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1、怎样分析和描述图表,(Writing a Composition According to Tables and Graphs）,Table of Contents,图表作文和一般作文的区别 看懂图表要领（1） 看懂图表要领（2） 图一、图二分析 易犯错误&解决方法 常用数字表达法 Basic Writing Structure etc. More Exercises,图表作文和一般作文,一般作文：在指示中把作文要讨论的问题或者现象直接用文字告诉你。 图表作文：把问题或者现象用图表反映出来。要求：把图表看懂，并用文字叙述出来，才能对这个问题或现象展开讨论。,看懂图表要领（1）,看懂图表，弄请它
2、所反映的问题或现象。 第一，熟悉图表的各种类型，了解它们的特点和作用。常见图表有四种：,Pie Chart（饼图),这种图表多数用来表示各种事物在总数百分之一百种所占的各自比例。,Line Graph（线图）,这种曲线图用来表示一种事物的上升趋势或下降趋势。,Bar Graph（条形棒图),一般用来比较几种事物在同一时期上升或者下降的情况。,Table（表格图）,这种图表用于表示多种事物间的相互关系。,看懂图表要领（2）,要善于从众多的数字中抓住主要问题。给出的图表和数字并不是要求简单的描写，而是要求通过图表上的数字抓住所反映的社会问题进行评论。因此从数字中看出主要问题或现象至关重要。 1）借
3、助于题目和指示里的要求来抓主要问题。 2）看一下图表中的哪些数字前后变化最大。,图一(Job Problems for College Graduates),上图1、2 、3分别表示: 1：Graduates who continue to study 2：Graduates who take jobs irrelevant to their majors 3：Graduates who hold jobs in their majors,图一分析,一、借助于题目Job Problems for College Graduates,可以看出是关于大学毕业生找工作的问题。因此尽管表中有许多数字，
4、但只要顺着有关工作职业的数字，就能发现图表所要反映的问题。 二、看图表哪些数字变化最大：图表中有三组六个数字，分别表示毕业生继续读书、找专业对口的工作和找专业不对口的工作。但以后两组数据在十年里的变化最大。因此它们就是文章要讨论的主要问题。,语言表达,抓住了所要评论的问题，接着就是先把它用语言表述出来。在描写中，对数字的运用要有针对性，不要把图表中的数字全描写出来。,图一：第一段表达,Each year thousands upon thousands of graduates flood the job market, waving their college diplomas and ce
5、rtificates, expecting better jobs in their majors, only to be frustrated and disappointed. According to the charts, only 58% percent of college graduates in 1992 could find jobs in their specialities, compared with 89% percent in 1981 when Chin had its first college graduates after the Cultural Revo
6、lution. Why do college graduates find it increasingly difficult to get a rewarding job?,Tips,开头段落在六个数字中仅仅列举了1981和1992年有关找专业对口的工作的毕业生人数的两个数字，因为这是文章要重点讨论的，其余四个数字就不必列出了。,图二Enthusiasm for Sports,Enthusiasm for Sports. You must write no less than 120 words and explain WHY many TV viewers like to watch sp
7、orts.,图二：第一段表达,Modern sports are becoming more spectator-oriented than participant-oriented. Just think of millions and millions of people who spend countless hours before TV sets watching sports of all sorts: Olympic Games, World Series Games and the World Cup Soccer Game. According to a survey, am
8、ong various televised events, sports have the greatest number of viewers. When an important football match is televised live, the streets of a big city are often left deserted.,Tips,图二第一段范文中对图表上四个数据连提都不提，就是对看体育节目人数这个作文要讨论的主题也只是用the great number of等笼统地加以概况。我们要讨论的是为什么有许多人观看体育节目，而不是要介绍各类节目的收视率，所以具体准确的数
9、字就没有必要写出来了。,易犯错误&解决方法,盲目地把图表中所有数据都描写出来，不管是否和主题有关。 解决方法：可以在描写和引用数字前，先把这些数据要反映的问题用一句话写出来。这样就把数据看成是一种用来说明问题的具体数据材料 (statistical evidence) 。选用的数据必须和论述有关。,例1,图一第一段第一句： Each year thousands upon thousands of graduates flood the job market, waving their college diplomas and certificates, expecting better jo
10、bs in their majors, only to be frustrated and disappointed.,例2,Rising Divorce Rates in China,Sample,In recent years the divorce rate in China has increased drastically. According to a 1992 Census Bureau report on marriage and divorce in some big cities, during the past five years, the divorce rate h
11、as increased as much as it had in the entire previous twenty years. In 1967 there were only 0.5 divorced persons for every 1000 married people, and in 1987 the rate was 7 per thousand, but in 1992 the rate jumped to 15 divorced per 1000 married.,常用数字表达法,1. In 1990, it,increased rose jumped shot up,f
