《作文讲座.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《作文讲座.ppt（34页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、作文类型：,小作文：感谢信，投诉信，邀请信，道歉信,请求信，询价信，咨询信等 大作文：主题句作文 提纲作文 规定情景作文 图表作文 图画作文,小作文注意事项：,1）称呼 英语应用文称呼有这样的特点，如果是不认识的人，一般称呼为敬词+尊称。例如，Dear Sir or Madam ；如果是写给关系正式的某团体或个人，称呼为敬词+尊称+名。例如，Dear Mr. xx或Dear Ms.xx；对于关系较亲密的人可以直呼其名。,小作文注意事项：,2）正文 正文格式一般格式为首段开头空四个字母，段落之间不空行；现在流行的格式，每段开头不空格，但是各段之间空一行。考生在格式方面可以根据自己的习惯进行选择。
2、只要让阅卷人看得舒服，且完全符合应用文要求的文体就可以。,小作文注意事项：,3）语言 用词准确是最基础的要求之一。其次，句型多变。例如既有并列句，也有复合句，还有从句。注意语法运用要正确。 再者，正式语言一般是写给具有正式关系的团体或机构，注意这样的情况不用缩略语和口语用法。除了正式的文体以外，其他的文体皆为非正式文体，像写给朋友的书信等。,小作文注意事项：,考试时注意在看到题目要求后不要忙于动笔。虽说小作文的字数充其量在一百多个单词，但是依旧要在脑子里理清思路。最好能够在仔细审题以后，认真列个提纲，这样更有利于思路清晰。写作时，注意表达清楚以下几个方面。首先交代清楚写信目的；其次为了让阅卷者
3、对你的文章结构及表意一目了然，注意关联词或衔接词的运用；接下来，应该对个人的观点进行阐述(在写作有此必要的时候)。 最后，行文间要注意简化描述。用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。在作文完成的时候，应该检查、修改，以免遗漏一些需要表达清楚的要点和细节。,主题句作文,主题句作文也可以叫做段首句作文，要求考生将每段所给出主题句分别加以扩展，完成段落，然后由段落组成文章。主题句作文一般给出三句主题句，属于一种简单的三段式作文。在写作这种题目的作文时，只要正确领悟每个主题句的意思，然后对每段的主题句进行阐述，内容应当展开，可以是对主题句的解释，可以是例证，也可以提供理由或细节。 在对主题句进行展开时，要学会如
4、何取舍，有的观点见解独到或是非常精彩，但是在表达时会有问题，考生本身的英语水平可能无法把这个观点表达清楚，这时应该果断地放弃这一观点。因为考试要考生展现的是语言水平而不是思维的深度，在写作时应该尽量少暴露自己在语言上的不足。,主题句作文,As far as I am concerned, I believe that Now it is widely acknowledged that But I wonder whether A close inspection of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless) it is. In a
5、ll the discussion and debate over., one important fact is generally overlooked / neglected.,主题句作文,One of the reasons given for.is that What is also worth noticing is that. Why are (is / do / did).? For one thing, For another, Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that
6、 A number of further facts may be added.,提纲作文,这类作文考查的内容一般包括：说明主题、分析原因或解释做法。作文题目中会提供：(1)标题（标题限定短文的基本发展方向） ；(2)提纲（提纲规定短文的基本框架）；(3)起始句（起始句则提供短文的起点）。写作时应紧扣题目主题，并根据提纲提示的思路和要点展开段落。由于提供的写作提纲一般也为三段，所以可以按照三段式作文将简单的提纲拓展为主题句，再按照主题句作文的写作方法将文章完成。,提纲作文,写提纲作文时的具体步骤： (1)认真研究所给提纲：要仔细领会提纲的含义，不能遗漏提纲要点，更不能错误理解提纲的意思。 (2
7、)确定各段的主题句：应根据所给提纲写出各段的主题句，合格的主题句应具备以下要点： 意义完整 表意清晰 内容具体 用词贴切 (3)逐步展开段落：段落写作应围绕自己列好的主题句进行，在写作过程中可稍加调整。 (4)检查与修改：检查考题所给提纲是否完整且准确地被表达于文章之中，如有偏差，应做出相应的修改。,提纲作文,It is often said that. It goes without saying that. It can be easily proved that. One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is
8、. I am of the opinion that. The chief reason why .is that . To take.for an example (instance) .,提纲作文,According to a latest study, it can be predicted. Another special consideration in this case is that . This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to. Besides, we should not neglect tha
9、t. Therefore, these findings reveal the following information. On account of this we can find that .,提纲作文,Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned. Currently there is a widespread concern that. There is no immediate solution to the problem of ., but .might be helpful. No one
10、can deny the fact that. Taking into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclusion that.,规定情景作文,规定情景作文也是一种控制性非常强的作文出题方式。一般不提供具体标题，仅仅规定一定的情景，考生必须从情景信息中找出所写文章的中心思想，并在此基础上确定文章的标题和段落结构。在写作过程中，考生应按照情景中规定的范围和条件并结合自己的知识和经历来休会、构思和发展段落，但不能脱离情景任意发挥。并且要注意文章必须合乎逻辑情理，段落之间的衔接要连贯和自然。,规定情景作文,规定情景题型写作
