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1、TPO14Passage3-+ TPO14Passage3- Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia Pastoralism is a lifestyle in which economic activity is based primarily on livestock. Archaeological evidence suggests that by 3000 B.C., and perhaps even earlier, there had emerged on the steppes of Inner Eurasia the distinctive t
2、ypes of pastoralism that were to dominate the regions history for several millennia. Here, the horse was already becoming the animal of prestige in many regions, though sheep, goats, and cattle could also play a vital role. It is the use of horses for transportation and warfare that explains why Inn
3、er Eurasian pastoralism proved the most mobile and the most militaristic of all major forms of pastoralism. The emergence and spread of pastoralism had a profound impact on the history of Inner Eurasia, and also, indirectly, on the parts of Asia and Europe just outside this area. In particular, past
4、oralism favors a mobile lifestyle, and this mobility helps to explain the impact of pastoralist societies on this part of the world. The mobility of pastoralist societies reflects their dependence on animal-based foods. While agriculturalists rely on domesticated plants, pastoralists rely on domesti
5、cated animals. As a result, pastoralists, like carnivores in general, occupy a higher position on the food chain. All else being equal, this means they must exploit larger areas of land than do agriculturalists to secure the same amount of food, clothing, and other necessities. So pastoralism is a m
6、ore extensive lifeway than farming is. However, the larger the terrain used to support a group, the harder it is to exploit that terrain while remaining in one place. So, basic ecological principles imply a strong tendency within pastoralist lifeways toward nomadism (a mobile lifestyle). As the arch
7、aeologist Roger Cribb puts it, The greater the degree of pastoralism, the stronger the tendency toward nomadism. A modern Turkic nomad interviewed by Cribb commented: “The more animals you have, the farther you have to move.“ Nomadism has further consequences. It means that pastoralist societies occ
8、upy and can influence very large territories. This is particularly true of the horse pastoralism that emerged in the Inner Eurasian steppes, for this was the most mobile of all major forms of pastoralism. So, it is no accident that with the appearance of pastoralist societies there appear large area
9、s that share similar cultural, ecological, and even linguistic features. By the late fourth millennium B.C., there is already evidence of large culture zones reaching from Eastern Europe to the western borders of Mongolia. Perhaps the most striking sign of mobility is the fact that by the third mill
10、ennium B.C., most pastoralists in this huge region spoke related languages ancestral to the modern Indo-European languages. The remarkable mobility and range of pastoral societies explain, in part, why so many linguists have argued that the Indo-European languages began their astonishing expansionis
11、t career not among farmers in Anatolia (present-day Turkey), but among early pastoralists from Inner Eurasia. Such theories imply that the Indo-European languages evolved not in Neolithic (10,000 to 3,000 B.C.) Anatolia, but among the foraging communities of the cultures in the region of the Don and
12、 Dnieper rivers, which took up stock breeding and began to exploit the neighboring steppes. Nomadism also subjects pastoralist communities to strict rules of portability. If you are constantly on the move, you cannot afford to accumulate large material surpluses. Such rules limit variations in accum
13、ulated material goods between pastoralist households (though they may also encourage a taste for portable goods of high value such as silks or jewelry). So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency and inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor. Inequalities of
14、 wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class. Inequalities of gender have also e
15、xisted in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills. Paragraph 1: Pastoralism is a lifestyle in which
16、economic activity is based primarily on livestock. Archaeological evidence suggests that by 3000 B.C., and perhaps even earlier, there had emerged on the steppes of Inner Eurasia the distinctive types of pastoralism that were to dominate the regions history for several millennia. Here, the horse was
17、 already becoming the animal of prestige in many regions, though sheep, goats, and cattle could also play a vital role. It is the use of horses for transportation and warfare that explains why Inner Eurasian pastoralism proved the most mobile and the most militaristic of all major forms of pastorali
18、sm. The emergence and spread of pastoralism had a profound impact on the history of Inner Eurasia, and also, indirectly, on the parts of Asia and Europe just outside this area. In particular, pastoralism favors a mobile lifestyle, and this mobility helps to explain the impact of pastoralist societie
19、s on this part of the world. TPO14Passage3 1. The word prestige in the passage is closest in meaning to interest status demand profit 2. According to paragraph 1, what made it possible for Inner Eurasian pastoralism to become the most mobile and militaristic form of pastoralism? It involved the dome
20、stication of several types of animals. It was based primarily on horses rather than on other animals. It borrowed and improved upon European ideas for mobility and warfare. It could be adapted to a wide variety of environments. 3. The word profound in the passage is closest in meaning to strange pos
21、itive direct far-reaching Paragraph 2: The mobility of pastoralist societies reflects their dependence on animal-based foods. While agriculturalists rely on domesticated plants, pastoralists rely on domesticated animals. As a result, pastoralists, like carnivores in general, occupy a higher position
22、 on the food chain. All else being equal, this means they must exploit larger areas of land than do agriculturalists to secure the same amount of food, clothing, and other necessities. So pastoralism is a more extensive lifeway than farming is. However, the larger the terrain used to support a group
23、, the harder it is to exploit that terrain while remaining in one place. So, basic ecological principles imply a strong tendency within pastoralist lifeways toward nomadism (a mobile lifestyle). As the archaeologist Roger Cribb puts it, The greater the degree of pastoralism, the stronger the tendenc