12、rom 5 to 10 percent of the total. to 15 percent. by 15 percent.,2. By comparison with 1990, it,decreased dropped fell,from 10 to 5 percent. to 15 percent. by 15 percent.,3. The that of last year.,figure percentage number population,has nearly has almost has more than,doubled, tripled,compared with a
13、s compared with as against,4. It has compared with ,dropped increased decreased,almost more than about,two and a half times, twice, six times,5. The as much as that of 1990.,number percentage,is twice is 4 times is half,6. It has,reached approached risen to,something of a plateau 50 percent an avera
14、ge of 50 percent,in the recent 5 years. in the past few years. since 1992.,7. It accounts for 15 percent of the total ,8. There in March,was were has been,26 traffic accidents 26 teenage suicides a 26 percent increase/decline in birth rates,up from 20 percent for the same period last year. an increa
15、se of 3 percent in a three-month period. only 65.3 births per 1000 females of childbearing age.,That is the rate in history, continuing a(n) trend begun in the 1970s.,second-highest second-lowest,upward downward,9. By 1990,only less than more than almost about over as many as,three-quarters 40 perce
16、nt of one out of five one in four,college populations graduates housewives,preferred to liked ,as against as compared with,last year, 1980,10. The was of the 1990 total .,number rate,15 percent/15 per thousand,less than more than,a half a third/quarter,Basic Writing Process of the Composition,Have a
17、 correct understanding of the given information, and grasp the main idea; 2) Make a careful analysis of the information; 3) Use the right technique of writing; (The most common techniques used in this kind of writing are: comparison and contrast.) 4) Make a comment on the main topic, then reach a co
18、nclusion,Basic Writing Structure,1) Describe the information given in the chart or table; 2) Analyze the phenomenon (its causes, consequences, etc.); 3) Predict the future tendency or give your suggestions or solutions.,A Writing Pattern for Reference,Description: In recent years China has experienc
19、ed a dramatic increase in the divorce rate. According to a 1996 census on _ in some big cities, _ has continued an upward trend since forty years ago. In 1956 there were only _, and in 1986 the rate was _, but in 1996 the rate jumped to _. According to the chart, during the last decade, _ in big cit
20、ies has increased as much as it had in the previous thirty years.,A Writing Pattern for Reference,Analysis: The upward trend in _ seems to be a mirror of some important changes in Chinese society. First, _. Second, _. Finally, _.,A Writing Pattern for Reference,Conclusion: Whatever changes lead to t
21、he rise in _, the fact and the statistics alone reflect the change in _.,Exercise : Rising Divorce Rates in China (Topic One),Directions: 描写图表所反映的问题。 你认为最近几年中国离婚率高的原因是什么？,Changes in Peoples Diet (Topic Two),Changes in Peoples Diet,根据上图描述在过去5年里人们饮食上的变化； 分析产生这些变化的原因； 你的结论,Car Explosion in China (Topic Three),Car Explosion in China,根据上图描述在过去10年里私人拥有小汽车情况的变化； 分析产生这些变化的原因； 你的结论,