11、要点： （一）仔细审题。 （二）确定段落与主题句。 （三）逐步展开段落。 （四）考生的所用的每一个词句都应紧扣情景，突出重点，前后连贯，表达清楚，符合逻辑。 （五）明确题型种类。 （六）认真检查与修改。,规定情景作文, is becoming a serious problem. This is because. If possible, one may There are many examples of . I never think. is a waste of time and money because, it is something that I truly wanted in
12、my life. Further more . is the by-product of., so we should. As for me, this should not be. To be frank, I would like to support.,规定情景作文,We have no reason to believe that. It is one thing to insist that. , it is quite another to show that . Recently the issue of. has been brought to public attention
13、. It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on. Aside from that, all laws and regulations against the pollution should be forcefully implemented. For now the world has a more urgent mission: to stop the planet from overheating, and do it in a hurry. Over the past decade, the issue of. has ri
14、sen to the top of the agenda.,图表作文,图表作文是考研英语写作中较为常见的题型之一，也是难度较大的一种写作题型。这类作文可综合提供题目、数据、图像、提纲，形式多样，但实际上只涉及5个方面：描述图表、指明寓意、分析原因、联系实际、给出建议，而每次考试只是从这5个方面的内容中选出3个结合在一起。从写作类型来看，基本上属于说明文。,图表作文,要求围绕题目将有关信息转化为文字形式，考生应该具有一定数据分析和材料归纳的能力，同时会运用一定的写作方法。考研试题一般以三段式写作方法来组织文章： 第一段总结归纳信息反映的整体情况，点出主题思想； 第二段回答第一段所得出的问题，对数
15、字、数据等做出有条理的分析比较； 第三段做出总结或给以简单的评论。,图表作文,(4)图表作文有一些固定句型和表达法，考生应对此融会贯通。 (5)图表作文可以细分为表格，曲线图、柱形图和饼形图。 (6)列出各段主题句。 (7)围绕主题句完成段落的展开。 (8)检查与修改。,图表作文,表格和图表题型写作要点： (1)考生应仔细研究题目以及提示信息，认清图表中的数字、线条、阴影等部分的变化趋势和走向，抓住其主要特点，然后根据图表所显示的中心信息确定内容层次以及主题句。 (2)考生应该仔细研究图表所给出的大量信息，从中选取最重要，最有代表性的信息，然后根据全文的主旨去组织运用所获取的关键信息。切忌简单
16、地罗列图表所给出的信息。 (3)图表作文一般采用的时态为一般现在时，但如果图表中给出了具体时间参照，考生则应对时态进行相应的调整。,图表作文,As/ It can be seen from/in the chart/ diagram/ table/ graph/ figures/ statistics that The table shows a three times increase over that of last year. The number is 5 times as much as that of. It has increased by three times as com
17、pared with that of . From the table/ figures/ data/ results/ information above, it can/may be seen/ concluded/ shown/ estimated/ calculated/ inferred that.,图表作文,The increase/decrease is more noticeable during the second half of the 5 year period. It falls from 50% in 2000 to 30% in 2004, and then th
18、e trend reverse, finishing at 58% in 2005. The table shows the changes in the number of.over the period from.to. As can be seen from the graph, the two curves show the fluctuation of.,图表作文,The figure of A is about twice as much as that of B. It accounts for 30% of the total population. The number of
19、 students has reached 500, indicating a rise of 20%, compared to last semester. The pie charts show the changes on. in some places in 2000. From this year on，there was a gradual declined reduction in the., reaching a figure of. There are a lot of similarities/differences between.and.,图画作文,图画作文是较难的题型
20、之一，近几年考研英语写作试题均为图画题型，因此考生应该特别认真地对待。实际上，图画作文也可以当作三段式的提纲作文来写。第一段用来描述图画并揭示其寓意(寓意一般用一句话来概括就可以)，第二段分析原因，最后一段发表评论或提出建议，其中第二、三段应该是写作的重点。面对此类题型，考生应首先确定主题，然后再动笔 。,图画作文,具体写作要点： (1) 仔细研究作文指令，弄清楚作文的要求，是否有标题？是否有提纲？然后从题目中找出中心词，分析修饰词，准确地抓住题目的中心思想。 (2)认真解读图画。 (3)如果图画以系列形式(既两幅以上)出现，考生除需掌握每一幅图画的信息外，还应该对图画之间的相互联系有所理解，
