagnetise,退磁,defat,脱脂，除油,dewater,脱水,immature,未成熟的,immaterial,非物质的,irrecoverable,不可恢复的,74,前缀： counter-, super-,counteract,抵消，抵制,counter-,“反”、“对”,counteradvice,反对意见,counterbal

49、ance,配重，平衡力，托盘天平,countercharge,反控,supersonic,超声,super-,“超”、“在上”、“过”,superhard,过硬的,superheat,过热的,75,前缀： sub-, em-,en-,submarine,海底的，潜艇,sub-,“在之下”、“子”、“亚”,subsurface,地下的,substandard,不合标准,subfile,子文件,subprogram,子程序,enlarge,扩大，扩展,en-, em- +名词或形容词,动词,ensure,确保,embed,埋，嵌,embody,包含，具体化，连接，补充,subtropical,亚热带,subpoint,投影点,subpackage,分装,subdirectory,