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1、,The Usage of the Modal Verbs,情态动词,情态动词表示说话人对动作或状态的各种观点和态度，情态动词有词义，但不完全，是所谓的“辅助性”动词，在句中不能单独充当谓语，只能和动词原型一起构成谓语动词。 情态动词所表示的情态有: 命令、允许、请求、拒绝、愿望、愿意、义务、必要、可能、敢于、需要等。,情态动词没有人称和数的变化。 有些情态动词有过去式,有的过去式和它的原型相同。,有过去式的有: can could may might will would shall should dare dared need needed have to had to,过去式不变的有:
2、must must ought to ought to,否定式： 一般都是在情态动词之后加 not 注意: ought to ought not to,1. can, could 表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”,或根据客观条件能做某种动作的“能力”。 The girl can dance very well. People who dont eat meat or fish can still stay healthy. 在口语中, can可以表示请求或许可。cant 表示“不可以”。 Can I use your mobile phone for a call? You can go home
3、 now. Boys, you cant play football in the street.,用于否定句或疑问句中表示说话人对发生的事情的 “怀疑” “猜测” “不肯定”的语气。 Can the news be true? He cant be at home. 如果用于肯定句中，则表示抽象的或理论上的一种可能性，或表示经验之谈。 Everyone can make mistakes in his life.(人一生中都有可能犯错误) Children can often get ill suddenly. (小孩常常可能突然生病) Certain things in the house
4、 can be dangerous, especially if you have young children. (家里的某些东西可能有危险，尤其是有小孩的时候) 上面两句可以看作医务工作者或抚养过孩子的人说的话，属“经验之谈”。, can与be able to的区别 can表示“能力”时，和be able to相当，许多场合都可以互相替换。但当叙述过去经过一番努力才能完成的事情或前面有特殊说明，表示你有能力时，只能用be able to。 【误】The fire spread the building quickly but everybody could escape. 【正】The f
5、ire spread the building quickly but everybody was able to escape. be able to比can有更多形式。 When he grows up, he will be able to support his family. can经常和动词see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand等连用。 When we went into the house, we could smell something burning. 在谈论说话时发生的动作，用can，不用be able to
6、。 【误】Look! Im able to swim. 【正】Look! I can swim., could是can的过去式，且语气比can语气弱，更委婉。 We all knew that the young man couldnt be a doctor. (表能力) Could you spare one minute to explain this to me? (表征求意见) He asked me if he could take the book out of the library. (表许可) The news couldnt be true. (表怀疑，不相信),2. m
7、ay, might may表示“允许”或“请求”。在口语中可用can替代,但may比较正式。 May I take this magazine out? Id like to surf the internet for a while, may I? 表示说话人的猜测,认为某一事情“或许”或“可能”发生，通常只用于肯定句和否定句中。 The light isnt on. It may be broken. 在疑问句中，表示可能性用can。 Where can he be? 他会在哪呢？ 表示祝愿，但语气较正式。 May our friendship be ever lasting!, migh
8、t多在间接引语中表示过去的可能和允许。 She said that he might take her bike. 除了在间接引语中以外，might一般不表示过去的可能或者许可。如要表示过去的可能可以用could, 表示过去的许可可以用be allowed to或者had permission to。 表示现在的可能，其可能性要比may小。 She might go home tomorrow. 表示现在的许可,语气比may较委婉,一般用于疑问句,不可用于肯定句或者否定句。 Might I have a word with you?, May I .? 问句常见的肯定回答和否定回答： 肯定回答
9、 否定回答 Certainly. No, you mustnt.(强烈禁止的意思) Yes, please. No, you cant.(最常见) Yes, of course. Please dont./Youd better not. Sure. I dont think you can. Go ahead, please. Im sorry its not allowed.,Must 表示 “必须” 或 “应当”。其否定式表示 “不应该” 或 “不许可”, 语气比较强烈。 He told me I must do according to what he said. The childr
10、en have gone to bed. You mustnt make any noise. must用于一般疑问句的时候，肯定回答应该用yes, please或者Im afraid so,其否定回答应该用neednt或 者dont have to。 表示说话人对事物的推测, 意思为 “一定” 或 “准是”, 语气比may要强得多。在表示推测的否定或者疑问句中必须用can。 It must be eleven oclock now., 表示“偏偏”，“干嘛偏要”，往往暗示发生了不愉快的事情。 Why must it rain on Sunday? John, look at the time
11、. Must you play the piano at such a late hour? 4. have to 表示 “不得不” “必须” 的概念, 比must更含有 “客观条件使得必须如此做”, 并有较多的时态。 I think well have to wait till the rain stops. I must obey the rules. (发自内心的) I have to obey the rules. (外界因素逼迫的),The children must have watered the tomatoes yesterday, _they,The minister mu
12、st have arrived in Shanghai, _hehe,didnt,hasnt,You cant be serious, _you?,are,You must be hungry now, _?,= Im sure you are hungry now.,He must be watching TV now, _?,= Im sure he is watching TV now.,Tom must have lived here for a long time, _?,= Im sure Tom has lived here for a long time.,She must h
13、ave arrived yesterday, _?,= Im sure she arrived yesterday.,陈述部分的must表示“一定”,“想必”等推测意义时,要根据陈述部分的不定式结构, 在附加疑问部分采用与其相适应的主动词或助动词形式.,arent you,isnt he,hasnt he,didnt she,5. shall 作助动词，用于第一人称，表将来。 We shall start for Beijing tomorrow. 作情态动词。 在疑问句中,主语为第一或第三人称,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方提出请示。 Shall I carry your luggage?