24、y toward nomadism. A modern Turkic nomad interviewed by Cribb commented: “The more animals you have, the farther you have to move.“ 4. In paragraph 2, why does the author contrast pastoralists with agriculturalists? To explain why pastoralism requires more land than agriculturalism to support basic
25、needs To identify some advantages that mobile societies have over immobile societies To demonstrate that ecological principles that apply to pastoralism do not apply to agriculturalism To argue that agriculturalism eventually developed out of pastoralism 5. According to paragraph 2, pastoralists ten
26、d to prefer grazing their animals on agricultural lands consume comparatively large amounts of food and clothing avoid eating plant foods move from place to place frequently Paragraph 3: Nomadism has further consequences. It means that pastoralist societies occupy and can influence very large territ
27、ories. This is particularly true of the horse pastoralism that emerged in the Inner Eurasian steppes, for this was the most mobile of all major forms of pastoralism. So, it is no accident that with the appearance of pastoralist societies there appear large areas that share similar cultural, ecologic
28、al, and even linguistic features. By the late fourth millennium B.C., there is already evidence of large culture zones reaching from Eastern Europe to the western borders of Mongolia. Perhaps the most striking sign of mobility is the fact that by the third millennium B.C., most pastoralists in this
29、huge region spoke related languages ancestral to the modern Indo-European languages. The remarkable mobility and range of pastoral societies explain, in part, why so many linguists have argued that the Indo-European languages began their astonishing expansionist career not among farmers in Anatolia
30、(present-day Turkey), but among early pastoralists from Inner Eurasia. Such theories imply that the Indo-European languages evolved not in Neolithic (10,000 to 3,000 B.C.) Anatolia, but among the foraging communities of the cultures in the region of the Don and Dnieper rivers, which took up stock br
31、eeding and began to exploit the neighboring steppes. 6. In paragraph 3, why does the author discuss languages spoken in the region spanning from Eastern Europe to the western borders of Mongolia? To emphasize the frequency with which Indo-European languages changed as a result of the mobile nature o
32、f pastoralism To indicate one method linguists use to determine that inhabitants of the Don and Dnieper river area had taken up stock breeding To provide evidence that Indo-European languages have their roots in what is now Turkey To provide evidence that pastoralist societies can exercise cultural
33、influence over a large area 7. The word “striking in the passage is closest in meaning to reliable noticeable convincing violent 8. The word “exploit in the passage is closest in meaning to use to advantage depart from pay attention to travel across Paragraph 4: Nomadism also subjects pastoralist co
34、mmunities to strict rules of portability. If you are constantly on the move, you cannot afford to accumulate large material surpluses. Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households (though they may also encourage a taste for portable goods of high value suc
35、h as silks or jewelry). So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency and inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor. Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conq
36、uest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class. Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most commun
37、ities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills. 9. According to paragraph 4, the fact that pastoralist communities are subject to strict rules of portability encourages such communities to relocate less frequently than they wo
38、uld otherwise have households that are more or less equal in wealth become self-sufficient in the manufacture of silk and jewelry share large material surpluses with neighboring communities 10. According to paragraph 4, all of the following are true of social inequality in pastoralist societies EXCE
39、PT: It exists and has existed to some degree in most pastoral societies. It is most marked during periods of military conquest. It is expressed in the form of a rigid hierarchy based largely on heredity. It is usually too insignificant to be discussed in terms of class differences. 11. Which of the
40、sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Despite the fact that wealth is relatively evenly distributed in pastoral societies, gender inequality still
41、 exists because only men can acquire military skills and social status. Inequalities of gender existed in pastoralist societies until most communities began to require women to possess the same skills as men and take part in the military. Inequalities of gender in pastoralist societies were caused b
42、y steep hierarchies of wealth and differences in military training between men and women. In pastoral societies, gender inequality is comparatively mild because wealth is relatively evenly distributed and women have to learn most of the same skills that men do. Paragraph 4: Nomadism also subjects pa
43、storalist communities to strict rules of portability. If you are constantly on the move, you cannot afford to accumulate large material surpluses. Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households (though they may also encourage a taste for portable goods of hi
44、gh value such as silks or jewelry). So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency and inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor. Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of m
45、ilitary conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class. Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in
46、 most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills. 12. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage There is a good reason for this. Where would the sentence best f
47、it? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. 13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summar
48、y because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. By 3000 B.C., a distinctive form of pastoralism had appeared on the steppes of Inner Eurasia. Answer Choices The domesticated horse is primarily responsible for Inner Eurasian pastoralisms success in mobility and