21、在整体上把握图画所传达的信息。,图画作文,(4)面对图画作文，考生应该展开合理而丰富的联想，用生动恰当的言辞抒发自己对图画的所思、所想、所感。 (5)注意图画作文中的文字说明。 (6)草拟提纲，合理组织材料。 (7)系统且突出地展开段落。 (8)检查与修改。,图画作文,As is described/ depicted in the picture. The purpose of the picture is to show us that. We can deduce from this picture that. The picture indicates / conveys the me
22、aning that More and more people have come to realize.,图画作文,Now it is commonly held that. but I doubt whether. As is shown in the picture, we can see clearly the relationship between. and . No wonder most see the problem of. as that of . rather than that of. Anyone with the least common sense knows t
23、hat. There is much discussion today about.,图画作文,If such measures were not taken, the problem of. would have been more serious. On the surface/At first thought it may seem a sound /an attractive/ suggestion /solution / idea, but careful weighing on the mind /on closer analysis / on second thought, we
24、 find that . Unless there is a common realization of ., it is very likely that . No easy method can be at hand to solve the problem of ., but the common recognition of the necessity of . might be the first step towards change in the right direction.,1. 小作文框架总结： 小作文一般考书信，写7句话左右。小作文100个词，框架最多50个词，另外一半
25、的字数，一定要上了考场现场发挥。第一段：自我介绍，写作目的；第二段：改写提纲内容。第三段：表示感谢，期待回信。这四个句子就是万能句型。可以占大约四五十个词。 下面就帮大家整理了一些小作文最常用的经典套句，希望大家在考场上能够信手拈来，发挥作用。 1. 一般开头句型 Im writing to 开门见山的开头模式 Im writing to inform you that （通知类型） Im writing to seek your assistance in （请求类型） Im writing in response to your advertisement in （回应类型） Im wri
26、ting to express my views on （建议类型） Im writing to apply for the scholarship that your department offers to students from other countries. （申请类型） Im writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding （咨询类型） Im writing to express my disappointment/ dissatisfaction about （
27、投诉类型） 2. 感谢类句型 thank-gratitude-grateful-appreciate 的多种变体 Im most grateful to you for your Im writing this letter to express my sincere gratitude for I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks for I feel greatly indebted to you for Im writing to tell you how greatly I appreciate all yo
28、u have done for me But for your kind assistance, I would have I must thank you again for your generous help. Please accept my deepest gratitude. 3. 道歉类句型 sorry-apologize-apology的多种变体 I feel really sorry to you for I must apologize to you for I would like to express my deepest apology / regret for no
29、t being able to Had I , I would have. Please accept my sincere apology for I want you to know how badly I feel about,4. 一般结尾句型 Any favorable consideration of my application will be highly appreciated. （申请/求职） We should be very pleased if you could honor us with your presence. （邀请函） Best wishes for y
30、our greater success in your career. （祝愿） Thank you for your patience and concern in reading this letter. I hope this does not cause you too much inconvenience. I look forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience.（套话组合） 虽然信函的套用句型还有很多的变化，但上面选取的这些句子在考试中都是非常实用的，无论什么样的话题，开头结尾加上表示感谢和道歉的礼貌客气话总是
31、必不可少的。 在考研英语小作文写作中，除了保持一般的议论文风格，还需要在三段中穿插信函相关的套句模板，来适应书信文体的要求。 二. 大作文框架总结 大作文主要是准备图画作文。大作文的框架字数不要太多，最多占一半的字数。大作文160个词，框架最多80个词。 第一段：图画描述段，怎么去描述一幅图画。挖掘细节词，串连成句。细节挖掘的越多越好。把图画的细节词一网打尽。 第二段：意义阐释段，去分析这个图画的意义。 第二段一般写5句话左右。第一部分的第一句就是主题句，再次点出图画的象征寓意，像08年的作文，象征寓意是合作。第二部分是论证，第三部分是小结：概括论证，总结本段。 其中第二部分的论证部分写3句话