14、 在陈述句中，用于第二和第三人称,表示说话人给对方的“命令”“警告”“许诺”“威胁”“强制”等。,You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。 (命令) Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也阻止不了我们执行这项计划。 (决心) He shall have the book when I finish reading. 我看完这本书就给他看。(允诺) You shall fall behind in your exam if you keep playing. 如果你一直玩，你就会在考试中落后。(警告) 在官方或
15、法律文件中，也被称作“表立法的shall”。 “The interests shall be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides.” declared the judge. 法官宣布：“根据双方协定，利息应分为五个部分。”,6. should 用作表示单纯将来的助动词时，should是shall的过去式。 用作情态动词，should和shall是两个概念不同的词。 表示“劝告”“建议”,译为“应当”。 You should take the medicine with a full gla
16、ss of water. 表示说话人的感情如“惊奇”“愤怒” “失望” “不满”等。 It never occurred to me that she should lie to me again. Never did he expect that the conditions should be so terrible.,据经验或事实来表达合理的推断。译为“估计” “按理应当”。 Mary took dancing classes for years; she should be an excellent dancer. Its nearly seven oclock. Jack shoul
17、d be here at any moment. Its said that there are plenty of hotels in that town. There should not be any difficulty for you to find somewhere to stay.,7. will 在疑问句中用第二人称作主语,表示说话人向对方提出请示或询问。 Will you accept this invitation? 在陈述句中可用各人称作主语,表示其“意志”“意愿”“决心”等。 They will offer you any information you need.
18、I will make this radio work even if I have to stay up all night. 表示现在的习惯动作。 He will surf the Internet every night.,8. would 可用于各人称, 表示过去时间的“意志”“愿望”和“决心”。 I told him not to go, but he would not listen. 表示说话人本身的“意志”或向对方提出“请求”。 Would you kindly show me the way to the station? 还可以表示过去习惯发生的动作。 I would go
19、 to see my grandfather on Sunday when I was in the middle school., would和used to的用法比较 used to表示过去与现在,或过去某时与后来的情况有不同，强调“现已无此习惯了”。而would只表示过去的情况，与现在无关。 He used to live in the country, but now he lives in the city. used to可表示过去的习惯动作或状态，而would只表示过去的习惯动作。 There used to be a tree near my house. He is not
20、what he used to be. used to可泛指过去的习惯性动作或状态，而would表示过去的习惯性动作时，往往要带有一个特定的时间状语。 【误】We would play hide-and-seek in the fields. 【正】We used to play hide-and-seek in the fields. 【正】Whenever we were in the country, we would play hide-and-seek in the fields.,ought to 表示 “有义务或必要”做某事，口气比should重。 The young ought
21、 to respect the old. 表示推测，暗含有很大的可能性。 He ought to succeed, as he is so diligent.,10. dare, need,“情态动词 + have done”是情态动词的一个十分重要的结构，这种结构有两个主要的用法。 表示对过去发生动作或状态的推测或估计,may/might have done 用于肯定句或否定句，意为“大概已经”，表示对过去事情不大肯定的推测。 can/could have done 用于疑问句或否定句（could有时可用于肯定句），译为“可能已经”，表示对过去事实的推测，否定句语气较强。 must have
22、 done 只用于肯定句， 表示对过去发生的动作有把握的推测，具有很大的可能性。否定式 cant/couldnt have done。 should have done表示“该”，可能性很小。,表示对过去发生动作的遗憾或责备 might have done 通常用于肯定句，表示“本可以”，含有轻微的责备口吻或遗憾。 could have done 通常用于肯定句，表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜，遗憾。 should/ought to have done 可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句，表示该做而实际未做（或不该做却做了），含有责备的意思。 would have done 可用于肯定句，否定句
23、中，表示本会做某事但没做（或本不会做某事却做了）。 neednt have done 只用于否定句，表示“本没有必要做某事却做了”。,部分情态动词的固定搭配 can和 could 的一些固定搭配 1.cant/couldnt help doing 忍不住；不禁 2.cant/couldnt but + 动词原形 只好；不得不 I couldnt but admit that he was right and I was wrong. 3.cant/couldnt too + 副词/形容词; cant/couldnt +副词/形容词 + enough 无论也不过分； 越越好 You cant b
24、e too careful when crossing the street. I cannot thank you enough. 我对你感激不尽。,may 和might 的某些固定搭配 1. may well + 动词原形 理应；有足够的理由 We may well say she is a good teacher. 我们大可说她是一位优秀的老师。 2. may/might as well + 动词原形 不妨；还不如 You never listen- I might as well talk to a brick wall. 你从来不听我的话，我还不如对着一堵墙说话。 3. maybu