32、，有很多种论证手段，任何问题可以从5个角度展开论证，可以使用6种论证手段。而判卷老师喜欢看到3种论证手段：第1种，因果论证。第2种论证手段是举例论证。举一到两个例子。可以举自己的例子，也可以举社会热点例子。第3种论证手段是联系现实，把图画和现实进行联系。 第三段：建议措施段，去发表评论，总结。写4句话：第一句话就是结论句，也就是整篇文章的结论句，也是第三段的主题句。第二个部分就是针对双方，提建议。提两点建议。最后一部分是结尾，展望未来。使用几种句型，如倒装句、虚拟语气等。给老师最后来一个好的印象,经过对各类考研作文的分析和挖掘，我们发现，在200词以下的短作文中，三段设置是一个比较合理的格局。
33、特别是提纲三点出现的内容和规律，我们可以发现一共出现过十种常见的段落。这些功能段落通过组合，可以形成多种多样的考法。由于考研写作相对来说比较模式化，因此段落的出现也很有规律。可以看出以下的情况： 第一段： 话题引出段 / 图画图表描述段 第二段： 观点列举段 / 利弊分析段 / 举例论证段 / 原因列举段 /意义阐释段 第三段： 归纳结论段 / 未来趋势段 / 建议措施段 任何一次考试，只要在以上段落中进行三段组合，就可以进行一种命题。把握住了这种规律，考生就可以解剖大作文。把任何大作文看作三个部分的组合，如果有了各部分组合的固定精彩语言，就可以以不变应万变。以下列举出十大功能段落的精彩句型，
34、供大家背诵使用。 1)话题引出段 Nowadays, there is a growing concern over the issue of People in growing numbers are directing their attention to With the development of , the problem of has become increasingly serious。 When it comes to , peoples notions may vary from one to another。 Recently, a heated discussion
35、has sprung up as to Traditional virtue/value has it that, yet people arecurrently。 2)图画图表描述段 As is vividly shown in the picture, It is clearly depicted in the picture that This picture depicts a thought-provoking scene of According to the figures given in the chart,。 The chart above provides a serie
36、s of essential figures, illustrating the changes taking place in a time span of years。 3) 观点对比段 Opposite voices are now rising in the debate. Some people firmly believe that. On the contrary, quite a few people argue that The controversial issue has aroused opposite opinions. One focuses on ;the oth
37、er opinion revolves around,4)利弊列举段 Every coin has two sides, and this issue is no exception. Above all, In additionMore importantly However, the negative influence it renders should not be neglected. not only but also Is this phenomenon a blessing or a curse.? The following list of advantages and di
38、sadvantages can explain everything。 5)举例论证段 For instance; Takefor an example; A case in point is The following illustrations can serve as strong evidence of the phenomenon。 6)原因列举段 Why should this phenomenon take place? There are generally three factors accounting for it。 Having taken everything int
39、o consideration, we may attribute the sharp change to three aspects。 7)意义阐释段 The purpose of the picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to。 The fact/phenomenon thatindicates that Having scrutinized the details of the picture, we can discuss the implications subtly conveyed from it。 8
40、)归纳结论段 In conclusion, In my opinion, As far as I am concerned, Taking into account all the analyses above, we may confidently come to the conclusion that 9)预测趋势段 There is no denying that will continue increasing/decreasing in the better/worse direction。 Undoubtedly, the tendency reflected from the c
41、hart will undergo a continuous increase/decrease in the near future。 10)建议措施段 Therefore, it is imperative that we should take some drastic measures。 As far as I am concerned, two effective measures must be immediately taken to pull through the crisis。 As a result, it is advisable to settle the problem by two means。 把握住了以上所列举的一些精彩句型，就可以达到任由提纲组合，句型同步组合的目的。只要作文中具备了高分句型，其它部分随机应变或即兴发挥，都可以保障作文的语言水准是在高分级别。希望同学们利用好框架，在考试中游刃有余地展开，取得高分。,