25、t 或许会; 但是 She may be beautiful, but she is cool. 她也许算的上美丽，但太冷漠了。,英语口语中dare的几个常用结构： 1. I dare say.我想，大概，可能，或许 I dare say things will improve. 我想情况会好转的。 2. How dare you .? 你怎么敢？ How dare you ask me such a question? 你怎么敢问我这样的问题？ 3. I dare you . 我谅你也不敢 I dare you to tell your parents! 我谅你也不敢告诉你父母！,1. -A
26、re you coming to Jeffs party? -Im not sure. I _go to the concert instead. A. must B. would C. should D. might 2. Mary _be in Paris，for I saw her in the town only a few minutes ago Amustnt Bcant Cshouldnt Dmay not,B,D,3.-_the news be true? -No, it _ be true. A. Can, cant B. May, cant C. May, may not
27、D. Must, mustnt,注意:may和might都不用于疑问句中。,（正）CanCould it be cloudy tomorrow？ （误）MayMight it be cloudy tomorrow？,A,4. As you worked late yesterday, you _ have come this morning. A. neednt B. may not C. cant D. mustnt 5. Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you. Thanks. You _ it. I could manage it mysel
28、f. A. neednt do B. neednt have done C. mustnt do D. shouldnt have done,A,B,6. He _ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldnt be enjoying himself by the seaside. A. should B. must C. wouldnt D. cant 7. I didnt hear the phone I_ asleep. A. must be B. must have been C. should be D. should have bee
29、n,B,B,8. Sorry Im late. I_ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again. A. might B. should C. can D. will 命题意图：本题考查对过去猜测的用法。 知识依托： may / might / must + have done 表示对过去的肯定猜测。 cant / couldnt + have done 表示对过去的否定猜测。,A,9. We _ last night, but we went to the concert instead. A. must have
30、 studied B. might study C. should have studied D. would study 10. John, you _ play with the knife, you _ hurt yourself. A. wont; cant B. mustnt; may C. shouldnt; must D. cant; shouldnt,C,B,11. Its nearly seven oclock. Jack_ be here at any moment. A. must B. need C. should D. can 12. If your boss is
31、not right, you _ him. A. mustnt obey B. dont have to obey C. wouldnt have obey D. cant have obey 13. Shall I call a doctor for you? _. I will be better soon. A. Yes, you may B. No, you mustnt C. No, you neednt D. Id rather not,C,B,D,14. Noise_ harmful in China. A. didnt use to be considered B. usedn
32、t to consider C. didnt use to consider D. isnt used to be considered 15. Dont lock the door in case he _ back late at night. A. should come B. might come C. will come D. would come 16. Its dark now. We have to stay here for the night, _? A. dont we B. havent we C. mustnt we D. shouldnt we,A,B,A,17.
33、The room is in a terrible mess; it _ cleaned. A. cant have been B. couldnt be C. may have been D. would be,A,18. There _ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practised a lot in the driving school. A. mustnt B. shant C. shouldnt D. neednt,C,19. You ought to have helped him wit
34、h his English, _ ? A. wont you B. ought not you C. shouldnt you D. wouldnt you,C,20. I thought you _ like something to read, so I have brought you some books. A. may B. might C. would D. must 21.It has been announced that candidates (候选人) _ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collec
35、ted. A. can B. will C. may D. shall 22. - I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter. - It _ true because there was little snow there. A. may not be B. wont be C. couldnt be D. mustnt be,B,D,C,23. -Did the train arrive in time? -No. It _ two hours ago. A. must have arrived B. ought to have arrived C. must arrive D. ought to arrive,B,24. There is someone knocking at the door. _ it be Tom? A. Can B. Must C. Should D. Ought to 25. If you live in town, it is often faster than a car and you _ worry about parking. A. must not B. may not C. should not D. dont have to,A,D,